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Overview of
Techniques of Control
Presented By:Devi Kumari(321)Divesh Sahni(322)Dering naben(323)Ekta Kumari(324)Ekta Uniyal(325)
Controlling
Controlling is an essential function Of management in every organization. The management process is incomplete
and sometime useless without the control function.
Importance of Controlling Coping with uncertainty. Detecting irregularities. Identifying opportunities. Handling complex situations Decentralizing Authority Minimizing cost.
Process of Control
Techniques of Control
Control techniques provide managers with the type and amount of
information they need to measure and monitor performance.
Budgetary Control
A budget is a planning and controlling device. Budgetary control is a technique of managerial control through budgets. It is the essence of financial control. Budgetary control is done for all aspects of a business such as income, expenditure, production, capital and revenue. Budgetary control is done by the budget committee.
Types of Budget• Sales Budgets
• Selling & distribution Budget
• Production Budget
• Production Cost Budget
• Capital Expenditure Budget
• Cash budget
• Master budget
Financial Ratio Analysis It examines the relationship between specific figures on the
financial statements and helps explain the significance of those figures:
• Liquidity ratios: It measure an organization's ability to generate cash.
• Profitability ratios: It measure an organization's ability to generate profits.
• Debt ratios: It measure an organization's ability to pay its debts.
• Activity ratios: It measure an organization's efficiency in operations and use of assets.
AuditingAudit can be of two types•Internal audit•External audit
Internal Audit
• Carried out by the members of the organization
• Its objective is to provide reasonable assurance that the assets are properly safeguarded and its financial records reliably kept.
External Audit
• Largely a verification process which involves independent appraisal of organization’s financial accounts and statements
• Conducted by accounting personnel employed by an outside CPA firm or by chartered accountants
ReportsA major part of control
consists of preparing reports to provide information to the management for
purpose of control and planning
Types of reportsThe following are the certain type of reports
• Top Management:a) profit and loss accountb) Balance sheetc) position of workd) cash flow statemente) position of working capital
Continue…..
• Sales management:Actual sales compared with budgeted sale to
measure performance
• Production management:To foremanTo Works manager
Direct Supervision and Observation
1.'Direct Supervision and Observation' is the oldest and the most traditional technique of controlling.
2. The supervisor himself observes the employees and their work. This brings him in direct contact with the workers.
3. The supervisor gets first hand information, and he has better understanding with the workers.
4.This technique is most suitable for a small-sized business.
Break Even Analysis• It deals with the study of the relationship
between costs, volume, & profit.• It determines the probable profit and losses at
different levels of activity.• The sales volume at which there is no profit,
no loss is known as breakeven point.• It can be calculated as ,• Breakeven point=fixed cost/selling price per
unit – variable cost per unit.
PERT
The Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly abbreviated PERT, is a statistical tool, used in project
management, that is designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a
given project.
Diagram of PERT
Terminology
• PERT event• Predecessor event• Successor event• Optimistic time (O)• Pessimistic time (P)• Expected time (TE)• Critical path• PERT activity
CPM
The critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project
activities. It is an important tool for effective project management
Basic TechniqueThe essential technique for using CPM is to construct a
model of the project that includes the following: A list of all activities required to complete the project, The time (duration) that each activity will take to
completion, and The dependencies between the activities.• Using these values, CPM calculates the longest path of
planned activities.• This process determines which activities are "critical
and which have "total float" .• Determines the shortest time possible to complete the
project.
Diagram of CPM