Intermediate management board book 2013

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†dvb: 01823055399, 01818035158, 01720557177

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Aa¨vq weeiY c„ôv bs

1. eëmv‡qi †gŠwjK aviYv 01 − 20

2. eëmvq cwi‡ek 21 − 30

3. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq 31 − 42

4. Askx`vwi eëmvq 43 − 62

5. †hŠ_g~jabx eëmvq 63 − 112

6. mgevq mwgwZ 113 − 128

7. ivóªxq eëmvq 129 − 144

8. eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K 145 − 164

9. eëmv‡qi mnvqK †mev 165 − 182

10. eëmvq D‡`¨vM 183 − 206

11. eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi 207 − 218

12. eëmv‡qi •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv 219 − 238

m~PxcÎ

1. Scanner, Stcven J. Z. John M. Ivanoevich – Business for the 21st century. Richard & Irwin Inc., USA 2000.

2. Kotler philip & Armstrong – Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall India, 12th Edition.

3. Strauss Ansary and Frost-E-marketing, 3rd edition. 4. Glos E. Raymond & Harold A Baker-Introduction to Business. 5. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I †gvnv¤§`, evwYR¨ I wkí AvBb|

6. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I †gvnv¤§`, eëmvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM, hgybv cÖKvkbx|

7. dviæKx KvRx D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq bxwZ I cª‡qvM, KvRx cÖKvkbx|

8. AvjZvd nvwbd D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM, i‡qj jvB‡eªix|

9. Khalekujjaman Z Musharraf- Introduction to Business, Jamuna Publishar.

10. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I †gvnv¤§` eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ cwi‡ek, hgybv cvewjkvm©|

11. Avjg Avkivdzj-Bb‡U‡jKPzqvj †cÖvcvwU© AvBb, Kvgiæj eyK nvDR|

12. ingvb gvnveye-eëmvq evwY‡R¨ Kw¤úDUvi|

13. bRiæj I nvwim-D”P gva¨wgK Awdm eë¯’vcbv|

14. wKiY †Mvjvg-AvR‡Ki wek¦|

15. Avjg gvnveyeyj-fvlv †mŠif, AvBwWqvj jvB‡eªix-XvKv|

16. wbiÄb I mwdDwÏb-D”PZi evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv|

17. gvnvgy` nvqvr-fvlv wkÿv|

18. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I AvZvDi- D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq D‡`¨vM|

19. IivKj wewm Gm wcÖwjwgbvix-IivKj cvewj‡Kkb|

20. Business dictionary.com 21. Encyclopedia. 22. Askx`vix AvBb 1932|

23. †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994|

24. exgv AvBb 2010|

25. c¨v‡U›U AvBb 1911|

26. †UªWgvK© AvBb 2009|

27. Website of different organization (For example website of SME Foundation, FBCCI, Grameen Phone.

28. •`wbK Kv‡ji KÚ, cÖ_g Av‡jv|

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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cÖ_g Aa¨vq

eëmv‡qi †g․wjK aviYv BASIC CONCEPT OF BUSINESS

cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl wbR cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi cÖ‡Póvq m‡Pó wQj| grm AvniY, K…wlKvR, cï wkKvi, cY¨

wewbgq, Drcv`b cÖ‡Póv cÖf„wZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð wb‡qvwRZ wQj| Gi g~‡j †h wRwbm KvR K‡i Zvn‡jv

gvby‡li Afve‡eva| Afve c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Zviv wewfbœ A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð Rwo‡q c‡o Ges A_© DcvR©‡bi

cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| g~jZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ I †jb‡`b‡K wN‡iB D™¢e nq eëmv‡qi|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvie−

• eëmv‡qi aviYv|

• eëmv‡qi AvIZv|

− wk‡íi •ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`;

− evwY‡Rï •ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`;

− cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi •ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`|

• wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨|

• evsjv‡`‡ki eëmv‡qi AvIZv wn‡m‡e wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv|

• mvgvwRK eëmvq aviYv|

• eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj|

• eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡|

• A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi Ae`vb|

• RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e eëmvq|

eëmvq msMVb I eë¯’vcbv−cÖ_g cÎ

2

1.01 eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Business

mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQy †Kbv-†ePvi Kvh©µg‡K Avgiv eëmvq wnmv‡e Rvwb| wKš‘ ïaygvÎ †Kbv-†ePvi mv‡_

eëmvq m¤ú„³ bq| eëmvq n‡jv Drcv`b, eÈb Ges Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi mnvqK Kvh©vewj|

Avgiv eëmvq‡K GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc ’vcb Ki‡Z cvwiÑ

gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K eëmvq e‡j| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`b

Kiv, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb Kiv, mewR Pvl Kiv‡K eëmvq ejv hvq bv| wKš‘ hLb †Kv‡bv K…lK gybvdvi Avkvq avb

Pvl K‡i ev mewR djvq Zv eëmvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Z‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj A_©‣bwZK

Kg©KvÐ eëmv e‡j MY¨ n‡e hw †m¸‡jv †`‡ki AvB‡b •ea I mwVK Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| gvbyl Zvi Afve

c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b, eÈb, Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi mnvqK Kvh©µ‡g wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i

Ges gybvdv AR©b K‡i| G gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤úvw`Z A_©‣bwZK Kvh©µg‡KB eëmvq e‡j|

Kg©cÎ-1

†Zvgv‡ì evwoi Av‡kcv‡k †hme eëmvq Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki|

• • • • •

• • • • •

eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Business)

mgvR weÁv‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e eëmvq cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh©vewji mv‡_ mswkøó| gybvdv

AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ Giƒc Kvh©vewji KZK¸‡jv ¯Zš¿ •ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| hv wb‡æ

Dc ’vwcZ n‡jv−

• eëmv‡qi cÖ_g I cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡jv gybvdv AR©b| KviY eëmv‡qi aib hv-B †nvK bv †Kb,

gvwjKMY gybvdv AR©b‡KB cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i

_v‡Kb|

Afve †eva cY¨ I †mev

Drcv`b

wewbgq I eÈb

µq-weµq

wewbgq mnvqK

KvR

Afv‡ei cwiZ…wß

I RxweKv AR©b

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eëmv‡qi †g․wjK aviYv

3

• eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ n‡”Q jvf-†jvKmv‡bi SuywK MÖnY| cÖ‡Z¨K eëmvqx Zvi mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K©

m¤ú~Y© AwbwðZ| myZivs eëmv‡qi Aw Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ jvf-†jvKmv‡bi AwbðqZvi SuywK RwoZ|

• g~jab eëmv‡qi g~j PvwjKvkw³| mwVK mg‡q eëmv‡qi myôz MVb I cwiPvjbvi wbwg‡Ë mwVK

cwigv‡Y g~jab cÖ‡qvRb| gvwjK ev D‡`v³vMY G g~jab wb‡R‡ì Znwej †_‡K ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv

Drm †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

• †µZvMY Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨vw` P~ovšÍ †fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †c‡Z Pvq| GR‡b¨B eëmvq

AvnwiZ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì gv‡S Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó K‡i Ges †µZv‡ì †fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zv

evRviRvZ K‡i|

• eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ n‡”Q †µZv-we‡µZv| A_© cÖ`vb I A_© MÖnY-G `ywUi

Aw ÍZ¡ eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡b Acwinvh©|

• eëmvwqK †jb‡ b wbqwgZ I †c․btcywbKfv‡e n‡Z nq| AvKw §K †Kv‡bviƒc †jb‡ b‡K eëmvq ejv hvq bv|

• eëmvq‡K Aek¨B AvBbvbyM I •ea n‡Z n‡e|

• eëmvq memgq GKUv ¯vaxb †ckv wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|

1.02 eëmv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa

Scope of Business

Afve c~i‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b I eÈb Ges Gi mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vewj eëmv‡qi

AvIZvfy³| A_©vr Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj msMÖn n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i •Zwi cY¨ ev †mev †fv³vi

nv‡Z †cu․Qv‡bv ch©š Í mKj Kvh©vewjB eëmv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwai Aš Ífy©³|

wkí (Industry): wkí Drcv`‡bi evnb| †h Kg© cÖ‡Póv ev cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY

Ges Gi Dc‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g gvby‡li eënvi Dc‡hvMx cY¨ cÖ ‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí e‡j| wk‡íi

•ewkó¨ mg~n−

K. wkí cY¨`ªe¨ cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤ú„³;

L. m¤ú` ev g~j¨ Drcv`bB wk‡íi g~j jÿ¨;

M. wkí c‡Yï AvKviMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i;

N. wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgMÖx gvby‡li Afve †gvP‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ;

O. Aa© cÖ ÍyZ cY¨‡K P~ovš Í c‡Y¨ iƒcvš ÍwiZ K‡i|


4

wkí‡K wb‡gœv³ wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v−

QK: eëmv‡qi AvIZv|

K. cÖv_wgK wkí (Primary Industry) cÖv_wgK wk‡í †Kv‡bv iƒcMZ cwieZ©b N‡U bv| cÖv_wgK wkí‡K wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

• cÖRbb wkí (Genetic Industry): †h wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgwMÖ cybtevi m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi

Kv‡R eëüZ nq Zv‡K cÖRbb wkí e‡j|

D`vniY ¯iƒc grm Pvl, bvm©vwi, nuvmgyiwM, djg~j I Mevw` cïi Lvgvi|

• wb®‥vkb wkí (Extractive Industry): f~-Mf©, b`x, mvMi ev f~wg †_‡K cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú`

AvniY, Dchy³ Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek, DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ I †mev cwi‡ekb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g Avni‡Yi

Kv‡R †h wkí m¤úK©hy³ Zv‡K wb®‥vkb wkí e‡j|

eëmvq

wewbgq mnvqK Kvh©vewj

wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨¶ †mev

cvBKvwi LyPiv

Af¨š—ixY

Avg`vwb ißvwb

•e‡`wkK

cybtißvwb

cÖv_wgK wkí:

cÖRbb

wb®‥vkb

K…wlR

†M․Y wkí:

Drcv`b

we‡klYg~jK

cÖwµqvwfwËK

ms‡hvRb wkí:

mshy³

wbg©vY

†mev cwi‡ekK

evRviRvZKiY

cÖmvi

cÖmvi

e¨vsK ¸`vgRvZKiY wegv cwienb

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5

D`vniY¯îƒc mgy`ª nB‡Z grm wkKvi I RjR m¤ú` msMÖn, eb n‡Z KvV ev Ab¨vb¨ ebR m¤ú`

msMÖn, b`x nB‡Z evjy I f~-Mf© n‡Z LwbR c`v_© D‡Ëvjb BZ¨vw`|

• K…wlR wkí (Agricultural Industry): †h cÖwµqvq K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b I AvniY Kiv nq

Zv‡K K…wlR wkí e‡j| D`vniY¯iƒc avb I cv‡Ui K_v ejv hvq|

L. †M․Y wkí (Secondary Industry) †h cÖwµqvq m¤ú‡ì iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K †M․Y wkí e‡j|

wb‡gœ †M․Y wk‡íi m¤¢ve¨ AvIZv¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡j v−

• Drcv`b ev cÖ ÍyZ wkí (Productive Industry): kªg I h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ cÖwµqvq

KuvPvgvj ev Aa© cÖ ÍyZ `ªe¨‡K gvby‡li eënvi Dc‡hvMx c‡Y¨ cÖ ÍyZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K Drcv`b wkí

e‡j| A_©vr cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ c‡Yï †h iƒcMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq †mB cÖwµqvB n‡jv

Drcv`b wkí| †hgb- MvQ †K‡U AvmevecÎ •Zwi, eqb wkí, B¯úvZ wkí BZ¨vw`|


6

• we‡kølYg~jK wkí (Analytical Industry): G RvZxq wk‡í †Kv‡bv ªe¨‡K we‡kølY K‡i bvbv iKg

ªe¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| †hgb-A‡kvwaZ LwbR •Zj †_‡K wW‡Rj, †c‡Uªvj, M v‡mvwjb, †K‡ivwmb, LwbR Kqjv

n‡Z †KvK Kqjv,, b vc_vwjb, AvjKvZiv BZ vw •Zwi Kivi KvR|

• cÖwµqvwfwËK wkí (Processing Industry): G RvZxq wk‡í wewfbœ cÖwµqv Aej¤b K‡i cY¨

Drcv`b Kiv nq| A_©vr cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi wkíB n‡jv cÖwµqvwfwËK

wkí| †hgb-Zzjv n‡Z e ¿, AvL n‡Z wPwb BZ¨vw`|

• †h․wMK wkí (Synthetic Industry): G wk‡í GKvwaK †g․wjK `ª‡eï mgš^‡q GKwU bZzb

`ªe¨ •Zwi nq| †hgb-mvi wkí GwU K‡qKwU †g․wjK DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q mv‡i cwiYZ

n‡q‡Q| mvevb, wm‡g›U BZ¨vw` †h․wMK wk‡íi D`vniY|

M. ms‡hvRb wkí (Assembling Industry):

G cÖwµqvq GKvwaK hš¿ ev hš¿vsk ms‡hvRb K‡i bZzb cY¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| †hgb-†gvUi wkí, †ij BwÄb|

• mshy³ wkí (Integrated Industry): †h wkí †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí cÖwµqvi GKB mv‡_

mgš^q N‡U Zv‡K mshy³ wkí e‡j| †hgb-†j․n I B¯úvZ wkí|

• wbg©vY wkí (Constructive Industry): †h cÖwµqvq wewfbœ ai‡bi wbg©vY KvR m¤úbœ n‡q

_v‡K Zv‡K wbg©vY wkí e‡j| †hgb-iv Ív NvU, `vjvb‡KvVv, euva, †mZz BZ¨vw` wbg©vY|

• †mev cwi‡ekK wkí (Service Industry): †h wkí RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡q _v‡K

Zv‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí e‡j| †hgb-cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw` mieivn G wk‡íi

AvIZvfy³| www.fa

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Kg©cÎ-2

wewfbœ cÖKvi wk‡íi 5wU K‡i D`vniY

cÖRbb wkí K…wlR wkí we‡kølYg~jK wkí mshy³ wkí †mevg~jK wkí

1. grm Pvl

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. avb I cvU

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. LwbR •Zj †_‡K wW‡Rj

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. †j․n I B¯úvZ wkí

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. cvwb wkí

2.

3.

4.

5.

evwYR¨ (Commerce): wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ cÖK…Z †fvMKvixi wbKU A_ev KuvPvgvj I Aa©

cÖ¯‘Z cY¨ cieZx© †fvMKvix ev Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †c․uQv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖwZeÜKZv‡K

`~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ M„nxZ hveZxq Kv‡Ri mgwó‡K evwYR¨ e‡j|

evwY‡Rï •ewkó¨mg~n (Features of Commerce): 1. cY¨ msMÖn I eÈb: cY¨ Drcv`b nq GK ’v‡b Ges †fvM nq wewfbœ ’v‡b| evwYR¨ eëmvq, cwienY,

¸`vgRvZKiY, exgv, e¨vswKs I cÖPvi eë ’vi gva¨‡g H mg Í cY¨ msMÖn K‡i eÈb K‡i|

2. Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q: evRviRvZKiY cÖwµqvq Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^qmvab

K‡i evwYR¨ evRvi w ’wZkxj ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

3. eëmv‡qi cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKiY: evwYR¨ eëmvq, cwienY, ¸`vgRvZKiY, e¨vsK, exgv I cÖPv‡ii

Øviv h_vµ‡g eëmv‡qi e¨w³MZ, ’vbMZ, KvjMZ, A_© msµvš Í, SzwKMZ evav ev

cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n `~i K‡i myôzfv‡e eëmvq‡K Pj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

4. c‡Yï gvb I ¸Y DbœZKiY I msiÿb: c‡Yï gvb I ¸Y DbœZKiY Ges msiÿ‡Yi j‡ÿ¨

evwYR¨ cÖwgZKiY, ch©vwqZKiY, wPwýZKiY, †gvowKKiY c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|

5. e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨: evwYwR¨K cÖwµqvq c‡Yï evRviRvZKiY wbwðZ nq e‡j Drcv`K

AweiZ Drcv`b Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K evRv‡ii Pvwn`vbyhvqx e¨vcK AvKv‡i Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|


8

evwY‡Rï cÖKvi‡f` wbgœiƒc−

wewbgq (Trade): cY¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev mvgwMÖi ¯Z¡ n Ívš Í‡ii KvR‡K cY¨ wewbgq e‡j| wewbg‡qi

gva¨‡g ¯Z¡ n Ívš Í‡ii †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb e¨w³MZ evav AcmvwiZ nq| cY¨ ev †mev wewbgq‡K

wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|

1. Af¨š ÍixY evwYR¨ (Home Trade): GKwU †`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †h µq - weµq Kvh©

m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ e‡j| Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨‡K cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Avevi yfv‡M fvM Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

i. cvBKvix eëmvq (Whole sale trade): †h eëmvq cvBKvwi eëmvqx Drcv`‡Ki wbKU

n‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y cY¨ `ªe¨ µq K‡i †m¸‡jv †QvU †QvU j‡U LyPiv eëmvqx‡ì wbKU

wewµ K‡i Zv‡K cvBKvwi eëmvq e‡j|

ii. LyPiv eëmvq (Retail trade): LyPiv eëmvqx cvBKvi‡ì wbKU †_‡K cY¨ `ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i

