MINERALIZED MINERALIZED TISSUESTISSUES

MESENCHYMEMESENCHYME

FIBROBLASTFIBROBLAST SCLEROBLAST SCLEROBLAST MYOBLASTMYOBLAST

FIBROCYTEFIBROCYTE MYOCYTESMYOCYTES

ODONTOBLASTODONTOBLAST CHONDROBLAST CHONDROBLAST OSTEOBLASTOSTEOBLAST

DENTINDENTIN CHONDROCYTESCHONDROCYTESOSTEOCYTESOSTEOCYTES

TEETHTEETH CARTILAGESCARTILAGES BONE BONE

Function Of BonesFunction Of Bones SupportSupport ProtectionProtection MovementMovement Mineral storageMineral storage Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesisHemopoeisis/hematopoiesis Leverage for locomotionLeverage for locomotion

➲Osteology – study of structure, function and composition of bones

Chondrology - study of structure, function and composition of cartilges

Gross Anatomy of BonesGross Anatomy of BonesI. I. Compact BonesCompact Bones

Long BonesLong BonesDiaphysisDiaphysis

-tubular part-tubular part

EpiphysesEpiphyses

-bone ends-bone ends

Epiphyseal PlateEpiphyseal Plate

• Blood VesselBlood Vessel

-with nutrient arteries and veins-with nutrient arteries and veins

• Medullary cavityMedullary cavity

-marrow cavity of bones-marrow cavity of bones

MembraneMembrane

PeriosteumPeriosteum

-covers the entire outer surface of each -covers the entire outer surface of each bone except in epiphysesbone except in epiphyses

EndosteumEndosteum

- innermost covering of bones- innermost covering of bones

Chemical Composition of Chemical Composition of BonesBones

1. Organic components1. Organic components Collagen fibersCollagen fibers CHONCHON PolyssacharidesPolyssacharides2. Inorganic components2. Inorganic components calcium phosphatecalcium phosphate calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate Hydroxypatite ionsHydroxypatite ions

Microscopic anatomy of Microscopic anatomy of bonesbones

The haversian systemThe haversian system

Bone DevelopmentBone DevelopmentOSSIFICATION – process of bone OSSIFICATION – process of bone

developmentdevelopment

1. Intramembranous ossification1. Intramembranous ossification - direct bone development of - direct bone development of

membrane membrane

bonesbones

2.Endochondral ossification2.Endochondral ossification

- development of bones preceeded - development of bones preceeded by by

cartilagescartilages

Classification of BonesClassification of Bones1. Long Bones1. Long Bones Ex. femur, humerusEx. femur, humerus

2. Short Bones2. Short Bones

Ex. trapezoidEx. trapezoid

3. Flat Bones3. Flat Bones

Ex. Sternum, ribsEx. Sternum, ribs

4. Irregular Bones4. Irregular Bones Ex. Hip bones, vertebraeEx. Hip bones, vertebrae

TYPES OF BONES : TYPES OF BONES : (OSTEOGENESIS)(OSTEOGENESIS)

1.1. Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)- hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH)- hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH)

- long bones- long bones

2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone)2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone)- consist of bony trabecullae and bone - consist of bony trabecullae and bone marrowmarrow- trabeculae – beams,bars,rods- trabeculae – beams,bars,rods

- irregularly arranged - irregularly arranged lamellae without lamellae without haversian haversian canalscanals

BONE MARROW BONE MARROW

Occupies cavities between trabellaeOccupies cavities between trabellae Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective

tissue fibers that support blood vessels, tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose tissuesnerve fibers, adipose tissues

Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone)Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone)

- site of RBC and Some type of WBC - site of RBC and Some type of WBC

productionproduction

- ex. Flat bones- ex. Flat bones

3.ACELLAR BONES 3.ACELLAR BONES (ASPIDIN)(ASPIDIN)

formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c differentiates into tissues)differentiates into tissues)

Develop through ossificationDevelop through ossification Bone deposited directly within the membranous Bone deposited directly within the membranous

blastema without being preceeded by cartilages blastema without being preceeded by cartilages (intramembranous)(intramembranous)

May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no haversian canalshaversian canals

Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal bones of teleost,apodansbones of teleost,apodans

4. MEMBRANE BONE

Bones formed in scales of modern Bones formed in scales of modern fishesfishes

No canaliculiNo canaliculi Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of

teethteeth

5. Replacement Bones5. Replacement Bones

Arise from pre-existing cartilagesArise from pre-existing cartilages Soft bonesSoft bones Endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with

cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 epiphysis, epiphyseal plateepiphysis, epiphyseal plate

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II. Cartilage

- specialized connective tissue in which fibers are laid down along the lines of stress in long, parallel arrays firm and flexible chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix

-CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast- chondrocytes

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Cartilage

TYPES OF CARTILAGESTYPES OF CARTILAGESBASISBASIS HYALINEHYALINE ELASTICELASTIC FIBRO-FIBRO-

CARTILAGECARTILAGE1.Matrix1.Matrix Fine Fine

collagenouscollagenous

fibersfibers

CollagenCollagenous,elastous,elastic fibersic fibers

Dense Dense collagenouscollagenous

2. 2. FunctionFunction

Cover and Cover and protect protect bones,suppobones,supportrt

Flexible Flexible strengthstrength

Withstand Withstand tension & tension & compressiocompressionn

3. 3. LocationLocation

Joints, Joints, trachea,costtrachea,costal ribsal ribs

Ears,nosEars,nose, e, larynx,aularynx,audi-tory di-tory canalcanal

Vertebral Vertebral discs,pubic discs,pubic sysmphysissysmphysis

4. THE CALCIFIED 4. THE CALCIFIED CARTILAGECARTILAGE

The cartilages replaced by bonesThe cartilages replaced by bones Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of

the fetal human skullthe fetal human skull

III. DENTINIII. DENTIN

Developed from the odontoblastDeveloped from the odontoblast Odontoblast are not trapped in Odontoblast are not trapped in

lacunae during osteogenesis – lacunae during osteogenesis – retreat as dentin depositsretreat as dentin deposits

Canaliculi – dentibal tubulesCanaliculi – dentibal tubules Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales, Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales,

dentin of the teethdentin of the teeth

IV. ENAMELIV. ENAMEL

Developed from ameloblastsDeveloped from ameloblasts Teeth – important for digestionTeeth – important for digestion

V. BONE REMODELINGV. BONE REMODELING

PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL BLASTEMABLASTEMA

CARTILAGESCARTILAGES

RESORPTION OF CaRESORPTION OF Ca Membrane BoneMembrane Bone

Replacement BonesReplacement Bones

CONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELINGCONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELING

PARATHORMONE AND PARATHORMONE AND CALCITONINCALCITONIN

The hormones that influence or The hormones that influence or regulates the withdrawal of calcium regulates the withdrawal of calcium to maintain calcificationto maintain calcification

OSTEOBLAST – developing bone cellsOSTEOBLAST – developing bone cells

OSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cellsOSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cells

OSTEOCYTES – bone-building cellsOSTEOCYTES – bone-building cells

VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF BONESOF BONES

1.1. TENDONTENDON

2.2. LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS

3.3. CARTILAGESCARTILAGES

Phases of Healing of Phases of Healing of FracturesFractures

Hematoma FormationHematoma Formation

Fibrocartilaginous Callus FormationFibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

Body Callus FormationBody Callus Formation

Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling

FRACTURE HEALINGFRACTURE HEALING

HEMATOMA FORMATION

CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS

REMODELINGBONY CALLUS

& CARTILAGI-NOUS

MEMBRANE

NORMAL

BONE

The Articular SystemThe Articular System

Joints/articulationJoints/articulation-places where the rigid elements of the -places where the rigid elements of the

skeleton meet.skeleton meet.

TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:

1. Synarthroses1. Synarthroses-fixed or immovable joints-fixed or immovable joints

2. Amphiarthroses2. Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints-slightly movable joints

3. Diarthroses3. Diarthroses-freely movable joints-freely movable joints

TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE:TO STRUCTURE:

1. FIBROUS JOINTS1. FIBROUS JOINTSa. structuresa. structures-minimal connected tissue-minimal connected tissueb. syndesmosesb. syndesmoses-connected by ligaments-connected by ligamentsc. gamphosesc. gamphoses-peg-in-socket joint-peg-in-socket joint

2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSa. synchondrosisa. synchondrosis-hyaline cartilage-hyaline cartilageb.symphysesb.symphyses-fibrocartilage-fibrocartilage

3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS-most movable joints of -most movable joints of the bodythe body

-diarthoroses-diarthoroses

Features of Synovial Features of Synovial jointsjoints

1. Articular cartilage1. Articular cartilage2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity3. Articular Capsule3. Articular Capsule

2 LAYERS:2 LAYERS:a. fibrous capsulea. fibrous capsule

-strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart-strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart

b. synovial membraneb. synovial membrane-cover enternal joint surfaces-cover enternal joint surfaces

4. Synovial fluid4. Synovial fluid--a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins

5. Reinforgang ligaments5. Reinforgang ligaments-thickened parts of fibrous capsule itself-thickened parts of fibrous capsule itselfa. Extracapsular ligamenta. Extracapsular ligamentb. Intracapsular ligamentb. Intracapsular ligament

6. Nerves and Blood vessels6. Nerves and Blood vessels

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANESYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

Types of Synovial jointsTypes of Synovial joints

1. Plane joints1. Plane joints-nonaxial joint-nonaxial joint

2. Hinge joints2. Hinge joints-uniaxial joint(flexible)-uniaxial joint(flexible)

3. Pivot joints3. Pivot joints- rotatory, uniaxial joint- rotatory, uniaxial joint

4. Condyloid joints4. Condyloid joints- biaxial joint- biaxial joint

5. Ball and Socket joints5. Ball and Socket joints-multiaxial joint-multiaxial joint

HETEROTROPIC BONESHETEROTROPIC BONES

OS CORDISOS CORDIS OS CLITORIDISOS CLITORIDIS OS BACULUMOS BACULUM ROSTRUMROSTRUM