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Topic
Forecasting
Topics •What is forecast•Elements of the forecasting •Steps in the forecasting•Approaches to the forecasting
What is Forecasting
• Forecasting is the future prediction on the behalf of situation.
• Forecasting is the basis process of the business planning, planning is the integral part of any business.
Basis of Forecasting
• Current Situation/Current Factors• Past Experiences/Past Factors
Common Feature’s
• Experience• The same will be done• Prediction about the future
Common Features CONT…• Group of item may be more accurate into the
individual items• Forecasting accuracy: high accuracy to
produced good and services in low time that use more forecasting.
Elements of the Forecasting
• Timely Forecasting• Accurate Forecasting• Measureable Forecasting
Elements of the Forecasting
CONT…• Reliable Forecasting• Easy to use• Cost Effectiveness
Steps in Forecasting
• Purpose of forecasting• Established time horizon• Select of forecasting technique
Steps in Forecasting
CONT…• Prepared of forecasting• Monitor of the forecasting• Gather & Analysis data
Approaches of the Forecasting
Quantitative Technique: Use more data & more time.
Judgmental Technique: A subjective analysis of subjective input.
Approaches of the Forecasting
CONT… Associate Model: Use explanatory variables to
predict the future analysis. Time Series Technique: Historical data use for
the future forecasting.
Quantitative Technique
• Qualitative Technique• Subjective Impact
Judgemental Forecasting
Judgemental forecasting is uses subjective inputs, to Implement a systematic approach & justify the data. A separate forecaster and user.
Judgemental Forecasting
Executive Opinion: Decision will take upper level of managers.
Sale force Opinion: Upgrade the level of sales. Consumer Survey: To survey the consumer need &
what they want.
Judgemental Forecasting
CONT… Delphi Method: The method relies on the key
assumption that forecast from a group are generally more accurate then those from individual.
Outside Opinion: Financial & consulting gurus & companies.
Judgemental Forecasting
CONT… Opinion of manager & staff: A series of
Questionnaires developed sequentially.
Associative ModelThe technique is use for exploratory series for forecast for future predict demand.• Predictor Variable: Is independent variable.• Predicted Variable: Is dependent variable.• Regression: It’s a technique.
Forecast based on time series
The time series forecasting on the behalf of past basic behaviours, “There are some variations”:•Trend Variation•Seasonal Variation•cyclical Variation•Irregular Variation•Random Variation
Trend Variation•Trend Variation are basically long term variation .•Movement of trend depend on time .
Trend Variation
Seasonal Variation
Seasonal Variation is basically short term, depend on business type.
Seasonal Variation
Cyclical Variation
•The variation is realistic more then one (1) year.•Variation as like wives,(ups & down)
Irregular Variation
•Unexpected reason, reason was not observed.•Unexpected reasons that is directly effected on the business.
Random Variation
Slowly change with the passage of the time, very little change in the variation.
Native Method•In this method predict the past
observations & behavior.•Previous time, previous observation is the
actual value of the time.
Technique for Averaging
Up’s & down is the part of the business time but consider only real variation.Example:In the last working on top.
Technique for Averaging CONT…
•Moving Average•Weighted Average•Exponential Smooth
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