†m¸‡jv †fv³v‡ì wbKU wewµ K‡i| Giƒc eëmvq‡K LyPiv eëmvq e‡j|

2. Avš ÍR©vwZK/•e‡`wkK evwYR¨ (Foreign trade): GK †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †`‡ki evwYR¨ n‡j

Zv‡K •e‡`wkK evwYR¨ e‡j| G eë ’vq GK †`‡ki †µZv Ab¨ †`‡ki we‡µZvi mv‡_ evwYR¨

K‡i _v‡K| •e‡`wkK evwYR¨ wZbwU Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K−

i. Avg`vwb (Import): Ab¨ †`k †_‡K cY¨ wK‡b wbR †`‡k wb‡q Avmvi KvR‡K e‡j Avg`vwb|

ii. ißvwb (Export): ißvwb evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cY¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev ¯‡`k †_‡K we‡`‡k †cÖiY Kiv nq|

iii. cybtißvwb (Re-export): GK †`k †_‡K Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨ Z…Zxq †`‡k wewµ Kiv n‡j Zv‡K

cybtißvwb evwYR¨ e‡j|

wPÎ: cybtißvwb|

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mnvqK Kvh©vewj (Auxilaries to trade): gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkí I evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv `v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †hme Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq †m¸‡jvI

eëmv‡qi AvIZvaxb|

mnvqK Kvh©vewj wbgœiƒc−

i. e¨vswKs (Banking): e¨vswKs eë ’v eëmv cÖwZôvb‡K FY mieivn K‡i eëmv‡qi A_©

ms ’vbRwbZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|

ii. wegv (Insurance): eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ SzuwK msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZv ~ixKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i wegv|

iii. cwienb (Transportation): cwienb cY¨ ’vbvš Í‡ii †ÿ‡Î ’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixf~Z K‡i

_v‡K| cwienb wZb Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K- ’j c‡_, Rj c‡_, wegvb c‡_|


10

iv. ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing): G cÖwµqvq cY¨ wKQz mg‡qi R‡b¨ gRyZ †i‡L mgqMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó

Kiv nq|

v. c¨vwKs (Packing): cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi Av‡M c‡Yï `vg, ¸Y, ZvwiL BZ¨vw` msewjZ GKwU

AvKl©Yxq †gvo‡K cY¨‡K mvRv‡bv n‡j G‡K c¨vwKs e‡j|

vi. evRviRvZKiY cÖmvi (Promotion): c‡Yï mwVK g~j¨vqb nIqvi Rb¨, †h D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ •Zwi

Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨‡K evRviRvZKiY Kiv nq| evRviRvZKi‡Yi

¸iæZ¡c~Y© wZbwU welq n‡jv-cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv, weµwqKZv|

cÖZ¨ÿ †mev (Direct Services) A‡_©vcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hme Kvh© mivmwi m¤úvw`Z nq wKsev •`wnK ev gvbwmK kª‡gi wewbgq Kiv

nq Zv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †mev e‡j|

wPÎ: cÖZ¨ÿ †mev

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11

cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi •ewkó¨:

1. A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ¯vaxb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K,

2. cY¨ Qvov mivmwi †mev cÖ`vb,

3. †mev`vZv I †mev MÖnxZvi Dcw ’wZ _vK‡Z nq|

cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi AvIZv ev cÖKvi‡f`

†hme Kg©KvÐ cªZ¨ÿ †mevi g‡a¨ c‡o †m¸‡jv n‡jv-wPwKrmv e„wË, AvBb e„wË, wnmve e„wË, cª‡K․kjx

e„wË, civgk© e„wË, †nv‡Uj, †mjyb, bvU¨kvjv, wm‡bgv nj, Awf‡bZv, Awf‡bÎx‡ì Awfbq, Wv³viiv

wg‡j wK¬wbK eëmv ev K‡qKRb DwKj wg‡j GUwb© dvg© ev cÖ‡K․kjxiv wg‡j BwÄwbqvwis dvg© MVb

Ki‡Z cv‡ib; hv cÖZ¨ÿ †mev weµqKvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e m½Z Kvi‡Y eëmv‡qi AvIZvq Av‡m|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eëmv‡qi AvIZv AZ¨š Í e¨vcK| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ eëmvq GKwU e¨vcK

AvIZvwewkó A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði mgwó| gvby‡li Adziš Í Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e ‘MZ I Ae ‘MZ †mev

I kª‡gi h‡_ó cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB gvby‡li Gme Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A‡_©vcvR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨

m¤úvw`Z hveZxq Kvh©B eëmv‡qi AvIZvfy³ |

Kg©cÎ-3

wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi aviYv I •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i G‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R †ei Ki|

wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨ÿ †mev

1.03 evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi AvIZv wnmv‡e wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi mgm¨v I

m¤¢vebv

Problems & Prospects of Industry, Commerce and Direct Services of Bangladesh

evsjv‡`k wk‡í AbMÖmi GKUv †`k| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB K…wl LvZ G †`‡k gyL¨ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b

wk‡ívbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| RvZxq m¤ú` I M„nxZ •e‡`wkK F‡Yi eo cwigvY A_© wk‡ívbœq‡bi

¯v‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ cÖZ¨vwkZ AMÖMwZ bvbvb Kvi‡YB GLbI AwR©Z nqwb|

evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi mgm¨v (Problems of Industry in Bangladesh):

evsjv‡`‡k wkíLv‡Z `~e©jZvi wcQ‡b wewfbœ KviY we`¨gvb| wb‡gœ G m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1| mr I †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³vi Afve: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mKj ch©v‡qB `ÿ I †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³v ev

msMV‡Ki Afve jÿbxq| A_P D‡`¨v³v n‡jv eëmv‡qi †bZv| †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³v †kÖYx M‡o bv

DVvi Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki wkí †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †m m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡”Q

bv|

2| eë ’vcbvi A`ÿZv: wkí wb‡R Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| eë ’vcbvi Dci Zv‡K wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| wkí

myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Gi eë ’vcK‡ì †hiƒc `ÿZv I AwfÁZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Avgv‡ì

†`‡k Zvi eoB Afve cwijwÿZ nq|

3| g~ja‡bi Afve: wkí †QvU eo †h ai‡biB †nvK bv †Kb Zv‡Z hw` Kvg¨ cwigv‡Yi g~jab ms ’vb

Kiv bv hvq Z‡e Zv n‡Z Kvw•LZ dj jvf Kiv hvq bv|


12

4| miKvwi myôz bxwZgvjvi Afve: wkí‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii †h myôy bxwZ-cwiKíbv I

Z`byhvqx D‡`¨vM Ges mn‡hvwMZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb ZviI gvivZ¥K Afve G †`‡k jÿYxq|

5| DbœZ cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi `ÿZvi Afve: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB

cyivZb hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³i eënvi K‡i| d‡j we‡`wk cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì b¨vq gvbm¤§Z cY¨

Drcv`b Zv‡ì c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv| G Qvov eëmvq cwiPvjbv I Drcv`‡b †h ai‡bi Kjv‡K․kj

I c×wZ GLv‡b eëüZ nq ZvI DbœZ bq| d‡j eëmvq msMVb¸‡jvi `ÿZvi gvb DbœZ

nIqvi my‡hvM Kg|

evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi m¤¢vebv (Prospects of Industry in Bangladesh)

†`‡ki µgea©gvb Rbkw³i Kg©ms ’v‡bi eë ’v Ges ªæZ A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡b wkívq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|

cÖvK…wZK M v‡mi e vcK eënvi, Af¨šÍixY evRvi, we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì AvMÖn e„w×, DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv Lwbi

mÜvb jvf, ißvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨ Drcv b e„w×, †emiKvwi D‡ ¨vM m¤úªmvib, mykvmb cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc, ivR‣bwZK

w ’wZkxjZv AR©‡bi cÖqvm, wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve BZ vw mewKQzB G‡`‡k wkíLv‡Zi AMÖMwZi Bw½Z †`q|

†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK mg„w× AR©‡b wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Avek¨KZv I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mswkøó mKj gn‡ji

BwZevPK `„wófw½ I g‡bvfve hZ ªæZ m„wó nq ZZB Zv g½jRbK| m‡e©vcwi †`kxq D‡`¨vM I

wewb‡qvM AvKl©‡Yi cvkvcvwk we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Av¯’v AR©b I cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡j

mKj evav-wecwË `~i K‡i m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡e|

evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi AvIZv wn‡m‡e evwY‡Rï mgm¨v

Problems of Commerce in Bangladesh

evsjv‡`‡k Af¨š ÍixY I •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ mgm¨v we`¨gvb| †h Kvi‡Y h‡_ó m¤¢vebv _vKvi

ciI G‡`‡k evwY‡Rï Kvw•ÿZ m¤úªmviY m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wb‡gœ Giæc mgm¨vmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

K. Af¨š ÍixY evwY‡R¨ mgm¨v: (Problems of home trade)

`ÿ D‡`¨v³v I eë ’vc‡Ki Afve

g~ja‡bi mxgve×Zv

cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë ’vi mxgve×Zv

ivR‣bwZK Aw ’wZkxjZv

miKvwi wewfbœ ms ’vi mn‡hvwMZvi Afve

ga¨ ’ eëmvqx‡ì †`․ivZœ¨

cY¨ I †mevi wbgœgvb

L. •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ mgm¨v: (Problems of foreign trade ) ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi Afve

`ÿ ißvwbKvi‡Ki Afve

ißvwb c‡Yï mxgve×Zv ev †cvkvK wk‡íi Dci AwZwbf©iZv

ißvwb evRvi m¤úªmvi‡Y DbœZ †K․kj I cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii Afve

ªæZ wkc‡g›U mgm¨v

AvÂwjK mnvqZvi Afve

ißvwb m¤úªmvi‡Y e¨vKIqvW© I d‡ivqvW© wjs‡KR wk‡íi Afve www.fa

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evsjv‡`‡k evwY‡Rï m¤¢vebv (Prospects of commerce in Bangladesh):

evsjv‡`‡k evwY‡R¨vi m¤¢vebv h‡_ó Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| cvBKvwi I LyPiv eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î

eª¨v‡Ûi c‡Yï m¤úªmviY, LyPiv weµqg~j¨ wba©viY, †gvoKxKiY eë ’vi Dbœqb, cÖZ¨ÿ

evRviRvZKiY eë ’v cÖmvi BZ¨vw` c`‡ÿc MÖvgxY evRvi ch©š Í we¯Í…Z n‡”Q weavq †jb‡`b A‡bK

mnR n‡q‡Q| gv_vwcQz Avq e„w× cvIqvq gvby‡li †fv‡Mi cÖeYZv w`b w`b evo‡Q| gvby‡li iæwP I

Pvwn`vi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q bZzb wWRvBb I gv‡bi cY¨ evRv‡i Avm‡Q| ivRavwb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †QvU

kni ch©š Í wecwb weZvb M‡o DVvq evwYwR¨K Kg©Kv‡Ûi we Í…wZ NU‡Q| ißvwb evwY‡R¨ we`¨gvb mgm¨v

gv_vq †i‡L Avg`vwbKviK‡ì g‡b Av ’v m„wói D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡”Q| ißvwbgywL cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi `ÿZv

e„w× I we‡`wk evwYwR¨K wgkb¸‡jv‡K mwµq Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡”Q| mewKQz wgwj‡q evsjv‡`‡ki

Af¨š Íwib I •e‡`wkK evwYR¨ fwel¨‡Z AviI mg„× n‡e|

1.04 mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Social Business

cÖPwjZ eëmvq Avgv‡ì wkÿv †`q Kxfv‡e AwaK gybvdv AR©b Kiv hvq| A_©vr cÖPwjZ eëmvq

Avgv‡ì‡K ¯^v_©ci K‡i †Zv‡j| Aciw`‡K mvgvwRK eëmvq Avgv‡ì‡K wkÿv †`q Kxfv‡e

eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g ¯^í gybvdvq mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq| gybvdv AR©‡bi wbR¯^

•ewkó¨, eëmvq m¤úªmviY Ges mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡b D‡j øL‡hvM¨ fzwgKv ivLvq eZ©gvb we‡k¦

mvgvwRK eëmvq aviYvwU e¨cK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| G avibvwU cÖ_‡g Dc¯’vcb I Dbœqb

K‡ib evsjv‡`‡ki †bv‡ej weRqx Wt †gvt BDbym| wZwb 2008 mv‡j Zvi cÖKvwkZ eB ÒCreating a world without poverty:social business and the future of capitalism” me©cÖ_g G

avibvwU †`b| ciewZ©‡Z 2010 mv‡j Zvi cÖKvwkZ ÒBuilding Social Business: The new kind of Capitalism that serve humanity’s most pressing needs” G GB g‡WjwUi

we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|

wPÎ: mvgvwRK eëmvq


14

mvgvwRK eëmvq n‡”Q GKwU KviY avweZ (Cause-driven) eëmvq| mvgvwRK eëmvq

wewb‡qvMKvix ax‡i ax‡i Zvi wewb‡qvMK…Z g~jab Zz‡j wb‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gi evB‡i †Kv‡bv jf¨vsk †m

†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q eëmvq cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri GK ev GKvwaK

mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv; GLv‡b wewb‡qvMKvixi †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K bv| G eëmv‡qi

gybvdv eënvi Kiv nq mvgvwRK eëmvq m¤úªmviY ev cY¨ Dbœq‡b| G Kvi‡YB wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb

†_‡K †Kv‡bv gybvdv D‡Ëvjb K‡i bv|

c‡Yï LiP Zz‡j gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G eëmvq GK ev GKvwaK mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨

†hgb−Mixe‡ì ¯v¯’¨‡mev, Avevmb eë ’v, Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb, Acywó‡Z †fvMv wkï‡ì cywói eë ’v

Kiv, wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieivn, bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwbi eë ’v BZ¨vw` AR©b Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|

W. gynv¤§` BDb~m mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wb‡gœv³ •ewk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb−

mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb: ¯v ’¨, wkÿv, `wi`ªZv, cwi‡ek, Rjevqy BZ¨vw`|

jf¨vsk wn‡m‡e wewb‡qvMKvix †Kv‡bv gybvdv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

GKwU eëmvq‡K mvgvwRK eëmvq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e hw` GwUi gvwjKvbv `wi`ª

†kªwYi Rb¨ nq Ges GwU mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|

mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Social Business): mvgvwRK eëmvq ycÖKvi| h_v−

1. UvBc-I: mvgvwRK eëmvq

2. UvBc-II: mvgvwRK eëmvq|

1. UvBc-I: G ai‡bi mvgvwRK eëmvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mvgvwRK, •bwZK A_ev cwi‡ekMZ jÿ¨

AR©‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cY¨ mieiv‡ni Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| †hgb−MÖvgxY Wv‡bvb

(Grameen Danone), MÖvgxY kw³ (Grameen Sokti)|

2. UvBc-II: G ai‡bi mvgvwRK eëmvq gybvdvwbf©i eëmvq †hwUi gvwjK n‡eb Mwie ev mgv‡Ri

wbgœweËiv hviv mivmwi jf¨vsk †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i ev c‡ivÿfv‡e myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:

MÖvgxY e¨vsK mvgvwRK eëmvq Aeëmvqx cÖwZôvb Ges eëmvwqK mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ †_‡K wfbœ|

mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Social Business)

W. gynv¤§` BDb~m Ges n¨vbm †iBUR (Hans Reitz), mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi 7wU bxwZgvjvi K_v

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv−

mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk n‡e vwi ªZv ~i Kiv, A_ev mgv‡Ri GK ev GKvwaK mgm v mgvavb Kiv|

Avw_©K I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb mvab

wewb‡qvMKvixiv ïaygvÎ Zv‡ì cÖv_wgK wewb‡qv‡Mi A_© Zz‡j wb‡Z cvi‡e| wewb‡qv‡Mi

AwZwi³ jf¨vsk †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

hLb †Kv¤úvwbi wewb‡qvMK…Z A_© †diZ †`qv n‡e ZLb †Kv¤úvwbi hZ gybvdv n‡e Zv

†Kv¤úvwbi Dbœqb I m¤úªmvi‡Y eënvi Kiv n‡e|

cwi‡ekMZ m‡PZbZv|

Kgx©iv fv‡jv cwi‡e‡k Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk b¨vh¨ gRywi cvq|

KvR Avb‡›ì mv‡_ Kiv| www.fa

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15

1.05 eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj

Functions of Business

cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cu․Qv‡bv ch©š Í hveZxq

Kvh©vewj eëmv‡qi Aš Ífy©³| †fv³v ev †µZvi mš Íywó AR©bB eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨|

wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©vewjmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

