Biological waste management

Biological Waste Management

(Fermentation of Fish Waste, Agro-Industrial Wastes Tomato Waste , Cotton Processing Waste Agricultural, Waste Treatments, Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Oil Mill Effluent Disposal Swine Waste, Use of Manure Poultry Waste , Cattle Waste, Milking Parlour Wastewater, Pig Slurry Odours)

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Introduction

The organic waste stream is composed of waste of a biological origin such as paper and cardboard, food, green and garden waste, animal waste and bio solids and sludge's. Organic waste is usually generated as a component of most waste streams. For information on the treatments for managing organic wastes click on the links to the right. Four significant components of this organic, biodegradable stream are from food preparation, agricultural production, livestock manures, and municipal sewage sludge. Organic waste from food sources includes vegetables, fruits, grains, meats, fish, dairy products, etc., and constitutes some 18% of the typical municipal organic waste stream. An average of 1 kg per person per day of organic waste is produced, originating from households, wholesalers & processors, restaurants, and institutions. Urban centers are the major generators of organic food waste. Agricultural waste includes waste made up of those materials such as manure and animal output, in either solid or liquid form from poultry or other livestock operations. It also includes harvest remains from grain, oilseed, vegetable, and orchard crops.

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Increase in biological waste has led to the increase in biological waste management technology. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials.The book includes organic waste for biological treatment, organic waste forms and treatment strategies, transformation of liquid manure into a solid, modeling of agricultural waste treatments, utilization of Indian waste in livestock feeds etc. This book also explains the different types of organic wastes like waste from tomato, jute, cotton, agro-industries, dehydration process of onion, piggeries, poultry, milk parlour etc. This book describes the methods how organic waste can be converted into useful products like oxalic acid, ox tetracycline, humic acids etc. The book is highly recommended to new entrepreneurs, existing units who wants to get more information of organic waste treatment.



Table of Contents 1. Organic Waste for Biological TreatmentIntroduction, Physiological basis for Hazardous Organic Compound Degradation, Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Transformations, Examples of Hazardous Waste Amenable to Biological Treatment, Petroleum Components, Beta Oxidation, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Compounds, Halogenated Alkanes and Alkanoic Acids, Halogenated Aromatic and Polycydic Aromatic Compounds, Biodegradation by Mixed Populations, Conclusions2. Organic Waste Forms and Treatment StrategiesOverview Of Biological Remediation And Waste Treatment Processes, In Situ Treatment, Bioreactor Designs, Examples of Biological Treatment Processes, Treatment of Liquid Wastes, In Situ Treatment for the Remediation of Surface and Groundwater, Bioreactor Treatment of Contaminated Water, Treatment off Solids, In Situ Treatment for the Remediation of Contaminated Soils, Soil Composting and Land Treatment, Bioreactors for the Treatment of Solids, Treatment of Gases, A Summary



3. Transformation of Liquid Manure into a SolidPossible Processes for Manufacturing Solids from Wet Manure, Methodology of the Selected Process and Design of Plant, Tests of the Plant, Producing the mixture for composting, Producing the pellers, Composting, Drying, Qualities of the Product, Mechanical stability, Odour, Pathogen destruction, Fertiliser, Evaluation of the Process4. Tomato Waste Water TreatmentMaterials and Methods, Experimental cycle, Experimental apparatus, Results, Discussion, Cost Analysis, Conclusions5. Oxalic Acid From Jute StickMethods , Alkali fusion, Nitric acid oxidation, Results and Discussion , Alkali fusion process, Nitric acid oxidation process, Effect of reaction time, Effect of temperature, Effect of catalyst concentration, Effect of nitric acid concentration, Nitric acid oxidation, Conclusions6. Digestion of Cotton Processing WasteMethods , Substrate, Analytical methods, Batch fermentation, Bench-scale

3. Transformation of Liquid Manure into a SolidPossible Processes for Manufacturing Solids from Wet Manure, Methodology of the Selected Process and Design of Plant, Tests of the Plant, Producing the mixture for composting, Producing the pellers, Composting, Drying, Qualities of the Product, Mechanical stability, Odour, Pathogen destruction, Fertiliser, Evaluation of the Process4. Tomato Waste Water TreatmentMaterials and Methods, Experimental cycle, Experimental apparatus, Results, Discussion, Cost Analysis, Conclusions5. Oxalic Acid From Jute StickMethods , Alkali fusion, Nitric acid oxidation, Results and Discussion , Alkali fusion process, Nitric acid oxidation process, Effect of reaction time, Effect of temperature, Effect of catalyst concentration, Effect of nitric acid concentration, Nitric acid oxidation, Conclusions6. Digestion of Cotton Processing WasteMethods , Substrate, Analytical methods, Batch fermentation, Bench-scale



