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pest and disease surveillance and the role
of new technology
Dr Mike Robson, Plant Protection Service, FAO
Dar Es Salaam, 31 March 2008
outline of presentation
1. what is surveillance
2. improving national surveillance
3. technology to support surveillance
1. what is surveillance?
“ The ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data and the provision of information which leads to action being taken to prevent and control a (pest or) disease”...
www.medterms.com
applied to plant pests & diseases... According to the international standard,
“ISPM 6: Guidelines on Surveillance”
...official surveysare for 3 purposes:
detection – establish the baseline (what pests are present – emphasis on identification) – drawing up pest list)
delimiting - how far has a problem spread (quantification, mapping) – establishing pest free areas for bactrocera invadens
monitoring – repeated to identify trends[from ISPM 6]
comments on a full reading of ISPM 6...
...the definitions are oriented towards international trade, (and focus on obligations of NPPO)
...it is an international standard, some things may seem ‘strange’ in local context or theoretical
however, the reality is that international pest reporting under IPPC is only just starting
surveillance and reporting is already more established
OIE reporting rules (use of WAHIS), guidance on establishing freedom from animal disease
National monitoring using own tools, such as TADinfo
animal movements make diseases more difficult to track/ map; diagnosis requires sampling to support observations
however, there are potentially fewer disease/ host combinations
for animals
...but, why DO surveillance?[ this is a REAL question – will it actually help?; surveillance is
not an end in itself!]
survey in order to: recognise new problems early, ‘nip in the bud’ monitor pest or disease free status to be able
to trade provide early warning to nearby districts who
may be affected, particularly if pests or diseases are avoidable
understand patterns and trends (research) to counter in longer term
2. improving national surveillanceMinistry of Agriculture may
have roving survey activity undertake fixed plot research (direct or through
university) carry out specific pest control activities, eg for fruit flies
Local district agriculture officers
Local agricultural research stations
Farmer field schools, other development projects
in most countries, common problems with surveillance are to:
reinforce partnerships between the different agencies involved
provide adequate people, equipment, funds for data collection; standardise methods, data collection formats
improve technical capacity to analyse, map data
develop communications to issue timely warning messages at right level
3. technology to support surveillance
stages in surveillance
Data capture
=>Data Analysis
=>Warning Messages
=>Monitoring trends over time
data, information, knowledge data => how many affected, where
information => (data with context) it is getting worse, or better; it depends on the weather...
knowledge => what needs to be done (this is normal, it won’t affect yield; low cost practices to assist a “natural” solution; treat or spray)
technology for surveillance data capture1. Pen and paper (<$1/user)
2. Cell phone ($1-200?)
3. Personal Digital Assistant – PDA ($5-700)
4. Laptop ($1500)
comparing technologies for data captureMethod For Against
Paper - cheap, accessible- minimal training needed
- gets lost or “filed”- data cannot be used for multiple purposes
Cell phone - widely used already (minimal equipment costs)- data in digital form
- running costs- no standard format
PDA or other customised handheld device
- designed for field conditions- allows roving survey- data standardised
- more expensive- cost to implement
laptop - maximum flexibility - not designed for field use- expensive
technologies for analysisneeds a database of survey records
visualise raw data (charts) and spatially (maps)
view data over time, to establish patterns in incidence, change/spread
include other factors (soil, climate, roads), to explain/establish causes
develop models to identify where there might be a threat
technologies for sharing warning broadcast –
news media (TV, radio, newspaper) posters, other informational materials
targeted – extension workers - training activities,
specialist “clinics” peer-to-peer information sharing dial-in response services, hotline cell phone
Some current examples
SMS – used for data collection over a wide area
install software to manage (receive and send) large number of SMS messages
train users Bangladesh, for farmers to report local rising flood
water levels West Bengal, for early reporting of avian influenza
track messages and report, issue warnings---
- format of messages, ease of integration with database
- confidence in reports?- resources to follow up?
Digital Pen – used in a pilot for livestock surveillance in Namibia
used by vet inspectors based on a standard form printed on special
paper a pen with built-in camera to record and
transmit image hard copy can also be retained
- - - - technically complex (pen, communications,
handwriting recognition software, database)- proprietary (SA company), so expensive,
recurring costs
P.D.A. - crop surveillance project in India, to quantify pest and disease outbreaks
handheld device used by district research station scientists
touch screen, protected against water & dust; daylight viewing screen, long battery life
has GPS and sensors for humidity, temp. allows surveyors to return to precise spot and
monitor - - -
- equipment can prove device was taken to field but not accuracy of what was recorded
- still requires trained surveyors
…scale of P.D.A. exercise after initial test, running in 9 districts – both rain-
fed and irrigated - in Andhra Pradesh (total area covered approx 100,000 sq km) for March-October, 2008
equipment set up for cotton, rice, groundnut, pulses
180 devices to be deployed
Essentially for use by trained surveyors
Initially 20/ district (need to train new surveyors)
Next, a cell-phone based surveillance
pilot in Tanzania