Drcv`b ( production): cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msMÖn ev D‡Ëvjb K‡i †fv³v‡ì Afve c~i‡Yi

D‡Ï‡k¨ G¸‡jv‡K eënv‡ivc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ eëmvq Drcv`bKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| G

KvR‡K iƒcvš Íi Dc‡hvwMZv m„wóI ejv n‡q _v‡K| Drcv`b eëmv‡qi g~L¨ KvR|

cwienb (Transportation): mvaviYZ cY¨mvgMÖx †`‡ki we‡kl GjvKvq Drcvw`Z nq Ges Zv

†`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j fvM Kiv nq| GgZve ’vq Drcvw`Z cY¨ cwien‡bi gva¨‡g Drcv`b †K› ª n‡Z

†`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq wb‡q wM‡q †fv³v‡ì KvQvKvwQ gRy` Kiv nq| G KvR‡K c‡Yï ’vbMZ

Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó ejv nq| cY¨mvgwMÖ‡K ’vbvšÍ‡i cwievwnZ Kiv n‡jB Zv †fv‡M jvMv‡bv m¤¢e nq|

µq-weµq (Buying and selling): eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv cY¨ I †mev µq-

weµq Kiv| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, cY¨ I †mevi µq-weµq eëmv‡qi cÖvY¯iƒc|

A_© mieivn (Supply of money): eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i e¨vswKs-G wb‡qvwRZ

cÖwZôvb¸‡jv A_© mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g eëmvq-evwYR¨‡K MwZkxj K‡i †Zv‡j|

SuywK n Ívš Íi (Transfering risk): eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g eëmvq-msµvš Í eûwea SuywKI n Ívš ÍwiZ

nq| cY¨ enbKv‡j wKsev eëmvq cwiPvjbvKv‡j AwMœKvÐ, eb¨v, f~wgK¤ú, Pzwi-WvKvwZ BZ¨vw`

Kvi‡Y †hme SuywKi m„wó nq wegv †Kv¤úvwb †mme SuywKi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|

wnmveiÿY (Accounting): eëmvq wnmve iÿv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©| eëmvqx †jb‡`b wnmvefy³

KivB G Kv‡h©i AšÍf©y³| wnmveiÿ‡Yi gva¨g Kviev‡ii Avq-e¨q, jvf-ÿwZ Ges Dnvi Avw_©K Ae ’v

Rvbv hvq| Gi Øviv †hgb eZ©gvb Ae ’v eyS‡Z cviv hvq †Zgwb fwel¨r cš’v w ’i Kiv nq|

weÁvcb I cÖPvi (Advertisement and publicity): cª‡Z¨K eëmvqx ms ’v cY¨-evZ©v

m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì `„wó‡MvPi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ weÁvcb I cÖPviKvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †µZv m„wó

Kiv Ges RbmvaviY‡K cY¨wUi LwiÏv‡i cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ weÁvcb I cÖPvi cÖ‡qvRb|

wPÎ: weÁvcb I cÖPvi


16

• †gvoKxKiY (Packing): cY¨ weµq I en‡bi myweav‡_© wewfbœ cwigv‡Y cY¨‡K Av‡MB

†gvoKxKiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| DbœZ I AvKl©bxq c¨v‡KU, †evZj ev wU‡b cY¨ †gvoKxKiY Kiv n‡j

Zv †µZv‡ì `„wó AvKl©‡b I Gi h_vh_ msiÿ‡b mnvqZv nq |

• gRyZKiY (Storing) Drcvw`Z ev µqK…Z cY¨ weµq n‡Z wKQzUv mgq †bq| †g․mygx `ªe¨

Drcv`b I msMÖ‡ni ci A‡bKw`b gRyZ K‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| ZvB Giƒc msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨

eëmvq‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx ¸`vgRvZKiY myweav M‡o Zzj‡Z †`Lv hvq|

• cÖwgZKiY I ch©vwqZ KiY (Standardising and grading):

cÖwgZKiY n‡jv †g․wjK gvb wbav©iY Ges ch©vwqZKiY n‡jv D³ cÖwZwôZ gvb Abyhvqx cY¨ ªe¨ fvM ev

†kÖwYe× Kiv| eëmv‡q cY¨- ªe¨ Drcv`b I e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖwgZKiY I ch©vwqZKi‡Y cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

evRvi msµvš Í M‡elYv I DrKl© mvab (Market research and development): cY¨

weµ‡qi KvR ÿgZvi mv‡_ mym¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ evRvi msµvš Í M‡elYv eëmv‡qi GKwU

cª‡qvRbxq KvR| cÖ‡Z¨K eëmvqx ms ’v weµ‡qi Rb¨B cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b A_ev µq K‡i

_v‡K| wKš‘ weµ‡qi evRvi e¨vcK I AwbwðZ| weµ‡qi mvd‡jï Rb¨ evRvi cwiwa wba©viY Kiv

Ges LwiÏv‡ii Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© mywbwðZ _vKv GKvš Í ìKvi| LwiÏv‡ii iæwP, Pvwn`vi eZ©gvb I

fwel¨r MwZ-c ÖK…wZ, evRv‡ii we Í„wZ, µqÿgZv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Kiv G

Kv‡h©i Aš Íf©y³|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, gvby‡li Afve c~i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ hveZxq •ea A_©‣bwZK wµqvKjvcB n‡jv eëmvq

Avi eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Kg©KvÐB n‡jv eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj| m¤úvw`Z Kvh©vewji g‡a¨ †hme

KvR gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv eëmvwqK Kvh©Kjv‡ci AvIZvq c‡o| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ

gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKRb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hv K‡i ZvB eëmvqxK Kvh©Kjvc| www.fa

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17

1.06 eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡

Importance of Business eZ©gvb Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ ªæZ A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb I cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

evwo‡q ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, evwYR¨ †hvMv‡hvM, cwienb cÖf„wZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi Dbœq‡bi

mv‡_ eëmvq IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

K. A_©‣bwZK ¸iæZ¡ (Economic Importance): A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb (Economic development): cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë wewfbœ m¤ú` AvniY K‡i

eëmvq wk‡íi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i| †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi

wbwðZ K‡i eëmvq A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

kªgwefv‡Mi mydj (Merits of division of labour): eëmvwqK ZrciZv e„w× cvIqvi ìæb

Drcv`b I Ab¨vb¨ eëmvwqK Kh©µ‡g kªgwefvM Ges we‡klxKi‡Yi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j kªg `ÿZv

e„w× cvq Ges c‡Yï g~j¨ Kg c‡o| ZvB †fv³viv ¯í e¨‡q cY¨ µq K‡i Zv †fvM Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

cuywR MVb (Formation of capital): †`‡k cuywRMV‡bi nvi hZ †ewk nq, A_©‣bwZK

Dbœq‡bi nviI ZZ †e‡o hvq| eëmvq e¨vswKs eë ’v, wegv eë ’v BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †`‡ki

†fZiKvi wewÿß mÂq GKwÎZ K‡i cuywR MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges G cuywR eëmv-evwY‡R¨ eënvi

K‡i RvZxq Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× K‡i| d‡j A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|

cÖhyw³i eënvi I A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY (Use of technology and economic welfare): eëmvq DbœZ ai‡bi cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wbZ¨ bZzb cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i gvby‡li AZ…ß Pvwn`v

c~iY Kivi cÖqvm cvq| cÖhyw³i Dchy³ eënvi mgv‡R gvby‡li Kj¨vY e‡q Av‡b Ges A_©‣bwZK

Dbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i|

miKvwi Avq e„w× (Increase of government income): eëmvqx cªwZôvb¸‡jvi wbKU

†_‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi Ki I ïé eve` miKvi cÖPzi ivR¯^ Avq K‡i| G A_© miKvi RbwnZKiKv‡h©

e¨q K‡i †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ‡K Pv½v K‡i †Zv‡j|

m¤ú‡ì eënvi (Use of resources): eëmvqx Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g †`‡ki †fZ‡i cÖvß

cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Dchy³ eënvi m¤¢eci nq| Lwb †_‡K m¤ú` D‡Ëvjb, mgy`ª †_‡K grm m¤ú`

AvniY, eb-R½j †_‡K ebR m¤ú` msMÖn BZ¨vw` meB eëmv‡qi djkÖæwZ|


18

L. mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡ (Social Importance):

g~‡jï w ’wZkxjZv iÿv (Keeping price stability): ªe¨g~j¨ †ewk DVvbvgv Ki‡j gvby‡li

RxebhvÎv Amnbxq n‡q D‡V| ZvB eëmvq cY¨g~j¨ w ’wZkxj ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë ’v MÖnY K‡i|

Kg©ms ’vb (Employment): GKwU †`‡k AmsL¨ eëmvq cÖwZôvb A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZ‡Z

Ae`vb iv‡L| Gme cÖwZôv‡b kZ kZ †jv‡Ki Kg©ms ’vb nq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, eëmvq

Kg©ms ’v‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‣bwZK DbœwZi hvÎvc_‡K wbwe©Nœ Kivi cÖqvm Pvjvq|

cY¨ mieivn (Product supply): mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li •`bw›`b Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbm¤§Z cY¨ ªe¨ I †mev mieivn wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g eëmvq Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|

c‡Yï gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of the quality of products): eëmv‡qi

AvaywbKvq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb e„w×i cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| wba©vwiZ cY¨ ¸‡Y-gv‡b

DËg n‡j †fvMKvixiv h‡_ó DcK…Z nq| †fvMKvix‡ì DcKvi mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡YiB bvgvš Íi|

RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of standard of living): eëmvq GKw`‡K cÖPzi

cY¨`ªe¨ †hgb Drcv`b K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K Gme mvgwMÖ eënviKvixi ØvicÖv‡š Í G‡b nvwRi K‡i|

Gfv‡e eëmvq mvgwMÖKfv‡e RbM‡Yi myL-mg„w× e‡q Av‡b Ges Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi

gv‡bi Dbœqb N‡U|

Avš ÍR©vwZK m¤úK© (International relation): eëmvq w`K-w`M‡š Í Gi evû cÖmvwiZ K‡i

wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZ I åvZ…Z¡ m„wó K‡i| Avš ÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ eëmv‡qi GKwU A½ wn‡m‡e

wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ c‡Yï †jb‡`b NwU‡q cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mnvqK K‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, AvaywbK we‡k¦ gvbe †Mvôxi me©v½xY Kj¨vY I mf¨Zvi µ‡gvbœwZ‡Z

eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| e¨w³, mgvR I RvZxq Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ ev

†mev AvniY, Drcv`b I weZiY msµvš Í Kvh©µ‡g eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯xKvh©|

1.07 A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi Ae`vb

Effect of Business in Economic Development

†h †Kvb †`‡ki Rb¨ eëmvq n‡”Q A_©bxwZi g~L¨ PvwjKv kw³| evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k|

DbœZ †`‡ki ch©v‡q †c․Qv‡Z n‡j A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| K…wlwbf©i †`k n‡jI G

†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi Ae`vb w`b w`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| eëmvq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi

wbwðZ Kiv, e¨w³MZ I RvZxq Avq e„w×, mÂ‡q Drmvn cÖ`vb, g~jab MV‡b mnvqZv, miKv‡ii ivR¯

e„w×, Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœqb, AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb BZ¨vw` Kv‡h©i gva¨‡g

Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi

Ae`vb e¨vcK I Ab¯xKvh©| www.fa

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19

1.08 RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e eëmvq

Business as a Career

†Kv‡bv we‡kl we`¨vq e„wËg~jK Ávb AvniY K‡i cvi wk©Zv I `ÿZv AR©‡bi ci ev Íe Rxe‡b Zvi cÖ‡qvM I

eënv‡ii Øviv RxweKv wbe©v‡ni cÖ‡Póv‡K †ckv e‡j| †Kv‡bv gvbyl Zvi Rxeb‡K mvg‡bi w ‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvevi

Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KvR‡K Aej¤b Ki‡j †mUv †ckv wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| G „wó‡KvY †_‡K eëmvq‡K †ckv ev RxweKv

AR©‡bi Dcvq ej‡Z cvwi| KviY GKRb e w³ eëmvq K‡i Zvi e w³MZ ev cvwievwiK Afvemg~n c~iY Ki‡Q|

eëmvq gvby‡li RxweKv AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Dcvq| †h‡Kv‡bv e w³ Zvi ¯í ev †ewk g~jab wb‡q mn‡RB

eëmvq Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A‡b‡K eëmvq‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi Rxeb‡K DbœwZi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq| †KD hw` PvKwi K‡i Z‡e †m wbw ©ó

†eZb cvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi Pvwn`v ev AvKv•ÿv mxwgZ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ †KD hw` eëmvq mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z

cv‡i Z‡e †m PvKwii †P‡q A‡bK †ewk DcvR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GLv‡b Zvi DcvR©b mxwgZ _v‡K bv|

eëmvq Kg©ms ’v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| GKwU †`‡k hZ †ewk eëmv‡qi m¤úªªmviY NU‡e ZZ †ewk

gvby‡li K‡g©i ms ’vb n‡e|

eëmvq n‡jv ¯vaxb †ckv ev e„wË| GKRb eëmvqx •eafv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv eëmv‡q cy uwR wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z

cv‡i, †mLvb †_‡K gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, GRb¨ †Kv‡bv Revew`wn KviI wbKU Ki‡Z nq bv| ZvB

¯vaxb †ckv wn‡m‡e eëmvq‡K mevB cQ›` K‡i|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1| eëmv‡qi cÖ_g I Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR Kx ?

K. evRviRvZKiY

L. Drcv`b

M. cÖwgZKiY

N. evRvi M‡elYv

2| †UªW (µq-weµq) †Kvb ai‡bi evav `~i K‡i?

K. ¯Z¡MZ L. cÖPviMZ

M. A_©MZ N. iƒcMZ

3| evwYR¨ †fv³v‡ì wbKU cY¨ †cu․Qv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K−

i. ’vbMZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g

ii. mvgvwRK mnvqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g

iii. A_©MZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii


20

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

Rwjj eb †_‡K †eZ msMÖn K‡i Zv Øviv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì‡K wb‡q †mvdv, †gvov BZ¨vw` •Zwi K‡i

Rbve Kvgv‡ji †`vKv‡b mieivn K‡i| Kvgvj †m¸‡jv XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ †`vKv‡b mieivn K‡i|

4| Rbve Kvgv‡ji eëmvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvq?

