Mi Libro Gramatica

Bella Haynes

Mi Libro Gramatica

Table of Contents

1) Imperfect

2) Preterite

3) Por vs. Para

4) Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

5) Los Mandatos

6) Present Subjunctive

7) Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

8) Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion

9) Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial

10) Conjunctions

11) Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

12) Tu Commands

13) Nosotros Commands

14) Past Participles Used as Adjectives

15) Present Perfect

16) Past Perfect

17) Future Tense

18) Conditional Tense

19) Past Subjunctive

1. Imperfect

Uses: Give background events in a story

Llovia mucho. (It was raining a lot.) Habitual or repeated actions

Ibamos al parque los domingos. (We used to go to the park on Sundays.) Age

Los gemelos tenian seis anos. (The twins were six years old.) Time/date

Eran las tres y media. (It was 3:30.) Event or action in progress

Yo leia mientras el estudiaba. (I was reading while he was studying.) No definite beginning or end

Estabamos caminando en el parque. (We were walking in the park.) Physical characteristics

Era alto y guapo. (He was tall and handsome.) Descriptions/feelings

La senora era doctora. (The woman was a doctor.) Mental or emotional states

Queria mucho a su familia. (He loved his family very much.) Interrupted activity (with cuando)

Yo dormia cuando el telefono sono. (I was sleeping when the telephone rang.)

TriggersTodas los dias A menudoFrecuentamente Cada diaSiempre/nunca Los lunes…Generalmente MientraMuchas veces A vecesDa vez en cuando Rara vez

Irregular VerbsIr: iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban

Ser: era, eras, era, eramos, erais, eran

Ver: veia, veias, veia, veiamos, veiais, veian

2. Preterite

Uses: One time action

Ayer yo comi comida china. (Yesterday I ate Chinese food.)

Definite beginning and end El verano pasado fuimos a Nueva

York. (Last summer we went to New York.)

Narration Fui a la escuela, hice tarea, y

regrese a casa. (I went to school, did my homework, and returned home.)

Interrupting action (cuando) Mi hermana lavaba la ropa cuando

llego papa. (My sister was washing clothes when dad arrived.)

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

Irregular Verbs

Lei Leimos

Leiste Leisteis

Leyo Leyeron

Buscar- Yo busque

Jugar- Yo jugue

Almorzar-

Yo almorce

Pedi Pedimos

Pediste Pedisteis

Pidio Pidieron

Di Dimos

Diste Disteis

Dio Dieron

Dormi Dormimos

Dormiste

Dormisteis

Dumio Dumieron

ir/ser dar *ver same format

i-y verbs *caer, creer, oir Snakey

Snakey -ir -car/ -gar/ -zar

3. Por vs Para

Used: Motion or general location,

duration of an action, object of a search, means by which something is done, exchange or substitution, or unit of measure

Found in several idiomatic expressions

por aqui (around here) por ejemplo (for example) por eso (that’s why, therefore) por fin (finally)

When given an exact time, de is used instead of por before la manana, la tarde, and la noche. Llegue a la diez de la noche. (I

arrive at ten at night.) Me gusta estudiar por la noche. (I

like to study at night.)

Used: Destination, deadline or a

specific time in future, purpose or goal plus infinitive, purpose plus noun or verb, the recipient of something, comparisons or opinions, employment

Por Para

Por and Para:Often, either por or para can be used in a sentence. The meaning of the sentence changes, depending on which one is used.

Camine por el parque. (I walked through the park.)Camine para el parque. (I walked towards the park.)

4. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Mi(s) Nuestro(a/as/os)

Tu(s) Vuestro(a/as/os)

Su(s) Su(s)

Mio(a) Nuestro(a)

Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)

Suyo(a) Suyo(a)

Adjectives Pronouns

Short form

Long Form

Mios(as) Nuestros(as)

Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)

Suyos(as) Suyos(as)

Sin

gu

lar

Plu

ral

To form a possessive pronoun, use the long form of the possessive adjective, then add: el, la, los, or las based on the gender and number of the noun. Attach the pronoun to a reflexive when using a reflexive in the infinitive form.

5. Los Mandatos

DOP+IOP+’Se’ can attach to an

affirmative__________

DOP+IOP+’Se’ must go before the

negative command

Affi

rmati

ve

Negati

ve

Ud./Uds. Put it in the yo form and then change it to the opposite vowel

Los irregulares: TVDISHES

Ud./Uds. Same as above


Tu simply drop the ‘s’

Tu put in the yo form and change to opposite vowel, then add an ‘s’


Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

Nosotros: Make the same as Ud./Uds. Irregulares: TVDISHES

6. Present Subjunctive

For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps: Start with the yo form of the present indicitive Then drop the –o ending Then add the these endings:

-ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en-er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

Es triste que

Unas expresiones para

el subjuncti

vo

Es malo que

Es bueno que

Es mejor que

Es importante que

Es urgente que

Es necesari

o que

TVDISHEST- traer (traiga), tener (tenga)V- venir(venga)D- dar (de), decir (diga)I- ir (vaya)S- saber (sepa)H- hacer (haga), haber (haya)E- estar (este)S-

7. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

Mandar- to order

Aconsejar- to

advise

Insistir (en)- to insist on

Sugerir (e-ie)- to suggest

Important- to be

important, to

matter

Rogar (o-ue)- to beg, to plead

Recomendar (e-ie)-

to recomme

nd

Verbs of will and influence are often used when someone wants to affect the action and behaviors of others.

Inifinitives are only used if there is no change of

subject in the sentence

8. Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion

When the verb in the main clause of the sentence shows an emotion or a feeling such as hope, fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the subjunctive is required in the subordinate clause. Nos alegramos de que te gusten

las flores. Siento que tu no puedas venir

manana. As with expressions with will and

influence, the infinitive is used after an expression of emotion when there is no change of subject from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Temo llegar tarde.

Alegarse de To be happy

Esperar To hope, to wish

Sentir (e-ie) To be sorry, to regret

Sorprender To surprise

Temer To be afraid, to fear

Es triste It’s sad

Ojala (que) I hope (that), I wish (that)

9. Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial

Indicative is used when there is no doubt or uncertainty in the main clause. Subjunctive is used when there is doubt.

No negamos que hay demasiados carros en las carreteras.

Dudar To doubt

Negar (e-ie) To deny

Es imposible It’s impossible

Es improbable It’s improbable

No es cierto It’s not true, it’s not certain

No es seguro It’s not certain

No es verdad It’s not true

10. Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect clauses in sentences. Describe how, why, when, or

where an action takes place. Subjunctive is used when there

is a hypothetical situation, uncertainty about an action or event, or an unfulfilled condition

In Spanish you must use the subjunctive in place of where you would use a gerund in English.

(yo) (tu) No juego a menos que jueges

tambien.

S – Sin que (Without)

P – Para que (So that)

A – A fin de que (So that)

A – Antes de que (Before)

A – A menos que (Unless)

C – Con tal de que (Provided that)

E – En caso de que (In case)

11. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

12. Tu Commands

13. Nosotros Commands

14. Past Participles Used as Adjectives

15. Present Perfect

16. Past Perfect

17. Future Tense

18. Conditional Tense

19. Past Subjunctive

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Mi Libro Gramatica