7. Properties of Sorghum StalkNomenclature, Methods , Selection of materials, Harvesting schedule, Sample preparation, Measurement of physical properties, Strength characteristics of sorghum stalk, Compression strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength, Results and Discussion, Overall and internodal lengths, Moisture distribution, Solid density of stalk, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength8. Fermentation of Fish WasteMethods, Fish, Sample preparation, Inoculum, Analytical methods, Microbiological examination, Statistical analysis, Experiment 1 , Experiment 2, Experiment 3, Experiment 4, Experiment 5, Results and Discussion9. Agro-Industrial WastesMethods, Results and Discussion

studies, Experimental plant studies, Gas analysis, Results and Discussion



11. Modelling of Agricultural Waste TreatmentsChemical Reactor Theory, Microbial Kinetics, Model Implementation, Extension of the Previous Model to Digestion12. Utilization of Waste of Dehydrated OnionMethods, Isolation of Yeasts, Maintenance of strains, Preparation of onion juice from waste products of the dehydrated onion industry , Fermentation media, Tests of C and N sources, etc., Onion juice media, Analytical methods, Results and Discussion, Production of fodder yeast in a laboratory medium, Production of fodder yeast in an onion juice medium13. Palm Oil Mill Effluent Disposal on LandMethods and Results, Infiltration tests, Small-scale trials of the general effects of

Methods, Substrates, Enzyme, Substrate hydrolysis, Analytical methods, Ethanol assay, Ethanol production, Results and Discussion, Pretreatment of wheat straw, Pretreatment of sunflower stalks, Yeast fermentation

10. Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol



15. Meat Meal and Algae for CalvesMethods , Results and Discussion, Performance of calves, Nutritive value of the ration16. Manures and Sewage Sludge's for Algal GrowthMaterials and Methods, Collection and treatment of samples of sludge and manure, Analysis of the wastes, Preparation of media for cultivation of algae, Analysis of properties of waste extracts, Cultivation of algae in various media, Analysis of properties of waste-grown algae, Results, Properties of the wastes, Properties of the waste extracts, Growth rates of algae in various waste extracts, Oven-dried weight of

14. Studies on Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry Model Development, Materials, Methods , Measurement of rheological properties, Apparatus and procedure, Results and Discussion, Temperature and total solids effect on limiting viscosity, 0, Temperature and TS effect on K", Summary and

application of sludge (POMS) to land Trial1, Application to give Specific Benefits to Land, Mulching effect (Trial 3), Restoring rintailings (Trial 4), Commercially Practical Methods and Optimum Input Rates for Application to Oil Palms, Preliminary trials, Long-term experiments (Trial 7), Discussion



19. Nutritive Value of Poultry WasteMethods, Results and Discussion20. Digestion of Rabbit and Pig WasteMethods, Experimental design, Digesters, Substrates, Experimental procedure, Analytical methods, Results and Discussion , Energy production, Rabbit wastes, Mixed substrates: v, Pollution Control, Rabbit wastes, Discussion21. Chemical Composition of Palm Oil Mill EffluentMethods, Sampling, Fractionation procedure, Assays, Results and Discussion , Pome, Clarification sludge, Conclusions, 22. Humic Substances from Composed BarksMethods, Organic fertilizers, Chemical analysis, Extraction of humic matter, Sephadex

18. Tower Digestion of Pig WasteMethods, Equipment, Seed sludge, Pig manure, Tower operation, Analytical methods, Flocculent testing, Experimental design, Results and Discussion , Tower design changes, Flocculent testing, Tower performance, Flocculent effectiveness in the tower, Prospects for scale-up



25. Humic Acids on Hydrolysis of Potato ProteinMethods , Materials, Analysis, Experimental procedures, Results, Discussion26. Effects of Composts on Wheat YieldsMaterials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Composition of composts, Experiment 1. Evaluation of composts on an equal nitrogen basis, Experiment 2. Evaluation of composts when added at a flat rate of 5 t/ha in addition to NPK fertilizers27. Production of Ox tetracycline

gel filtration, Results and Discussion, Organic carbon content, Extracting efficiencies of reagents, Influence of extracting solutions, Time of extraction and sample-to-solvent ratio, Number of extractions, Sample particle size23. Humic Substances From Decomposing BarkMethods, Raw materials, Chemical analysis, Humic materials, Results and Discussion, Spruce bark, Spruce bark plus hen manure (20%)24. Particle Size and Tomato Waste DigestionExperimental Procedures, Results and Discussion



Methods, Maintenance of Streptomyces rimosus 12907, Vegetative medium, Fermentation medium, Production oj ox tetracycline in a fermenter (1200 liter), Determination oj amino acids present in fermented mash, Anti-microbial spectrum of ox tetracycline present in the dry mash, Results and Discussion

28. Use of Manure in Fish FarmingKeeping Livestock in the Vicinity of Fish Ponds, Applying Manures to Fish Ponds, Adding Manures to Feeds, Economic Comparison of Feeding and Manuring, Modes of Action of Manure, Direct Consumption of Manure, Manure as a Fertiliser for Autotrophic Production

29. Bacteria in Swine WasteMaterials and Methods, Analytical techniques, Results , Identification, Effect of waste concentration, Effect of pH, Effect of sulfide concentration, Protein production and nutrient uptake, Discussion , Growth characterization, Protein production and treatment capacity, Integration with algal systems