K. GKgvwjKvbv L. Askx`vwi

M. cvBKvwi N. LyPiv

5| Rwjj hw` wb‡RB Zvi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ †`vKv‡b mieivn Ki‡Z Pvq

Zvn‡j Zvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e−

i. cwiwPwZ I evRviRvZKiY `ÿZv

ii. AwZwi³ Rbej I cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ

iii. cwienb myweav


K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| wg. AvKvk _vBj¨vÛ †_‡K Pvj µq K‡i D³ Pvj evQvB‡qi ci we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k weµq

K‡ib| 2011 mv‡j Avš ÍR©vwZK evRv‡i Pv‡ji g~j¨ n«vm †c‡j wZwb mswKZ n‡q c‡ob Ges

`ªæZZvi mv‡_ †`kxq evRv‡i D³ Pvj wewµ K‡i †`b| G‡Z wZwb Avw_©K ÿwZi m¤§yLxb

nb| wKš‘ 2012 mv‡ji ïiæ‡ZB Avš ÍR©vwZK evRv‡i Avevi Pv‡ji `vg evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

K. eëmvq Kx?

L. cÖZ¨ÿ †mev ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. wg. AvKvk †Kvb ai‡bi evwY‡Rï mv‡_ RwoZ? −e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki †`kxq evRv‡i Pvj wewµ bv K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q wg. AvKvk ÿwZi

nvZ †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z cvi‡Zb? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI|

2| w`cb we. G. cvm K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `vuov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q| wb‡R‡ì GKUv Abvev`x cyKzi

ms¯‥vi K‡i gv‡Qi †iby †Q‡o‡Q| cv‡ki †QvÆ RvqMv‡Z wKQz Pviv w`‡q‡Q| •`wbK hv‡Z wKQz

wbqwgZ Avq Av‡m GRb¨ GbwRI †_‡K FY wb‡q GKUv gyiMxi Lvgvi K‡i‡Q| `yÕRb Kg©PvixI

wb‡qvM w`‡q‡Q| cÖwZw`b †m A‡bK wWg weµq K‡i| wKš‘ nVvr †iv‡M A‡bK gyiMx gviv hvIqvq

†m kswKZ| cïcvjb Kg©KZ©v Zv‡K cÖwkÿY †bqvi Rb¨ e‡j‡Qb|

K. mvgvwRK eëmvq Kx?

L. wb®‥vkb wkí ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. w`cb †Kvb ai‡bi wkí M‡o Zz‡j‡Q Zv−e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. w`c‡bi ksKvi mv‡_ eëmv‡qi †Kvb •ewk‡óï mvgÄm¨ i‡q‡Q we‡k ølY Ki| www.fa

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wØZxq Aa¨vq

eëmvq cwi‡ek

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

ejv nq gvbyl cwi‡e‡ki `vm| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ Aewa cwi‡ek cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e gvbyl‡K PvwjZ

K‡i| Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv wb‡q Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek| Aciw`‡K eëmvq cwi‡ek mvgwMÖK

cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Ask, hv ïay eëmvwqK Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ RwoZ| eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© gy³evRvi

A_©bxwZi hy‡M eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ AR©b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©i K‡i eëmv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki Dci| †hme

cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`vb eëmvq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi mgwó‡K eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek

e‡j| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|


• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv|

• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb|

• eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve|

• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡k AbyK~j ev cÖwZK~j Zv

wPwýZKiY|

• evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v|

• evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi c‡_ we ¨gvb mgm v ‡jv ~i Kivi Dcvq wPwýZKiY|


22

2.01 eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv Concept of Business Environment

evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g ¯íweËm¤úbœ GKRb K…l‡Ki N‡i GKUv wkï Rb¥ wbj| Gici Zvi cwiPh©v,

†e‡o IVv, †jLvcov, Rxeb-RxweKv I wPšÍv-fvebv †h ai‡bi n‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g Rb¥ †bqv

wkï Ges Zvi cwiPh©v, †e‡o IVv, †jLvcovmn mewKQz n‡e wfbœZi| Gi wcQ‡b Df‡qi cvwicvwk¦©KZv

A_©vr cÖvK…wZK, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK BZ¨vw` cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n wfbœ ev ÍeZvi Rb¥

w`‡q‡Q| GUv‡K A¯xKvi Kivi †Kv‡bvB my‡hvM †bB|

ZvB ejv hvq, cÖwZwU gvbyl Zvi wPšÍv-wek¦vm, AvPvi-AvPiY, Rxeb-RxweKvmn †h wfbœ fveaviv‡Z M‡o I‡V Gi

wcQ‡b me‡P‡q eo cÖfve Zvi cwi‡ek| †mRb¨B ejv nq, gvbyl AvRb¥ cwi‡e‡ki Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| †hme

cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`vb eëmvq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi mgwó‡K eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek| †hme

Ae ’v eëmv‡qi DbœwZi Dci cÖfve we Ívi K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K eëmvq cwi‡ek e‡j| eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi

cwi‡ek ej‡Z mvaviYZ evB‡ii †mme Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K eySv‡bv nq †h¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ my‡hvM e‡q Avb‡Z

cv‡i wKsev ÿwZi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2.02 eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb

Elements of Business Environment

eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi hy‡M eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ AR©b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©i K‡i

eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dci| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj Ges

eëmvqÑevwYR¨‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| wb‡gœ eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv Zy‡j aiv n‡jv:

1| cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb (Natural element): cÖK…wZMZ Kvi‡Y †h cwi‡ek m„wó nq Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK

cwi‡ek e‡j| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy,

cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, Ae ’vb, AvqZb, RbmsL¨v, b`-

b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki

Dcv`vb|

G Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ wKsev Abycw¯’wZi

Øviv eëmvq Kvh©Kjvc cÖfvweZ nq| †m

Kvi‡YB Gme Dcv`v‡bi AbyK~j †ÿ‡Î

eëmvq-evwYR¨, wkí-KiLvbv AwaK cwigv‡Y M‡o I‡V|

2| A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb (Economic element): ÒA_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek KZK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ hv †fv³vi µq ÿgZv I e¨‡qi aib‡K

cÖfvweZ K‡i|Ó Gme Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q A_© I FY eë ’v, mÂq I wewb‡qvM, g~jab BZ¨vw`|

A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði Dci GKwU †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡Rï cÖwZôv I cÖmvi e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©ikxj|

GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Avq, †fv‡Mi cwigvY, Drcv`b I eÈb, Mo gv_vwcQy Avq BZ¨vwì Ici wfwË

K‡i M‡o I‡V †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek| Kv‡RB DcwiD³ Dcv`vbmg~n AbK~j n‡j eëmvq

evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmviY I Dbœqb mnRZi nq| www.fa

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3| mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK Dcv`vb (Social and cultural element):

gvbyl mgvRe× Rxeb hvc‡b Af¨¯Í| G mgvRe× gvby‡li a¨vb-aviYv, wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZ, g‡bvfve

I wek¦vm, ixwZ-bxwZ, g~j¨‡eva, ag©xq †PZbv BZ¨vwì Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V mvgvwRK

cwi‡ek| eëmvq-evwY‡Rï Dci G mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve Amxg| mvgvwRK cwi‡ek

mnR, my›ì I AbyK~j n‡j eëmvq evwYR¨ Zvi Kvg¨ jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

4| ivR‰bwZK I AvBbMZ Dcv`vb (Political and legal element): GKwU †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK

I AvBbMZ Dcv`vbmg~n eëmv‡qi Dbœqb I weKv‡k e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKvwi

wbqg-Kvbyb, AvBb-k„•Ljv I wbivcËv eë ’v AbyK~j n‡j eëmvqI ªæZMwZ‡Z weKwkZ n‡Z

cv‡i| wVK †Zgwb ivR‣bwZK w ’wZkxjZv, eëmvq evwY‡Rï cÖwZ miKv‡ii `„wófw½, evwYR¨

bxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ BZ¨vwì AvbyK~j¨ Ges miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv eëmv‡qi

m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv iv‡L|

wPÎ: eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve we ÍviKvwi Dcv`vbmg~n

• f~-cÖK…wZ

• Rjevqy

• cÖvK…wZK

m¤ú`

• AvqZb I

RbmsLv

• cvnvo-b`x

BZvw |

• A_© I FY

eë¯’v

• mÂq I

wewb‡qvM

• g~jab

• Avw_©K

cÖwZôvbmg~n

BZ vw |

• wk¶v ms¯‥…wZ

• ag©xq †PZbv

• mvgvwRK ixwZ-

bxwZ

• g‡bvfve I

wek¦vm

• g~j¨‡eva

• BwZnvm I

HwZn¨ BZ¨vw`|

• ivR‣bwZK

w¯’wZkxjZv

• miKvwi

bxwZgvjv

• eëmvq msµvš—

AvBb-Kvbyb

• AvBb-k„•Ljv

• cwi‡ek

msµvš— AvBb

BZ¨vw`|

• cÖhyw³MZ wk¶v

eë¯’v

• Z_¨cÖevn

• weÁvb M‡elYv

cÖwZôvbmg~n

BZ¨vw`|

• Avš—R©vwZK Pzw³

• wek¦ evwYR bxwZ

• Avš—R©vwZK

evRvi eë ’v

• cÖwZ‡ewk †`‡ki

mv‡_ m¤úK©

• DbœZ †`‡ki

mv‡_ m¤úK©

BZ¨vw`|

cÖvK…wZK

Dcv`vb

A_©‣bwZK

Dcv`vb

mvgvwRK I

mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vb

ivR‣bwZK I

AvBbMZ Dcv`vb

Z_¨ I cÖhyw³MZ

Dcv`vb

Avš—R©vwZK

Dcv`vb

eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n


24

5| Z_¨ I cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`vb (Information and technological element): eZ©gvb

wek¦eë ’v Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ wbf©i| cÖhyw³ †hgb gvby‡li Rxe‡b G‡b‡Q AvaywbKZvi †Quvqv, eZ©gvb

Kw¤úDUviwfwËK Z_¨ eë ’vI †Zgwb gvby‡li Rxebaviv‡K cy‡ivcywi e`‡j w`‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi

Áv‡bi Øviv M‡elYv I D™¢ve‡bi d‡j wek¦ cv‡”Q bZzb bZzb Avwe®‥vi, †µZv I †fv³viv cv‡”Q bZyb

bZzb cY¨ I †mevmvgMÖx| Avevi Z_¨ eë ’vi Aeva cÖevn eëmvq-evwYR¨ MwZ mÂvi Ki‡Z mÿg

n‡q‡Q| Z‡_ï Aeva cÖevn e¨ZxZ AvR‡Ki wek¦vq‡bi (Globalisation) hy‡M eëmvq-evwY‡R¨

AMÖMwZ I Dbœq‡bi cÖZ¨vkv `yivkvgvÎ|

6| Avš ÍR©vwZK Dcv`vb (International element): eZ©gvb eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿÎ AvR Avi

†Kej mxwgZ MwÐ‡Z Ave× †bB| eëmvq AvR †`‡ki mxgvbv Qvwo‡q wek¦e¨vcx Zvi mKj

Wvjcvjv cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q| myZivs eëmv‡qi Avš ÍR©vwZK w`K‡K Ae‡njv Kivi

my‡hvM †bB| GKwU †`‡ki mv‡_ Aci †`‡ki m¤úK©, we‡kl K‡i DbœZ †`‡ki mv‡_ Dbœqbkxj ev

AbybœZ †`‡ki m¤úK© eëmvq‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| GQvov AvšÍR©vwZK Pyw³, wek¦ evwYR¨

bxwZ I wek¦evRvi eë ’v, cÖwZ‡ewk †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ m¤úK© BZ¨vw` †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki eëmvq-

evwY‡R¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dc‡iv³ cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB eëmvq‡K †Kv‡bv bv

†Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|

2.03 eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve

The Effect of Environmental Elemants on Business

eëmvq GKwU A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ| gvby‡li Rxeb cÖYvwj I Ab¨vb¨ A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði Dci

cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev kw³mg~n †hfv‡e cÖfve we Ívi K‡i, †Zgwbfv‡e eëmvq Ges ZrmsµvšÍ

Kvh©vewjI cwi‡ekMZ wewfbœ PjK / Dcv`vb / kw³ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨

†hgb i‡q‡Q f~-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy, g„wËKv, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vwì g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb, †Zgwb

i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, cÖhyw³, miKvwi wewa-weavb BZ¨vwì g‡Zv A-

cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vbmg~n| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó AÂ‡ji G mgq cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb GKK Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e

Anin H ’v‡bi eëmvwqK Kg©aviv, wm×vš Í, djcÖ`Zv BZ¨vw`‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1| cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ g~jab cÖvwß (Availability of capital for the venture): eëmvq GKwU

m„Rbkxj I D™¢vebg~jK KvR| eëmvqxi Giƒc D™¢vebx kw³‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨

cÖ‡qvRb ch©vß g~ja‡bi| msMVb ¯’vcb, KjKâv I hš¿cvwZ µq, KuvPvgvj msMÖn BZ¨vw`

eve` cÖPzi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| D`vi FY`vb bxwZ, myôz I Kvh©Ki †kqvi evRv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ

Ges m‡e©vcwi †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK DbœwZi Dci g~jab mieivn cwiw¯’wZ wbf©ikxj| †`‡k

AbyK~j A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek we`¨gvb _vK‡j eëmv‡qi g~jab cÖvwß mnR nq| Ab¨w`‡K

cÖwZK~j A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek g~jab cÖvwß‡Z weNœ m„wó K‡i| d‡j eëmvq evavcÖvß nq| www.fa

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2| AbyK~j Ki KvVv‡gv (Favourable tax structure): †`‡ki weivRgvb AbyK~j Ki I ïé

bxwZ eëmv‡qi Dci BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j| †`‡k we`¨gvb Ki KvVv‡gv‡Z †hme Lv‡Z ev AÂ‡j

wkí-KviLvbv I eëmvq ’vc‡b Ki †iqvZ †`qv nq, †mme Lv‡Z ev AÂ‡j ªæZ wkí KviLvbv

M‡o D‡V| cÖwZK~j Ki I ïé KvVv‡gv bZzb wkí ’vcb‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvjy wkí

KviLvbv I eëmvq Kg©Kv‡Ði BwZ NUvq|

3| jvB‡mÝ cÖvwßi myweav (Facility to getting licence): †`‡k wkí ’vcb I eëmvwqK

Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mswkøó KZ„©c‡ÿi Aby‡gv`b| wkí ’vc‡bi Giƒc Aby‡gv`b ev

jvB‡mÝ cÖvwßi myweav ev Amyweav eëmvqx Kvh©µ‡g h_vµ‡g BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK cÖfve we Ívi

K‡i| ZvB †`Lv hvq, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î miKvwi Aby‡gv`b I jvB‡mÝ cÖ`v‡b `xN©m~wÎZvi bxwZ

eëmvqx D‡`¨vM‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i| Avevi G‡ÿ‡Î Z¡wiZ eë ’vi bxwZ wkí KviLvbv ’vc‡b

mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

4| f~wg cÖvwßi myweav (Advantages of getting land): wkí ev eëmvq ’vc‡b h_vh_ myweav

msewjZ f~wg cÖ‡qvRb| myôz †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë ’v, evRv‡ii •bKU¨, KuvPvgvj, kÖgkw³,

M¨vm, we`y¨r BZ¨vwì mnRjf¨Zv msewjZ f~wg h_vh_ wkí ’vc‡bi mnvqK| Ab¨w`‡K wkí

’vc‡bi Dc‡hvMx f~wgi Ach©vßZv eëmvq Kg©KvÐ‡K evavMÖ Í K‡i|

5| myôz †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë ’v (Smooth communication and transportation system): myôz I ch©vß †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë ’v GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y © A_©‣bwZK Dcv`vb-hv

eëmvq ev wk‡íi cÖwZôv I Gi AMÖMwZ‡Z BwZevPK cÖfve we Ívi K‡i| myôz †hvMv‡hvM eë ’v

GKw`‡K †hgb KuvPvgvj msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Acwinvh©, Ab¨w`‡K Drcbœ cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi RbÏ

¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avevi DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë ’v eëmvq mswkøó wewfbœ c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM

’vc‡bi RbÏ GKvš Í Acwinvh©|

6| evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM (Facility to access in the market): Drcvw`Z cY¨ Aev‡a weµ‡qi

my‡hvM Z_v c‡Yï evRvi jv‡fi my‡hvM Av‡iKwU A_©‣bwZK Dcv`vb-hv wkíxq Drcv`b‡K

cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e DrmvwnZ K‡i| g~jZ cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq evRv‡i weµ‡qi wbwg‡Ë| GgZve ’vq, †Kv‡bv

c‡Yï evRvi hw` GK‡PwUqv ev wbqwš¿Z ev msiÿYg~jK nq Z‡e H wk‡íi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ nq|

A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †c‡U›U, †UªWgvK©, KwcivBU A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv miKvwi wb‡ ©k c‡Yï evRvi‡K

msiwÿZ I msKzwPZ K‡i iv‡L| Giƒc Ae ’vq eëmvq Kg©KvÐ evavMÖ Í n‡q _v‡K|

7| AbyK~j FY I Avw_©K myweav (Favourable credit and financial facilities): eëmvqxMY

wkí ’vcb Ges Pjgvb wk‡í cÖ‡qvRbxq PjwZ g~jab †hvMvb †`qvi wbwg‡Ë A_ev m¤úªmvi‡Yi

Rb¨ ¯í I `xN©‡gqvw` g~jab ev F‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †eva K‡ib| GgZve¯’vq, †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j

Giƒc g~jab ev FY cÖvwßi my‡hvM bv _vK‡j eëmvqxMY wbiærmvwnZ n‡q c‡ob| d‡j eëmvq

Kg©KvÐ e¨vnZ nq| Avevi cÖ‡qvRbxq FY ev g~ja‡bi †hvMvb †`qvi Rb¨ †h AÂ‡j ch©vß e¨vsK,

myôz †kqvi evRvi ev we‡`wk mvnvh¨ we`¨gvb †mLv‡b mn‡RB wkí I eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V|


26

8| mnvqK I †mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡bi Dcw ’wZ (Presence of supporting and service organisations): †Kv‡bv A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ ev wkí cÖwZôvbB ¯qsm¤ú~Y© bq| GK‡K LvZ ev

wk‡í Dbœqb Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK wkí ev eëmv‡qi mg_©b ev mnvqZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB e¨vsK,

wegv, cwienb, M¨vm, we`y¨r, dvqvi mvwf©m, cvBKvwi I LyPiv †`vKvb, †givgwZ mc,

†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, WvK BZ¨vwì g‡Zv †mev`vbKvwi Ges mnvqK cÖwZôvb eëmvq cÖ‡Póv‡K †eMevb

K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|

9| mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v (Socio-cultural conditions): †Kv‡bv mgv‡R bZzb wkí ’vc‡bi

D‡`¨vM ev D`¨g M‡o DVv bv DVvi †cQ‡b H AÂ‡ji mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡ek ev

g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖfve A‡bKLvwb| AvaywbK cÖMwZkxj mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY,

g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm-Awek¦vm, cQ›`-AcQ›`, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw` bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o

DVvi mnvqK n‡jI mbvZbx mvs¯‥…wZK g~j¨‡eva eëmvq D‡`¨vM m„wó‡Z e¨vNvZ NUvq| mbvZbx

mvs¯‥…wZK g~j¨‡ev‡a wek¦vmxMY mvgšÍev`x wPš Ív- †PZbvq wek¦vmx| Zuviv eëmv‡q A_©-wewb‡qv‡Mi

†P‡q f~wgi gvwjKvbvq A_© wewb‡qvM‡K AwaK mvgvwRK gh©v`vi cÖZxK g‡b K‡ib| d‡j wewb‡qvM

wfbœ Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ nq weavq eëmvq Kg©KvÐ e¨vnZ nq|

10| AbyK~j miKvwi bxwZgvjv (Favourable government policies): ivóªxq mKj ch©v‡q cÖYxZ

I RvwiK…Z wewfbœ AvBb-Kvbyb, wewa-weavb, miKvwi-Av‡`k-Aa¨v‡`k BZ¨vwì †eovRv‡j Ave×

†_‡K GKRb eëmvqx ev wkí D‡`¨v³v‡K eëmvq ’vcb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi

Rb¥jMœ †_‡K wejywßKvj ch©š Í wewfbœ AvBbKvbyb eëmvwqK Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ I wbqwš¿Z K‡i|

miKvwi Giƒc AvBbKvby‡bi g‡a¨ Ki, ïé, f¨vU, eëmvq msMVb, e¨vsK, wegv, •e‡`wkK

wewbgq, cwi‡ek, kÖwgK, cwienb, Avg`vwb-ißvwb BZ¨vw` welqK wewa-weavb Ab¨Zg| eëmv‡qi

c ÖwZ miKv‡ii g‡bvfve cÖYxZ I RvwiK„Z Gme AvBb, wewa-weavb BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖwZdwjZ nq|

11| A_©‰bwZK eë ’v (Economic system): A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb A_©‣bwZK

eë ’vI GKwU †`‡ki eëmvq cÖqvm‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Ôgy³Õ ev cyuwRZvwš¿KÕ A_©

eë ’vq A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û iv‡óªi †Zgb n Í‡ÿc bv _vKvq e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q D‡`¨vM cÖvavb¨ jvf

K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, Ôwbqwš¿ZÕ ev ÔmgvRZvwš¿KÕ A_© eë ’vq Drcv`‡bi mgMÖ cÖwµqv iv‡óªi

gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Yvaxb _v‡K weavq e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY ev wkí ’vcb evavMÖ¯Í

nq|

12| †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK w ’wZkxjZv (Political stablility): †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK w ’wZkxjZv wkí ev

eëmvq cwi‡ek‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| ivR‣bwZK Aw ’wZkxjZv, AvÂwjK Ø›Ø-msNvZ,

Nb Nb miKvi I bxwZi cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` wkí I evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek‡K wewNœZ K‡i| KviY Giæc

cwiw ’wZ‡Z `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbv I wm×vš Í MÖnY I G‡ì ev Íevqb evavMÖ Í nq| Ab¨w`‡K †`‡k

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ivR‣bwZK w ’wZkxjZv I eëmv‡qi Dbœq‡b `xN©‡gqvw` myôz bxwZgvjv envj _vK‡j wkí-evwY‡Rï

Dbœqb N‡U|

13| weÁvb I cÖhyw³ (Science and technology): gvby‡li Rxe‡b bvUKxq cwieZ©b mva‡b

me‡P‡q cÖfve we ÍviKvwi Dcv`vb weÁvb I cÖhyw³| eZ©gvb hy‡Mi †cwbwmwjb, I‡cbnvU© mvR©vwi,

Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb BZ¨vw` we¯§qKi Avwe®‥vi I eënvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡biB

dmj| cÖhyw³i ªæZ Dbœqb GKw`‡K †hgb Drcv`b‡K mnRZi K‡i, Drcv`‡bi ¸YMZ gvb I

cwigvY e„w× K‡i, †Zgwb Zv eëmvqx‡ì Rb¨ wech©qI m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY bZzb cÖhyw³i

Avwef©ve cyivZb cÖhyw³i cÖwZ ’vcb‡K Aek¨¤¢vex K‡i †Zv‡j|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, eëmvq Kg©KvÐ cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb Ges Zv †_‡K D™¢~Z

wewfbœ cvwicvwk¦©K kw³ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂ‡j ev †`‡k cwi‡ekMZ kw³i Giƒc

cÖfve wfbœZi n‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ ivó †_‡K iv‡óª, AÂj †_‡K AÂ‡j eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ, MwZaviv,

Dbœqb, cÖe„w× BZ¨vw`‡Z wfbœZv cwijwÿZ nq|

Kg©cÎ-1

eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv vbmg~‡ni cÖfve we‡kølYc~e©K evsjv‡`‡ki Dci Gi cÖfve wPwýZ Ki|

• • • • • • • • • • • •

2.04 evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v

Problems in Developing Business Environment of Bangladesh

1| AeKvVv‡gv m¼U: evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b Ab¨Zg mgm¨v n‡”Q AeKvVv‡gvMZ

m¼U ev mgm¨v, AeKvVv‡gv ej‡Z, iv¯ÍvNvU, we`y¨r eë¯’v, M¨vm, KuvPvgv‡ji cÖvc¨Zv,


28

†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, eëmv‡qi jvB‡mÝ cÖvc¨Zv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| GB welq¸‡jv Avgv‡ì

†`‡k mn‡R cvIqv hvq bv|

2| cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi `ye©jZv: eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb †hgb-

Avw_©K cÖwZôvb (e¨vsK, wegv, †kqvi evRvi) GB mKj Lv‡Z h‡_ó `ye©jZv Av‡Q|

3| mgwóK A_©‰bwZK Aw ’wZkxjZv: eëmvq †ÿ‡Î †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M •e‡`wkK wewb‡qvM cvIqv hvq bv,

hvi d‡j mgwóK A_©bxwZi eë ’vcbv `ye©j n‡q c‡o‡Q|

4| cYëvRvi I kÖgevRv‡ii A`ÿZv: cY¨ mieiv‡n †`wi nIqv ev e¨q e„w× Avg`vwb I ißvwb

evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cÖwµqvRvZ RwUjZv, A_©vq‡bi mnRcÖvc¨Zvi Afve, I iæjm Ae AwiwRb

BZ¨vwì Rb¨ cY¨ evRvi I kÖgevRv‡i A`ÿZv †`Lv w`‡”Q|

5| ivR‰bwZK Aw ’wZkxjZv: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek kZ m¤¢vebv‡K webó Ki‡Q| ej‡j

A‡h․w³K n‡e bv| ivR‣bwZK Aw ’ivZv, mš¿vm, Puv`vevwR, †UÛvievwR meB n‡”Q ivR‣bwZK

QÎQvqvq| hv RbMY‡K ev‡i ev‡i nZvk Ki‡Q|

6| Drcv`‡b eëüZ cÖhyw³ I `ÿZvi NvUwZ: Dcv`‡b eëüZ cÖhyw³ I `ÿZvi NvUwZi Kvi‡Y

†µZvi Pvwn`v Abycv‡Z ¸YMZ gv‡bi cY¨ mieiv‡n e¨_©Zv †`Lv †`q|

2.05 evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq

Ways to Overcome Business Environment Development in Bangladesh

• Avgv‡ì eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î AeKvVv‡gvMZ †h mgm¨v †hgb-†hvMv‡hvM eë ’v, we`y¨r

eë ’v, M¨vm BZ¨vw` mnRjf¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mvnvh¨ †hgb-e¨vsK, wegv, †kqvi evRvi n‡Z

mn‡R Avw_©K mvnvh¨ ev FY myweav ch©vß n‡Z n‡e|

• †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M •e‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡M D‡`¨v³viv hv‡Z DrmvwnZ nq Ges mgwóK A_©bxwZ‡K mej

Ki‡Z n‡e|

• ivR‣bwZK Aw ’iZv, mš¿vm, Puv`vevwR, †UÛvievwR, Ab¨‡K VKv‡bvi cÖeYZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|

• Drcv`‡b DbœZ cÖhyw³ I `ÿZvi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †µZv‡ì‡K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ¸bMZ

gv‡bi cY¨ me©ivn Kiv hvq|

• Avg`vwb ißvwb evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cÖwµqvMZ RwUjZv `~ixKiY, iæjm Ae AwiwRb BZ¨vw` h_v_©

K‡i cY¨ evRvi I kÖg evRv‡ii A`ÿZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kg©cÎ-2

evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v we‡kølY c~e©K Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ Ki

• • • • • •

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eëmvq cwi‡ek

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• •


1| c‡Yï Pvwn`v wba©viK cwi‡ek †KvbwU?

K. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek

L. ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek

M. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek

N. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek

2| mgv‡Ri gvbyl GKw`‡K Drcv`bKvwi Ab¨w`‡K †fv³v wn‡m‡e †Kvb f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib?

K. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv L. mgš^qKvixi f~wgKv

M. •ØZ f~wgKv N. Drcv`bKvwii f~wgKv

3| `ÿ kÖgkw³i Ici wbf©ikxj−

i. eëmv‡qi DbœwZ

ii. Ávb weÁv‡bi DbœwZ

iii. wk‡íi mvdj¨

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?


4. evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek cÖwZK~j n‡jI wb‡Pi †KvbwU wewb‡qvM mnvqK f~wgKv

cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i?

K. RbemwZc~Y© †`k nIqvq wewfbœ c‡Yï Pvwn`v

L. miKvwi gy`ªv bxwZi Dbœqb

M. cyuwR evRv‡ii Dbœqb

N. D‡`¨v³v‡K DrmvwnZKiY

5. •Zwi †cvkvK wkí evsjv‡`‡k GKwU m¤úªmviYkxj wkí| G wk‡íi Dbœq‡b †hme A_©‣bwZK I

mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq bv?


30

K. g~jab ev cyuwR L. cÖhyw³

M. Rbkw³ N. kw³ m¤ú`

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| wg. ingv‡bi Ôingvb K¬_ †÷viÕ bv‡g gqgbwmsn evmv-evwo gv‡K©‡U GKwU Kvc‡oi eëmvq

i‡q‡Q| Ryb-RyjvB gv‡m niZv‡ji Kvi‡Y weµq Kg nIqvq g~jab AvU‡K †M‡Q| mvg‡bi C`yj

wdZ‡i weMZ mg‡qi ÿwZ cywl‡q †b‡eb e‡j wg. ingvb fve‡Qb|

K. mÂq I wewb‡qvM †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb?

L. eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. wg. ingv‡bi eëmv‡q †Kvb eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôeëmvq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Dcv`v‡bi AbyK~j cÖfveB wg. ingv‡bi weMZ ÿwZ cywl‡q wb‡Z

mnvqKÕ G e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki|

2| bqb K…l‡Ki †Q‡j| cwj we‡a․Z hgybv b`xi cv‡o Zv‡ì evwo| cÖPzi dmj djvq Zv‡ì cwievi

Av‡M ¯”Qj wQj| wKš‘ b`x fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y weMZ wZb eQ‡i mewKQzB b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q‡Q| ZvB

bqb eëmvq Ki‡e fve‡jI cyuwRi ms ’vb Ki‡Z bv cvivq GLb B‡Ui fvUvq KvR K‡i|

K. cwi‡ek Kx?

L. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. bq‡bi cwievi ¯”Qj _vKvi wcQ‡b †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Ae`vb †ewk wQj e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. bqb eëmvq Ki‡Z bv cvivi wcQ‡b †Kvb cwi‡ek `vq? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Zv we‡kølY Ki|

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eëmvq cwi‡ek

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Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP BUSINESS

c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg I mnR cÖK…wZi eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cwiwPZ| GKK

gvwjK Kg cuywR wb‡q †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR wm×v‡š Í AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB

G ai‡bi msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z SuywKi cwigvYI AZ¨š Í Kg| ZvB eëmv msMV‡bi

BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Avgiv †`wL, eëmvq ïiæi cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡KB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

hvÎv ïiæ K‡i AvaywbK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡k¦I RbwcÖqZvi mv‡_ mdjfv‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK DbœwZ‡Z GKgvwjKvbv msMVb

e¨vcKfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q|


• gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmv‡qi aviYv|

• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨|

• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡|

• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎ¸‡jv wPwýZKiY|

• e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wU‡K _vKvi KviYmg~n|

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32

3.01 gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmvq

Business Based on Ownership

mg‡qi wmuwo †e‡q gvby‡li wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M M‡o D‡V‡Q bZzb bZzb eëmvq

msMVb| eëmv‡qi gvwjKvbv, cÖK…wZ, AvqZb, Kvh©‡ÿÎ BZ¨vw` †f‡` wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q|

wb‡¤œ gvwjKvbvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv‡bv n‡jv−

wPÎ: eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`|

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Sole Proprietorship Business

mvaviYfv‡e GKRb e¨w³i gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z eëmvq‡K GKgvwjKvbv

eëmvq e‡j| GKK gvwjKvbvq c„w_ex‡Z me©cÖ_g eëmvq Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡qwQj| GRb¨ GwU‡K

me‡P‡q cÖvPxbZg eëmvq msMVb ejv nq| eZ©gvb †cÖÿvc‡U ejv hvq, gybvdv AR©‡bi jÿ¨ wb‡q

hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wbR `vwq‡Z¡ g~jab †hvMvo K‡i †Kv‡bv eëmv MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges D³

eëmv‡q AwR©Z mKj jvf wb‡R †fvM K‡i ev ÿwZ n‡j wb‡RB Zv enb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq e‡j| GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb AZ¨š Í mnR| †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M

¯í A_© wb‡q G RvZxq Kvievi ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges AwaK A_©I wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvB‡bi

†Pv‡L GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi MVb I cwiPvjbvq †Zgb †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB| MÖv‡g-M‡Ä, nvU-

evRvi ev iv Ívi cv‡k wKsev wbR evwo‡Z †h †KD †QvU-Lv‡Uv eëmv ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e kn‡i ev

†c․imfv GjvKvq D‡`¨v³v‡K †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn K‡i eëmv Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki

AwaKvsk eëmvq msMVb GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ| ïay ZvB bq BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq

80% eëmvq GK gvwjKvbvwfwËK| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvaviY g yw` †`vKvb, Pv‡qi †`vKvb, AwaKvsk

LyPiv †`vKvb GKK gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ|

1. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

2. Askx`vwi eëmvq

3. †Kv¤úvwb msMVb

4. mgevq mwgwZ

5. ivóªxq eëmvq

6. eëmvq †RvU

eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`

7. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmvq

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

33

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv Concept of Partnership Business

`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ Pzw³e× n‡q wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ gybvdv eÈ‡bi wbwg‡Ë †h eëmvq msMVb M‡o

†Zv‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j| eëmvq RM‡Z GKgvwjKvbv me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I RbwcÖq n‡jI

GKK gvwj‡Ki g~ja‡bi ¯íZv, Amxg `vq, eëmv‡qi ÿz`ª AvIZv BZ¨vw` mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi

cwiwa Av‡iv e„w× I SzuwK Kwg‡q Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z eëmvq Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| Z‡e

Askx`vwi eëmv‡q wKQy wKQz mgm¨vI †`Lv †`q| we‡kl K‡i gybvdv eÈb, wm×vš Í MÖnY, `vwqZ¡ I Kg©

wefvRb, m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY BZ¨vw` wel‡q m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø I Av ’vi msKU †`Lv

w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ I Askx`vwi AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi

eëmvq Ô1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBbÕ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx

m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 20 Rb n‡e| Z‡e Askx`vwi eëmvqwU hw` e¨vswKs eëmvq

nq ZLb m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v 10 Gi †ewk n‡e bv|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv Concept of Company Organisation

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i ey‡K eëmv‡qi †h AbyôvwbK hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj Kvjµ‡g Zv

Avi GKgvwjKvbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡Kwb| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †ek wKQz mxgve×Zv we‡kl K‡i

g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv I GKK cwiPvjbv I ÿz`ª AvqZ‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi DrcwË nq| wKš‘

Askx`vwi eëmvqI g~ja‡bi mxgve×Zv, AvBbMZ mxgve×Zv, ’vwqZ¡nxbZv I Amxg `v‡qi fvi †_‡K

gy³ n‡Z cv‡iwb| GK mgq gvby‡li Pvwn`v, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I eëmv‡qi AvIZv AviI e„w× †c‡Z

_v‡K| djkÖæwZ‡Z AvB‡bi wfwË‡Z m„wó nq AwaK g~jab I e„n`vqZ‡bi †h․_ g~jabx eëmvq hv

†Kv¤úvwb msMVb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| KwZcq e¨w³ †¯”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨

mw¤§wjZfv‡e cuywR mieivn K‡i mxgve× `v‡qi wfwË‡Z †h eëmvq MVb K‡i Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb

ev †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

†h․_ g~jabx eëmvq AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó I cwiPvwjZ nq| me©cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cvm nq weª‡U‡b

1844 mv‡j hv `The joint stock Company Act 1844’ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| weªwUk kvwmZ