30. Poultry Waste Water as Broiler FeedsResults and Discussion31. Utilization of Indian Wastes in Livestock FeedsProminence of Salseed Meal, Similarity of Oak Kernels and, Salseed Meal, Oak Kernels in Poultry Mashes, Oak Kernels in Cattle Rations, Importance of a Negative Control in Experimental Designs, Rationing of Animals on the Minimum Adequate Requirement32. Methane from Cattle WasteMethods , Herd characteristics, Fermenter substrate, Fermenters, Experimental, Results, Discussion , Methane yield, Temperature effect33. Treatment of Milking Parlour WastewaterMethods, Pilot-scale reactor system description, Time allocation and operation of each phase of reactor, Analyses, Results and Discussion34. Indicators of Pig Slurry OdoursMaterials and Methods, Chemical analysis, Odour offensiveness test, Raw slurries of excreta, Treated slurries, Results and Discussion, Non-specific characteristics,



36. UASB Treatment of WastesIntroduction, Materials and Methods , Sampling and analysis, Seed sludge, Wastewater characteristics, The 30 m3 semi-technical experimental, pilot plant, RESULTS, Start up and operation, Loading rates and treatment efficiency, Sludge wash out, COD balance and sludge increment, Sludge retention and total methanogenic activity, Discussion, The performance of the reactor at an intermittent feeding, Performance at process temperatures of 20 °C and 30 °C, Sludge retention and sludge wash out, The rate of hydrolysis in the reactor37. Digestion of Poultry LitterMethods, Digester feedstock, Digester construction, Digester operation, Analytical methods, Data handling, Solids digestion, Results, Daily fed digesters, Batch digestion, Discussion, Daily fed digesters, Litter composition, Ammonium-N levels, Gas composition and biogas yields, Kinetic model, Batch digestion

Specific odourants, Prediction of odour offensiveness from chemical and biochemical characteristics, Conclusions35. Pig Liquid ManureMaterials and Methods, Results, Discussion


38. Beef-Cattle Manure SlurriesMaterial, Methods, Apparatus, Computational procedure, Modified Reynolds Number, Results, Comparing capillary and rotational viscometer results, The f=NRe correlation for cattle manure slurries, Summary and Conclusions,



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and cottage scale industries, Waste management & waste treatment industry, Business, Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, Organic Waste Forms and Treatment Strategies, Organic Waste for Biological Treatment, Transformation of Liquid Manure into a Solid, Tomato Waste Water Treatment, Oxalic Acid FromJute Stick, Digestion of Cotton Processing Waste, Properties of Sorghum Stalk, Fermentation of Fish Waste, Agro-Industrial Wastes, Bioconversion of Pretreated Wheat Straw and Sunflower Stalks to Ethanol, Modeling of Agricultural Waste Treatments, Utilization of Waste of Dehydrated Onion, Palm Oil Mill Effluent Disposal on Land, Studies on Beef-Cattle Manure Slurry Model Development, Meat Meal and Algae for Calves, Manures and Sewage Smudges for Algal Growth, Tower Digestion of Pig Waste, Nutritive Value of Poultry Waste, Digestion of Rabbit and Pig Waste, Chemical Composition of Palm Oil Mill Effluent, Humic Substances from Composed Barks, Humic Substances From Decomposing Bark, Particle Size and Tomato Waste Digestion, Humic Acids on Hydrolysis of Potato Protein, Effects of Composts on Wheat Yields, Production of Oxytetracycline, Use of Manure in Fish Farming, Bacteria in Swine Waste, Poultry Waste Water as Broiler Feeds, Utilization of Indian Wastes in Livestock Feeds, Methane from Cattle Waste, Treatment of



Milking Parlor Wastewater, Indicators of Pig Slurry Odors, Pig Liquid Manure, UASB Treatment of Wastes, Digestion of Poultry Litter, Beef-Cattle Manure Slurries, BOD management, air pollution, Biological fermentation of fish waste, Utilization of Agro-industrial Wastes, physical properties Strength characteristics of sorghum stalk, soil pollution, Pathogen destruction, Fertilizer, Nitric acid oxidation, Nitric acid oxidation process, Solid density, Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Shear strength of stalk,, Enzyme, Isolation of Yeasts, Maintenance of strains, Preparation of onion juice from waste products of the dehydrated onion industry , Production of fodder yeast in an onion juice medium, Yeast fermentation, Chemical Reactor Theory, Microbial Kinetics, Ethanol production, Collection and treatment of samples of sludge and manure, Preparation of media for cultivation of algae, Analysis of properties of waste-grown algae, Growth rates of algae, Seed sludge, Pig manure, Pig manure and rabbit wastes, Organic fertilizers, Manure as a Fertilizer for Autotrophic Production, , Effect of pH,



Effect of sulfide concentration, bio gas plant, COD balance and sludge increment, Sludge retention and total methanogenic activity, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fermentation of yeast, BOD, water pollution, sludge management, biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste, manure and fertilizer, Waste management, Waste Management: Waste disposal, Collection and Removal, types of waste management, importance of waste management, Waste Material Utilization.




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