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cvm nq 1850 mv‡j| 1913 mv‡j fviZxq †Kv¤úvwb

AvBb Avevi bZzb K‡i cvm nq| ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡kI A‡bK eQi hver 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb

Pvjy wQj| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms®‥vi K‡i 1994 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k bZzb †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cÖeZ©b

Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mKj †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq 1994 mv‡ji AvBb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|

KwZcq e¨w³ †¯”Qvq gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb

AvBb Abyhvqx †Kvb eëmvq MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb e‡j| G eëmv wbR bvg I mxj‡gvni

Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ges m`m¨‡ì †_‡K wfbœ Aw¯ Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡q _v‡K|

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34

mgevq mwgwZi aviYv

Concept of Co-operative Society

mgev‡qi kvwãK A_© n‡jv mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨vM ev cÖ‡Póvq KvR Kiv| mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq GwM‡q hvIqvi

Aby‡cÖiYv I wPšÍv †_‡KB mgev‡qi DrcwË| wkíwecøe I cÖhyw³wbf©i e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMV‡bi

weKv‡ki d‡j c~uwRev`x mgvR eë ’vi wfZ hZ gReyZ n‡Z _v‡K, Gi cÖfv‡e mgv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK

•elgÏ †`Lv w`‡Z _v‡K| ¯íweË I ga¨weË †kÖwYi †ckvRxex I eëmvwqiv Avw_©Kfv‡e ~ie ’vi m¤§yLxb

n‡Z _v‡K| cyuwRevw` mgv‡Ri m„ó G RvZxq A_©‣bwZK •elg¨ I ~ie ’v †_‡K gyw³i cÖqv‡m we‡k¦i wewfbœ

†`‡k mgevq msMVb M‡o D‡V| me©cÖ_g mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv nq cwðg BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv I

Rvcv‡b| Z‡e mgevq mwgwZ cÖwZôvi c‡_ AMÖcw_K msMVb n‡”Q 1844 mv‡j DËi Bsj¨v‡Ûi iP‡Wj

bvgK ’v‡b cÖwZwôZ iP‡Wj mgevq mwgwZ (Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society)| 28 Rb

ZuvZ kÖwg‡Ki 28 ÷vwj©s cvDÛ cyuwR wb‡q cÖwZwôZ G mgevq mwgwZ‡K we‡k¦i me©cÖ_g mgevq eëmvq

wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| mgv‡Ri kªgRxex, ga¨weË I ¯íwe‡Ëi KwZcq e¨w³ †¯”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q

mgwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z wb‡R‡ì Avw_©K DbœwZi Rb¨ †h eëmvq msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K mgevq mwgwZ

e‡j| gybvdv AR©b bq, m`m¨‡ì Kj¨vYmvabB mgevq mwgwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|

ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv Concept of the State Enterprise

mvaviY A‡_© miKvi KZ…©K MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z eëmvq‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| Giƒc eëmvq ivóª

KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb †h‡Kv‡bv eëmvq‡K iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvR‡bi RvZxqKi‡Yi

gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmv‡q wbqš¿Y, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mn mKj m¤ú‡ì mymg eÈb I eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges

we‡kl wKQz RbKj¨vYg~jK †ÿ‡Î ivóªxqfv‡e eëmvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov †`kiÿv I wbivcËvi Rb¨

A ¿ wbg©vY wk‡íi Dci wbqš¿Y ivLvi D‡Ï‡kÏ cÖwZôv I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i cÖvq me

†`‡kB ivóªxq cwiPvjbvq †ek wKQz eëmvq cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|

eëmvq †Rv‡Ui aviYv

Concept of Business Combination

eëmvq †RvU g~jZ †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡biB e¨vcKZi I ewa©Z iƒc| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© awb

†`kmg~‡ni †Kv¤úvwb gvwjKMY wb‡R‡ì ga¨Kvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n«vm, GK‡PwUqv eëmvq cÖwZôv Ges

m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ mw¤§wjZ n‡q †RvU MVb K‡ib| Uªv÷, Kv‡U©j, †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb, cyj

cÖf…wZ G ai‡bi †Rv‡Ui wewfbœ iƒc| †RvU MV‡bi d‡j mgv‡R awb-`wi‡`ªi cv_©K¨ e¨vcKZi nq Ges

†kÖwY msMÖv‡gi aviYv `„pg~j n‡Z _v‡K|

†h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmv‡qi aviYv Concept of Joint Venture Business

†`wk I we‡`wk D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgš^‡q †Kv‡bv eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M

eëmvq e‡j| Dbœqbkxj I awb †`k¸‡jvi D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgš^‡q Giƒc eëmvq eZ©gv‡b †ek

RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Giƒc eëmv‡qi we‡kl myweav n‡jv, G‡Z †`‡ki Af¨š Í‡i we‡`wk cyuwR I

cÖhyw³i mnR AvMgb N‡U, Af¨š ÍixY m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi m¤¢e nq Ges we‡`wk D‡`¨v³v‡ì

mvnP‡h© †`kxq D‡`¨v³vMY `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wkívqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

35

3.02 GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨

Features of Sole Proprietorship Business

GK gvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¯Zš¿ wKQy •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq †_‡K G‡K c„_K K‡i

iv‡L| GK gvwjKvbv eëmvq n‡”Q c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg eëmvq| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q AvBbMZ

†Zgb Sv‡gjv †bB Ges †h †KD B‡”Q Ki‡j ¯í cuywR wb‡q G eëmv ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wb‡gœ GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv−

• G RvZxq cªwZôvb MVb Kiv LyeB mnR I mij| †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q G cÖKvi Kvievi

MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Kvievi ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ miKvwi AvBb I wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv

_v‡K bv|

• G RvZxq eëmv‡qi g~jab gvwjK wb‡RB mieivn K‡i| †m wbR¯ mÂq n‡Z g~ja‡bi ms ’vb

Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wb‡Ri `vwq‡Z¡ Ac‡ii wbKU n‡Z FY K‡i g~ja‡bi Afve c~iY

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• eëmv‡qi mKj SzuwK gvwjK GKvB enb K‡i| gvwjKB eëmv‡qi cÖK…Z AwaKvix| myZivs Zv‡KB

eëmv‡qi mg Í SzuwK I AwbðqZv enb Ki‡Z nq|

• eëmvq cwiPvjbv I eë ’vcbvi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ n‡jv gvwj‡Ki| Aek¨ gvwjK ¯qs eë ’vcbvi

bxwZ I c×wZ wba©viY K‡i A‡bK †ÿ‡Î eëmv‡qi cÖZ¨ÿ cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ Kg©Pvixi Dci

†Q‡o w`‡Z cv‡i|

• eëmv‡qi AvqZb ÿz`ª nIqvq wm×vš Í MÖn‡Y KvD‡K WvK‡Z nq bv| gvwjK †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw ’wZ‡Z

ªæZ wm×vš Í MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• wnmve •Zwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv euvavaiv wbqg †bB| gvwjK Zvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wnmve msiÿY

Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î GKZidv `vwLjv c×wZ‡Z wnmve ivLv nq|

• Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi GKK KZ©„‡Z¡i AwaKvix nIqvq †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q †m ªæZ wm×vš Í MÖnY

Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ G ai‡bi eëmv‡q AwaKZi bgbxqZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q gvwjK wb‡RB eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i weavq †µZv, mieivnKvwi, Kg©Pvix

BZ¨vw` c‡ÿi mv‡_ Zvi cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| ZvB cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© †hLv‡b eëmvwqK ¯v‡_©

AZ¨vek¨K, †mLv‡b G ai‡bi eëmvqB me©v‡cÿv DËg|

• Giƒc eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ c„_K mËv †bB| Kvievi n‡Z gvwjK‡K c„_K K‡i †`Lv nq bv|

• Giƒc eëmv‡qi ’vwqZ¡ gvwj‡Ki B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| gvwjK B”Qv Ki‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq

eëmvq ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi B”Qv Ki‡j hZw`b Lywk ZZw`b ch©š Í †m Kvievi Pvjy

ivL‡Z cv‡i|

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Kg©cÎ-1

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i G eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ wPwýZ Ki|

• • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

3.03 GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iyZ¡

Importance of Sole Proprietorship Business

eZ©gv‡b MwZkxj we‡k¦i RwUj A_©‣bwZK mgv‡R GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Acwimxg| Av‡Mi w`‡b AvZ¥wbf©ikxj A_©‣bwZK eë ’vq gvbyl hLb ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm

Drcv`b K‡i Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Zv ZLb GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ZZUv ¸iæZ¡ wQj bv| wKšÍ

Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Pvwn`v e„w×, e„n`vqZb Drcv`b,

†hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë ’vi DbœwZ BZ¨vw` Ki‡Y GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w×

cv‡”Q| wb‡b¥ wewfbœ „wó‡KvY †_‡K GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv

1| mnR MVb (Easy Formation): GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi MVb cÖYvwj AZ¨š Í mnR| e„n`vqZb

eëmv‡qi MVb I cwiPvjbv c×wZ LyeB RwUj Ges AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y G

ai‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o Zzj‡Z mevB cQ›` K‡i|

2| Kg SzuwK (Small risk): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq `vq Amxg n‡jI SzuwKi cwigvY Kg| mZK©Zv I

wbôvi m‡½ KvR Ki‡j SzuwK‡K mvd‡jï nvwZqv‡i iƒcvš ÍwiZ Kiv hvq|

3| g~ja‡bi ¯íZv (Limited capital): evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvKB `wi ª| Zv‡ì mÂq I

g~ja‡bi cwigvY LyeB Kg| ZvB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì ZvwjKvq AMÖvwaKvi cvq|

4| mÂq I wewb‡qvM e„w× (Increase of saving and investments): kni I MÖvgM‡Ä

e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx Giƒc eëmvq M‡o †Zvjvi gvb‡m Zv‡ì ÿ z`ª mÂq‡K GKwÎZ K‡i G ai‡bi

eëmvq MVb K‡i _v‡K| hv †`‡ki Rb¨ g~jab MVb Ges wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b e„w×‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

5| RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb (Raising standard of living): RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w×i mv‡_

mv‡_ gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ mieivn K‡i

G eëmvq gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

6| AbybœZ A_©‣bwZK Ae ’v (Undeveloped economy): evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v

†gv‡UB DbœZ bq| Af¨š ÍixY I ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖavbZ ÿz`ª ÿ z`ª cÖwZôv‡bi

gva¨‡g cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq| e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cyuwR I cÖhyw³i

NvUwZ _vKvq ÿ z`ªvqZ‡bi GKgvwjKvbv eëmvqB G‡`‡k RbwcÖq|

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

37

wPÎ: ¯^ícyuwRi eëmv|

7| e¨vcK †mev cÖ`vb (Rendering of greater service): ¯í g~jab wb‡q AwZ mn‡R G

eëmvq kn‡ii †K›`ª ’j †_‡K ïiy K‡i MÖvg-M‡Äi me©Î M‡o I‡V| ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I

†mevmvgMÖx mn‡R †fv³v mvavi‡Yi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q G eëmvq e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K †mev cÖ`vb

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

8| Kg©ms ’vb (Employment): GKKfv‡e cÖwZwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b Kg msL¨K †jv‡Ki

Kg©ms¯’vb n‡jI mgwóMZfv‡e AwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki †eKvi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Y GwU AZ¨š Í

¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

9| m¤ú‡ì mymg eÈb (Proper distribution of wealth): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †`‡ki

†h‡Kv‡bv ’v‡b M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i e‡j m¤ú‡ì mymg eÈ‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

10| RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w× (Increase of national income and wealth): m¤ú‡ì

mymg eÈ‡bi d‡j e¨w³MZ Avq I m¤ú` e„w×i cvkvcvwk RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q gvby‡li iywP, cQ› , B”Qv BZ¨vw`‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq e‡j

e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk GwU AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

3.04 GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎ Suitable Areas for Sole Proprietorship Business

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Ggb wKQz •ewkó¨ I myweav Av‡Q †h Kvi‡Y G RvZxq eëmvq mK‡ji wbKU

RbwcÖq| †hme †ÿ‡Î GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx wb‡gœœ †mB †ÿÎ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

• ¯í cuywR wewb‡qvM (Investment of small capital):

wKQy wKQy Kvievi Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi MVb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ cu ywR n‡jB P‡j|

Giƒc Kvievi GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Dchy³| †hgb: gyw`Lvbv, cvb-wewoi †`vKvb,

Pv‡qi †`vKvb, †mjyb, †dwiIqvjv BZ¨vw`|

• cwieZ©bkxj Pvwn`vi cY¨`ªe¨ (Goods of flexible demand): †hme c‡Yï iæwP I Pvwn`v

wbqwgZ cwieZ©bkxj †m‡ÿ‡Î †fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ †hvMv‡bi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv

eëmvqB cÖ‡hvR¨| †hgbÑcÖmvabx mvgMªx, Ry‡qjvwi, †m․wLb cY¨ BZ¨vw`|

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wPÎ: †ckv`vwi eëmvqx

wPÎ: cwienb eëmvq|

• ÿz`ªvqZb eëmvq (Small Scale Business): me ai‡bi ÿz ªvqZb eëmvq-evwYR¨ I wkí

cÖwZôvb GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb−ÿz ª I KzwUi wkí, LyPiv Kvievi BZ¨vw`|

• cPbkxj cY¨ (Perishable Goods): cPbkxj eëmvq mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z

cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi cY¨`ªe¨ ªæZ evRviRvZKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| †hgb−gvQ,

gvsm, `ya, djg~j, kvK-mewR, wWg BZ¨vw`|

• †ckv`vwi eëmvq (Professional businesss):

†ckv`vwi eëmvqmg~n cÖvqB GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|

†hgb−Wv³vwi, AvBb eëmvq, cÖwZwbwa eëmvq, PvU©vW© GKvDw›Us dvg© BZ¨vw`|

• cÖZ¨ÿ †mev`vb (Direct services): †hme eëmv †_‡K †fv³viv cÖZ¨ÿ †mev Pvq †m¸‡jv GKK

gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z msMwVZ nIqv DËg| †hgb−Kb‡dKkbvwi eëmvq, Pyj KvUv †mjyb, jwÛª cÖf„wZ

Kvievi|

• ’vbxq mxwgZ Pvwn`v (Local limited demand) : †hme c‡Yï Pvwn`v ¯’vbxqfv‡e mxgve×

†m¸‡jvi Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq m‡e©vËg|

• K…wlR c‡Yï eëmvq (Business of agricultural goods): K…wlR c‡Yï eëmvq

AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq nq| †hgb−av‡bi eëmvq, cv‡Ui eëmvq BZ¨vw`|

• †fvM¨c‡Yï †`vKvb (Consumer goods shop): me ai‡bi wbZ¨ eënvh© †fvM¨c‡Yï

†`vKvb GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb-gwbnvwi †`vKvb, gyw` †`vKvb BZ¨vw`|

• cwienb I R¡vjvwb eëmvq (Business of transportation and fuel): cY¨`ªe¨ I hvÎx mvaviY cwien‡b wbhy³ Kvievi cÖwZôvbmg~n GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ

n‡q _v‡K| †hgb−evm, UªvK, jÂ, †c‡Uªvj cv¤ú BZ¨vw`|

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

39

• cÖKvkbv eëmvq (Publication business): cÖKvkbv eëmvq †hgb−Le‡ii KvMR, eBcÎ,

g¨vMvwRb, mvßvwnK, mvgwqKx BZ¨vw`| LyPiv eëmvq mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡ii wfwË‡ZB

MwVZ nq|

• e¨w³MZ •bcyY¨ cÖ`k©b (Show of individual skill): †hme eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ

•bcyY¨ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi mv_©KZv AR©b Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡ii

Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nIqv DwPZ| †hgb−wkíKg©, Av‡jvKwPÎ BZ¨vw` eëmvq|

• ¯vaxb RxweKv (Free occupation): ¯í SuywK‡Z ¯vaxbfv‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ

Kvievi GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z msMwVZ nq| †hgb−Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ZuvZx BZ¨vw`|

• ¯í SzuwKi eëmvq (Business of minimum risk): Ggb wKQy eëmvq Av‡Q †hLv‡b SuywKi

cwigvY G‡Kev‡iB Kg| Kg Av‡qi GKK gvwjK G ai‡bi eëmvq‡K †ewk cQ›` K‡i|

†hgbÑIly‡ai †`vKvb|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, ¯ícyuwR, ªæZ wm×vš Í MÖnY, mnR ’vbvš Íi BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y GKgvwjKvbv eëmv

A‡bK †ÿ‡Î e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi Zzjbvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx| G Kvi‡Y GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

DcwiD³ †ÿÎmg~‡n h‡_ó `ÿZvi mv‡_ wU‡K Av‡Q|

3.05 e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk ÿz ªvqZb GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wU‡K _vKvi KviY Causes of Survival of Sole Proprietorship Business Side by Side with Large Organisation

e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I jvf AR©b cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î AwaK myweav †fvM Ki‡jI ÿz`ªvqZb GKgvwjKvbv

eëmvq we‡kl KZK¸‡jv †ÿ‡Î mvdj¨ jvf K‡i‡Q| G Kvi‡Y e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AvRI `ÿZvi mv‡_ wU‡K Av‡Q| wb‡b¥ G KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv−

1| MVb myweav (Easy of formation): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc AvB‡bi

AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv| †h‡Kv‡bv †jvK Aí g~ja‡b Giƒc eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†h‡Kv‡bv †jvK Aí g~ja‡b Giƒc eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ e„n`vqZb GKgvwjKvbv

cÖwZôvb MVb Kiv Kómva¨ e‡j A‡bK †jvK e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cÿcvwZ bq| G Kvi‡YB

e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wU‡K Av‡Q|

2| we‡kl †ÿ‡Îi myweav (Suitability of special field): e„nv`vqZb I ÿz`ªvqZb eëmvq

cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© †ÿ‡Îi cÖK…wZ wfbœ| wKQy eëmv Av‡Q hv‡Z e„n`vqZb eëmvq wb®cÖ‡qvRb

†hgbÑcvb wewoi †`vKvb, gywì †`vKvb, †mjyb cÖf„wZ|

3| ^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM (Opportunity to act independently): gvbyl m„wói †miv

Rxe| A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q hviv A‡bï PvKwi Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i bv| Zviv ¯í cuywR wb‡q ¯vaxbfv‡e

eëmv Ki‡Z Pvq| Giƒc g‡bvfve GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

4| Ae¯’vb (Location): e„n`vqZb eëmvq mvavYZ kn‡ii †K›`ª ’‡j ’vwcZ nq| MÖv‡gi Avbv‡P-

Kvbv‡P e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e bq| G‡ÿ‡Î ÿz`ªvqZb GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cªwZôv

Kiv evÃbxq|

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5| Av¯’v I wek¦vm (Confidence and trust): G ai‡bi eëmv‡qi gvwjK GKRb gvÎ e¨w³|

ZvB e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi g‡Zv A‡bï Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

6| ¯í e¨q (Economy of cost): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq mvaviYZ gvwjK wb‡R ev cwiev‡ii

†jvKRb wb‡q cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| d‡j eëmv‡qi me©¯Í‡i e¨q ms‡KvPb m¤¢e nq| wKš‘

e„n`vqZb eëmvq Giƒc e¨q ms‡KvPb m¤¢e bq| d‡j GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq e„n`vqZb

eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk mvdj¨RbKfv‡e wU‡K _v‡K|

7| mxwgZ Drcv`b I Pvwn`vm¤úbœ `ª‡eï Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx (Suitable for products having limited production and demand): †hme c‡Yï Drcv`b I Pvwn`v mxwgZ Ges ’vbxq

MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× †mme c‡Yï Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AwaK

Dc‡hvMx|

8| mnR cwiPvjbv (Easy administration): mxwgZ AvqZb I mxwgZ c‡Yï eëmvq nIqvq

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR nq| †Kbbv e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi g‡Zv cwiPvjbvMZ

AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv|

9| ¯í SzuwK (Limited risk): AZ¨š Í `ÿZvi mv‡_ G ai‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j

e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi Zyjbvq SuywKI Kg _v‡K|

10| Pvwn`vi bgbxqZv (Flexibility of demand): eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †µZvi

Pvwn`v I iywP w`b w`b cwieZ©b n‡”Q| Giƒc cwiewZ©Z iywPi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z n‡j

e„n`vqZb eëmvq A‡cÿv ÿ z`ªvqZb GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi hy‡MI GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq evwYR¨ Kvh©Ki

fywgKv ivL‡Q| e„n`vqZb eëmv‡q cÖwZ‡hvMx bv n‡q Zvi mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e GKgvwjKvbv

eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

Kg©cÎ-2

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨, ¸iæZ¡ I Dchy³ †ÿÎmg~n we‡kølY K‡i Gi RbwcÖqZvi

KviY¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Ki|

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GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

41


1| me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Ges mnR I mij cÖK…wZi msMVb †Kv‡bvwU?

K. mgevq msMVb

L. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq

M. †h․_ g~jabx eëmvq

N. Askx`vwi eëmvq

2| GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq mxwgZ AvqZ‡bi nq †Kb?

K. ¯í cyuwR I GKK mvg‡_©i mxgve×Zvi Rb¨

L. GKK gybvdv †fvM Kivq

M. cÖZ¨ÿ m¤ú‡K©i R‡b¨

N. AwbwðZ ’vwq‡Z¡i R‡b¨


¯íwkwÿZ ivZzj hye Dbœqb cÖwkÿY GKv‡Wwg †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Uªwbs †bq| evRv‡i GKwU †QvU

†dvb I d‡Uv÷¨vU Gi †`vKvb wQj Zvi| Gi mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úv‡Ri KvRwU hy³ K‡i ivZzj|

Kv‡R mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ †QvU fvB kvwKj I Zvi eÜy wgbnvR‡K mv‡_ †bq|

3| ivZz‡ji eëmvqwU †Kv‡bv ai‡bi eëmvq?

K. GKgvwjKvbv L. Askx`vwi

M. †h․_ gvwjKvbv N. mgevq

4| ivZy‡ji eëmv‡qi d‡j−

i. Zvi Avq e„w× †c‡q‡Q

ii. Kg©ms ’vb n‡q‡Q

iii. †fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v c~iY n‡”Q

wb‡Pi †Kv‡bvwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii

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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| ¯vaxb‡PZv †eKvi hyeK cÖYq 10 nvRvi UvKv avi K‡i †gvU 20 nvRvi UvKvi cY¨ wK‡b gywì

†`vKvb mvwR‡q eëmvq ïiæ K‡ib| ¯í cyuwRi Kvi‡Y Zvi †`vKv‡b ch©vß cY¨mvgMÖx †bB| d‡j

†m cÖvqB †µZvi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| G‡Z †m fxlY wPwš ÍZ n‡q c‡o| GgZve¯’vq ’vbxq

K‡qKRb †µZvi civg‡k© †m †hme cY¨ w`‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Hme

cY¨ †`vKv‡b †Zv‡j| wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvi weµq e„w× cvq Ges ax‡i ax‡i †m cÖwZwôZ

eëmvqx n‡q I‡V|

K. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Kx?

L. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †Kb GZ RbwcÖq?

M. GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †Kvb •ewkó¨wU DÏxc‡Ki eëmvwq‡K cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx n‡Z mvnvh¨

K‡i‡Q−e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw ’wZ‡Z GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wbe©vPb Kivi wm×v‡š Íi †h․w³KZv e¨vL¨v Ki|

2| Rbve mvjgvb cvuPRb Kg©x wb‡q kvcjv e ¿vjq bv‡g GKwU Kvc‡oi †`vKvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †gvKv‡ejvq g~jab e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †g․wLK mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z wZwb Zvi eÜz

Kwjg‡K eëmv‡qi m`m¨ K‡ib| G‡Z cÖwZôvbwU jvfRbK n‡q D‡V| wKš‘ GKRb †`bv`vi GK

jÿ UvKv †`bv cwi‡kv‡a Mwogwm Ki‡jI wZwb †mB cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ AvBbx eë ’v wb‡Z

cvi‡Qb bv| d‡j cÖwZôvbwU mgm¨vi m¤§ywLb nq|

K. eëmvq †RvU Kx?

L. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmvq¡ ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. Rbve Kwjg‡K m`m¨ †bqvi c~‡e© DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖwZôvbwUi aib wK wQj e vL v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwZôvbwU fwel¨‡Z Giƒc mgm v Gov‡Z KiYxq Kx? hyw³mn †Zvgvi gZvgZ vI|

PZz_© Aa¨vq

Askx`vwi eëmvq PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS

eëmvq cwiev‡ii wØZxq m`m¨ n‡jv Askx`vwi msMVb| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q GKK gvwj‡Ki cuywR I

mvg‡_©i mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GK ch©v‡q eo ai‡bi msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Abyf~Z nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z

GKvwaK e¨w³i gvwjKvbv I ZË¡veav‡b m„wó nq Askx`vwi msMVb| G eëmv‡q b~¨bZg 2 Rb Ges

me©vwaK 20 Rb m`m¨ _v‡K| Z‡e e¨vswKs eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK 10 Rb m`m¨ _v‡K| 1932

mv‡ji fviZxq Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx, ÒmKj e¨w³i Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKRb Øviv cwiPvwjZ

eëmv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈ‡bi wbwg‡Ë KwZcq e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ Pyw³e× m¤úK©B n‡jv

Askx`vwi eëmvq| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBbwU cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|


• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb cªYvwj|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi myweav I mxgve×Zv/Amyweav|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi bgybv I welqe¯‧|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ Ges wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg|

• Askx`vi‡ì aib|

• Askx`vi‡ì †hvM¨Zv|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab cÖwµqv|

• evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯v|

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4.01 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Partnership Business

Askx`vwi eëmvq GKwU cÖvPxb ai‡bi msMVb| ïiæ‡Z GKK gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z G msMVb

cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡jI GK ch©v‡q G‡m †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î eëmvwqK cª‡qvR‡bB GKvwaK e¨w³

mvg‡_©ï mgš^q Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| Rb¥ †bq Askx`vwi eëmvq msMV‡bi| mnR A‡_© G‡Ki

AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwiZ¡ ev kwiKvbvi wfwË‡Z †h eëmvq MVb K‡i

Zv‡K Askw`vwi eëmvq e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_© Kgc‡ÿ `yRb Ges m‡e©vP wekRb (e¨vswKs

eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©vP `kRb) e¨w³ gybvdv ARb I Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈ‡bi wbwg‡Ë Pzw³e×

n‡q †¯^Qvq †h eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv n‡q _v‡K| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4bs avivq ejv n‡q‡QÑÒmK‡ji Øviv A_ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ †h‡Kv‡bv

GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ eëmv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Pzw³e× e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨

†h m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq, Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|Ó

4.02 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n

Features of Partnership Business

Askx`vwi eëmvq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i mw¤§wjZ Pyw³i gva¨‡g MwVZ GKwU eëmvq msMVb|

gvwjKvbv MVb I cwiPvjbvMZ wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq KZK¸‡jv •ewk‡óï AwaKvix| hv

G eëmvq‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡jv:

1. Askx`v‡ii msL¨v (Number of partners): evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ AvBb Abymv‡i Kgc‡ÿ

`yRb Ges mvaviY eëmv‡q 20 R‡bi AbwaK e¨w³i mgš^‡q G eëmvq MwVZ nq| cÖm½µ‡g D‡j øL

Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, e¨vswKs eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î 10 R‡bi AwaK n‡j D³ cÖwZôvb‡K cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡mï Rb¨

GK nvRvi UvKv ch©š Í Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|

2. Pzw³e× m¤úK© (Contractual relation): Pzw³B Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g~j wfwË| Pzw³i

gva¨‡gB Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m„wó nq| Rb¥MZ ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j bq| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³

eëmvq cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡jB Askx`vi‡ì Pyw³e× m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq|

3. mnR MVb cÖYvwj (Easy formation): Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb

MV‡bi g‡Zv ZZ RwUj bq| yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ (wKš‧ mvaviY eëmv‡q 20 R‡bi AwaK bq, Ges

e¨vswKs eëmv‡q 10 R‡bi AwaK bq) GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q Pzw³e× n‡q G eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

eëmv‡qi D³ Pzw³ †g․wLK ev wjwLZ DfqB n‡Z cv‡i| D³ Pzw³ wbeÜb ev AwbeÜbK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|

Z‡e Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B AvBbm¤§Z n‡Z n‡e|

4. g~jab (Capital): eëmv‡qi g~jab Askx`viMY †hvMvb †`q| †K KZUzKz g~jab †hvMvb w`‡e Zv

Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i| G wel‡q †Kv‡bv Pzw³ bv _vK‡j Zviv mgvbfv‡e g~jab

†hvMvq| cÖm½µ‡g D‡jL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, †Kv‡bv g~jab bv w ‡q Askx vi n‡Z cv‡i Ges gybvdv eÈ‡b

AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Askx`vwi eëmvq

45

5. `vq-`vwqZ¡ (Liabilities): Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †`bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZ I

mgwóMZfv‡e `vqx _v‡K| A_©vr eëmv‡q †jvKmvb n‡j †jvKmv‡bi fvM Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³

Abymv‡i fvM K‡i †`qv nq| †jvKmv‡bi fvM ïay GKR‡bi c‡ÿ enb Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Ges Ab¨

m`m¨‡ì c‡ÿ Zv enb Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j weËkvjx GKRb‡K mKj †jvKmv‡bi SzuwK enb Ki‡Z nq|

ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgvnxb Ges Zviv e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZfv‡e Kviev‡ii †`bvi Rb¨

`vqx _v‡K|

6. jf¨vsk eÈb (Profit sharing): †Kv‡bv Askx`vi KZ jf¨vsk cv‡e Zv Zv‡ì g‡a¨

m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i| Pzw³‡Z gybvdv eÈ‡bi D‡jL bv _vK‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi AvBb

Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi mgvb Abycv‡Z gybvdv †fvM Kivi AwaKvix|

7. ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ ci¯ú‡ii Av ’v I wek¦vm (Mutual trust and confidence): Askx`vi‡ì

g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mwØk¦vm I Av¯v Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii GKwU ‣ewkó¨| G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ wek¦v‡mi

Dci Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Aw¯ ÍZ¡ wbf©i K‡i| A‡bK mgq GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii c‡ÿ n‡q

eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î Askx`viMY D³ e¨w³i cÖwZ Av¯vevb bv n‡j eëmvq Pj‡Z cv‡i

bv| GKRb Askx`vi Zvnvi Kvh© Øviv cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡K mgfv‡e Ave× K‡i Ges eëmvq †Kv‡bv

†jvKmvb †`Lv w`‡j Zv mgfv‡e ev Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK mKj Askx`vi‡K enb Ki‡Z nq|

8. wbeÜb (Registration): Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| GwU wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i

bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e fwel¨r weev` Gov‡bvi Rb¨ wbeÜb Kiv fv‡jv| GwU 1932 mv‡ji Askx vwi AvBb Øviv

wbqwš¿Z nq|

9. mËv (Entity): eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKvbv n‡Z Gi c„_K †Kv‡bv mËv bvB| Askx`viM‡Yi

e¨w³MZ eëmv‡qi mËv †bB †h․_-g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi b¨vq dvg© (Firm) ev cÖwZôvb wbR bv‡g Pzw³‡Z

Ave× n‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y G RvZxq cÖwZôvb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i

bv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i mv‡_ Askx`vwi Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z cv‡i bv|

10. Askx`vi‡ì †hvM¨Zv (Capacity of partners): †`‡ki cÖvß eq¯‥ †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, bvevjK, †`Dwjqv cÖf„wZ e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi

Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, D‡jwLZ •ewkó¨mg~n Askx`vwi msMVb‡K ¯KxqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g Dc‡hvMx

†ÿ‡Î mdjZvi mv‡_ eëmvwqK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-1

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv I •ewkó¨¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i D³ eëmv‡qi AviI wKQz myweav I Amyweav

†ei Ki|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi myweav Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Amyweav

• • • • •

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4.03 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb c×wZ

Formation of Partnership Organization

Askx`vwi eëmvq MVb Kiv mnR| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨

Pzw³e× n‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i G eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi

AvBb Abyhvqx G eëmvq MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| Askx`vwi eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z n‡j wbæwjwLZ

c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|

wPÎ : Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb c×wZ

1| GKwÎZ nIqv (Being united): cÖ_‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K D‡`¨v³v ev m`m¨ eëmv‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨

GKwÎZ n‡eb| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi weavb Abymv‡i me©wbæ m`m¨ msL¨v 2 Rb Ges

m‡e©vP m`m¨ msL¨v mvaviY †ÿ‡Î 20 Rb Ges e¨vswKs Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î 10 Rb|

2| Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b (Sign contract): Askx`vwi eëmvq m¤úwK©Z welq †hgbÑg~ja‡bi cwigvY,

jvf †jvKmvb eÈb, cvi¯úwiK AwaKvi BZ¨vw` D‡jøL K‡i m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b

Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Pzw³cÎ Qvov †g․wLK Pzw³i wfwË‡ZI Askx`vwi eëmvq MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|

3| Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb (Register contract): G ch©v‡q Askx`vi‡ì Øviv m¤úvw`Z Pzw³cÎ miKvi

wba©vwiZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m wbeÜb Kiv‡Z nq| Aek¨ AvB‡b Pzw³c‡Îi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv

nqwb| A_©vr Gi wbeÜb bv Ki‡jI P‡j|

4| †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn (Collecting trade licence): eëmvq ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ G ch©v‡q vbxq

†c․imfv ev wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi wba©vwiZ Awdm †_‡K wba©vwiZ wd Rgv w`‡q †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn

Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ †c․i GjvKvi evB‡i G ai‡bi †UªW jvB‡mÝ Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq|

5| Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi `ß‡ii AbygwZ (Permission from other Govt. authority): G‡ÿ‡Î

eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i mswkøó miKvwi `ßi †_‡K AbygwZ wb‡Z nq|

†hgb−ißvwbgyLx Mv‡g©›Um BÛvw÷ªi Rb¨ ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv Ges Uªv‡fj G‡RwÝi †ÿ‡Î

†emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj I ch©Ub gš¿Yvj‡qi AbygwZ cÖ‡qvRb|

6| eëmvq ïiæ (Start Business): DcwiD³ AvbyôvwbKZvmg~n mdjfv‡e mgvß n‡j

Askx`viMY gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ eëmvwqK Kg©KvÛ ïiæ K‡ib|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡i ewY©Z AvbyôvwbKZvmg~n avivevwnKfv‡e AbymiY K‡i GKwU Askx`vwi

eëmvq msMVb MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e me ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î DwjøwLZ mKj

AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

GKwÎZ nIqv

Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b

†UªW jvB‡mÝ

msMÖn

Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi

`ß‡ii AbygwZ

eëmvq

ïi

Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb

Askx`vwi eëmvq

47

wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ

Askx`vwi eëmvq

wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨

cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq

Askx`vwi eëmvq

mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq/

mxwgZ Askx`vwi eëmvq

HwQK Askx`vwi eëmvq wbw`©ó Askx`vwi eëmvq

4.04 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Partnership Business

GKvwaK e¨w³ Pzw³i gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h eëmvq M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq

e‡j| ev Íe †ÿ‡Î Avgiv K‡qK ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmvq †`wL| wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ I

Askx`vi‡ì `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z G eëmvq‡K K‡qKwU †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v−

wPÎ: Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

1| mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq (General partnership business): †h Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi

Askx`vi‡ì `vq Amxg Ges Askx`viMY GKK I †h․_fv‡e †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K

Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j| G ai‡bi Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbvq mKj

Askx`v‡ii mgvb AwaKvi _v‡K| mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq mK‡ji Øviv A_ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ

GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii Øviv cwiPvwjZ| evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq ej‡Z mvaviY

Askx`vwi eëmvq‡K eySvq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx mvaviY

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Giƒc eëmvq `yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

K. Hw”QK Askx`vwi eëmvq (Partnership at will): 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Î Askx`viMY eëmv‡qi vwqZ¡

ev mxgvbv wba©viY bv Ki‡j Zv‡K HwQK Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|

AvBb Abymv‡i G eëmvq wb‡gœv³fv‡e MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i−

i. Awbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ eëmvq MwVZ n‡j;

ii. wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi ciI eëmvq Pvjy _vK‡j;

iii. wbw`©ó mg‡qi ciI eëmvq Pvjy _vK‡j;

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L. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi eëmvq (Particular partnership): Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 8 avivq ejv

n‡q‡Q †h, GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i mv‡_ GK‡Î †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †gqv` ev cÖ‡Póvi Rb¨

Askx`vwi wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡KB wbw`©ó ev we‡kl Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|

Giƒc eëmvq yai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i−

i. wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq (Specific term partnership): GKwU

wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi eëmvq‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq

e‡j| G wbw`©ó mgq AwZµg nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Giƒc Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wejywß N‡U| Z‡e

Askx`viM‡Yi m¤§wZ‡Z G ai‡bi eëmv‡qi †gqv` †kl nIqvi ciI Pvjy _vK‡Z cv‡i|

ii. wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq (Specific Job partnership): we‡kl †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi eëmvq MVb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨

mva‡bi Rb¨ vwcZ Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv nq| wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡j Gi wejywß N‡U|

Aek¨ mKj Askx`vi GKgZ n‡j GiciI Pvjv‡Z cv‡i|

2| mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq (Limited partnership): GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii mxwgZ

cwigvY `vq-`vwqZ¡ wb‡q †h Askx`vwi eëmvq MwVZ nq Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|

A_©vr hw` †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg bv _v‡K ev †Kv‡bv GK ev GKvwaK m`‡mï `vq Pzw³

Abyhvqx ev AvBbMZ Kvi‡Y mxgve× _v‡K Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|

G eëmvq `yÕai‡bi Askx`vi _v‡K| h_v−

i. mvaviY Askx`vi, hv‡ì `vq Amxg _v‡K|

ii. mxwgZ Askx`vi, hv‡ì `vq mxgve× _v‡K|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †`‡k †hme Askx`vwi eëmvq Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq

†ewk| Z‡e Gi cvkvcvwk mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmv‡qiI Aw ÍZ¡ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

4.05 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³cÎ

Deed of Partnership Business

Askx`vwi eëmvq ci¯úi Pzw³i wfwË‡Z MwVZ nq| Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi cÖv°v‡j Askx`vwi msMVb

MV‡bQy e¨w³MY ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q eëmvq msMVb I cwiPvjbv msµvš Í hveZxq welqvw` wba©viY K‡i

Ges Zv‡ì me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ welqvw` wjwLZfv‡e GKwU `wj‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i| D³ `wjj‡KB

Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ e‡j|

evsjv‡`‡k envj 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 aviv g‡Z, ÓAskx`vwii m¤úK© Pzw³ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf

K‡i; mvgvwRK gh©v`v e‡j bq|Ó (The relation of partnership arises from contract and not from status”)

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wPÎ: Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Kvievi cwiPvjbvi myweavRbK Ges we‡jvcmvab msµvš Í kZ©vewj msewjZ

wjwLZ Askx`vwi Pzw³‡K Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ ev `wjj e‡j|

ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wfwËÓÑe¨vLv Ki| Contract is the Essence of Partnership”–Explain.

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g~j wfwË n‡jv Pzw³| A_©vr Pzw³i gva¨‡g GKwU Askx`vwi eëmvq Rb¥jvf K‡i Ges

Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢~Z m¤úK© Øviv Askx`vwi eëmvq cwiPvwjZ nq| Askx`viM‡Yi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©I wba©vwiZ nq

Pyw³i gva¨‡g|

Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 avivq ¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒAskx`vwii m¤úK© Pzw³ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf K‡i,

AvZ¥xqZv ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j bq|Ó (Partnership relation arises from the contract and not from status.”) mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv eëmv‡q GKvwaK m`m¨ Ges gybvdv eÈ‡bi •ewkó¨ _vK‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq g‡b

Kiv nq| wKš‧ AvBbMZ wePv‡i Askx`vwii Aw ÍZ¡ wbY©‡q Pzw³e× m¤úK©B gyL¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ|

D‡jøwLZ msÁv Ges Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cwijwÿZ nq †h, Askx`vwi m¤cK© m„wó‡Z Pzw³i Avek¨KZv

i‡q‡Q| †hme D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwi Pzw³ m¤cbœ Kiv nq Zvn‡jv−

i. †Kv‡bv wel‡qi fyj eySveywS wbimb;

ii. Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË I iÿvKeP wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i;

iii. Pzw³cÎ cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i;

iv. Z…Zxq cÿ n‡Z FY ev †Kv‡bv cÖKvi my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi Rb¨;

v. Pzw³i wfwË‡Z eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i;

vi. Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY;

vii. g~jab Avbqb I Zvi eënvi mywbwðZ Kivi Rb¨|

hgybv G›UvicÖvBR

Pzw³cÎ Zvs ......................

1g c¶ 2q c¶

bvg : .............................................................. bvg : .........................................

wVKvbv : ............................................................. wVKvbv : .....................................

Pzw³i kZ©vewj :

1| .......................

2| .......................

3| .......................

mv¶xM‡Yi bvg, wVKvbv I ¯v¶i: Askx`viM‡Yi bvg I ¯v¶i:

1| ..................... 1| .........................

2| ..................... 2| .........................

3| .....................

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wb‡Pi K‡qKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv−

1| wn› y †hŠ_ cvwievwiK eëmvq (Hindu joint family business): †Kv‡bv wn›`y cwiev‡ii

m`mïv hwÌ Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii †gvU Avq wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i _v‡K wKš‧ ïaygvÎ Pzw³ bv

_vKvq eZ©gv‡b G‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv hvq bv|

2| DËivwaKvi m¤úK© (Heriditary relationship): Pjgvb eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv m`‡mï g„Zyï

ci Zvi ¿x ev mš Ívbiv Kviev‡ii gybvdv †fvM Ki‡jI Zviv eëmvq Askx`vi bq| Askx`vi

n‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ Askx`vi‡ì mv‡_ Pzw³e× n‡Z n‡e|

3| c`gh©v`v (Designation) : mvgvwRK c`gh©v`vi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix ev Kg©KZ©v‡K gybvdvi

wKQy Ask cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jI Zv‡K eëmv‡qi Askx`vi ejv hv‡e bv| KviY ïaygvÎ mvgvwRK c`-

gh©v`vi Rb¨ gybvdvi Ask †fvM Ki‡Q wKš‧ Pzw³‡Z Ave× bv nIqvi Rb¨ Askx`vi bq|

4| mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb (Social position) : K‡qKRb MvwqKvi Mv‡bi Abyôvb †_‡K cÖvß Avq

wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fvM K‡i wb‡jI Zv‡ì msMVb‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv hvq bv| KviY Zv‡ì

g‡a¨ eëmvq ev gybvdv AR©b msµvš Í †Kv‡bv Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nqwb|

5| F‡Yi gybvdv cÖvwß (Profit receive for status) : Askx`vwi eëmv‡q FY w`‡q †Kv‡bv

e¨w³ FY Pyw³ Abyhvqx eëmvq n‡Z gybvdv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš Íy Zvi mv‡_ Askx`vwi Pzw³ bv

_vKvq Zv‡K Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|

6| †ckv`vwi `‡ji gybvdv eÈb (Profit distribution in professional group): †ckv`vwi

mvs¯‥…wZK `j gybvdv AR©‡bi ci Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i wb‡jI Zv‡ì Askx`vi ejv

hv‡e bv| KviY Zviv Askx`vwi Pzw³ m¤úbœ K‡iwb|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Aw ÍZ¡ hvPvB‡qi cÖavb gvcKvwV n‡Q Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z

Pzw³| gyjZ Pzw³ wjwLZ ev †g․wLK †hfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb Zv eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbvi w`K-wb‡ ©kK

(Guide line) wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| ZvB ejv nq, ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii g~j wfwË|Ó

Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe ‘ Contents of Partnership Deed

Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ Askx`vwi eëmvq cwiPvjbvi g~jgš¿ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Askx`viMY wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨

cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wb‡RivB Pzw³c‡Îi welqe Íy wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| Askx`vi‡ì

g‡a¨ fwel¨‡Z SMov-weev` I gvgjv-†gvKÏgv Gov‡Z Pzw³c‡Îi kZ©vewjB Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| wb‡æ

Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe Íy D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

1. Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi bvg;

2. eëmv‡qi wVKvbv;

3. eëmv‡qi AvIZvfy³ GjvKv;

4. eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ, D‡Ïk¨ I AvIZv;

5. eëmv‡qi Kvh©µg we Í„wZi eZ©gvb I m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv;

6. eëmv‡qi ¯vwqZ¡;

7. Askx`vi‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;

8. eëmv‡qi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY;

9. g~jab Avbqb I msMÖn c×wZ;

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51

10. Askx`vi‡ì cÖK…wZ wba©viY;

11. Askx`vi‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖ`Ë cuywRi cwigvY I Zv cwi‡kva c×wZ;

12. g~ja‡bi Ici my` †`qv n‡e wKbv, n‡j wK nv‡i;

13. Askx`viMY eëmvq n‡Z †Kv‡bv A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKbv, cvi‡j †K KZ ev wK nv‡i;

14. D‡ËvwjZ A‡_©i Ici my` aiv n‡e wKbv;

15. eëmv‡qi jvf-†jvKmvb eÈb c×wZ I nvi;

16. eëmv‡qi cwiPvjbv I eë vcbv c×wZ;

17. eëmv‡qi wnmve ewn iÿY I wnmve wbixÿv c×wZ;

18. eëmv‡qi wnmve ewn msiÿY I cwi`k©b msµvš Í wbqg;

19. †h e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjv n‡e Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I wnmv‡ei aib;

20. e¨vs‡Ki wnmve cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i bvg c`we;

21. eëmv‡qi `wjj c‡Î ` ÍLZ cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i bvg cèx;

22. eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv‡bv Askx`vi FY mieivn Ki‡j Zvi Ici †`q my‡ì nvi;

23. eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨Î n‡Z FY msMÖn c×wZ;

24. Askx`viM‡Yi AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bv;

25. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi‡K †Kv‡bv †eZb ev cvwi‡ZvwlK †`qv n‡e wKbv, n‡j Kx nv‡i;

26. eëmv‡qi mybvg g~j¨vqb m¤úwK©Z wewa-weavb;

27. Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv weev` †`Lv w`‡j Zv gxgvsmv c×wZ;

28. Askx`vi AcÖK…wZ ev †`Dwjqv n‡j Zvi Ask wbiƒcY, msiÿY I cwi‡kva c×wZ;

29. eëmvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi wbqg;

30. bvevjK Askx`vi MÖn‡Yi wbqg;

31. bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY I cÖ‡qvR‡b we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv Askx`vi‡K ewn®‥v‡ii wbqg;

32. †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zy¨ ev AemiMÖnYKv‡j eëmv‡qi `vq-m¤úwË wbiƒcY I cvIbv cwi‡kva

c×wZ;

33. eëmv‡qi Avw_©K eQ‡ii ïiæ I †kl mgq;

34. FY MÖnY I cÖ`v‡bi wbqgvewj;

35. Askx`vi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë F‡Yi wbqg I my‡ì nvi;

36. FY cwi‡kva I Av`vq c×wZ;

37. eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ;

38. eëmv‡qi we‡jvcKv‡j eëmv‡qi `vq-m¤úwË g~j¨vqb I eÈb cÖYvwj;

39. Pzw³c‡Îi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b wbqg c×wZ;

40. Pzw³c‡Îi evB‡i †Kv‡bv wel‡q gZv‣bK¨ †`Lv w`‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡k Zv 1932 mv‡j Askx`vwi

AvBb Abyhvqx A_ev msL¨vMwiô m`‡mï gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z gxgvsmv Kiv nq| Aek¨ Pzw³c‡Îi

†Kv‡bv aviv ev avivmg~n mKj m`‡mï gZvbyhvqx AvB‡bi AvIZvq †_‡K me©`vB cwieZ©b,cwiea©b,

ms‡hvRb ev iwnZ Kiv hvq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Pzw³ †g․wLK n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j †g․wLK Pzw³i †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ

wfwË †bB| GRb¨ Pzw³ wjwLZ nIqv myweavRbK|

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4.06 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ

Process of Registration of a Partnership

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi wba©vwiZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m eëmv‡qi bvg ZvwjKvfy³

Kiv‡K eySvq| A_©vr wbw ©ó GjvKvi wbeÜ‡Ki Kvh©vj‡q iwÿZ eB‡Z Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi bvg I

cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ wjwce×KiY‡K Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb ejv nq|

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 58 aviv Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡j

cÖ_gZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm n‡Z wba©vwiZ wd Rgvc~e©K GKwU dg©/ Av‡e`bcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|

Av‡e`bcÎwU h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i Pyw³cÎ I MVbZš¿mn wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m Rgv Ki‡Z n‡e|

mvaviYZ Av‡e`bc‡Î wbæ wjwLZ welqmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq−

1. Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi bvg;

2. cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv;

3. Ab¨ †Kv_vI eëmv‡qi kvLv Awdm _vK‡j Zvi wVKvbv;

4. eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ I AvIZv;

5. eëmv‡qi †gqv` (hw` wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ nq);

6. cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ZvwiL;

7. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`v‡ii bvg, wVKvbv, †ckv;

8. Askx`vi wn‡m‡e †hvM`v‡bi ZvwiL BZ¨vw`|

Av‡e`bcÎwU cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi KZ©„K ev Zvi Dchy³ / AvBbMZ cªwZwbwa KZ©„K ¯vÿwiZ n‡Z n‡e|

wbeÜK Av‡e`bcÎ I Pzw³cÎwU cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i mš‧ó n‡j eëmvqwU ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡eb|

Pzw³cÎ wKsev Av‡e`bc‡Îi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, ms‡hvM I we‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡j wbeÜ‡Ki

AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e Ges Zv m¤^‡Ü Zv‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb wK eva¨Zvg~jK

Is Registration of a Partnership Business Compulsory

wbeÜb Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bv

n‡jI evÂbxq e‡U| KviY Askx`vwi eëmvq wbewÜZ n‡j Gi AvBbMZ wfwË my`„p nq Ges

eëmvwqK Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvq †ek wKQy myweav †fvM K‡i| wbeÜb Askx`v‡ii BQv-AwbQvi

Ici †Q‡o †`qv n‡q‡Q|

Askx`vi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI evÃbxq e‡U| KviY Askx`vwi eëmv‡q

wbewÜZ n‡j cieZ©xKv‡j Askx`viM‡Yi ga¨w¯Z m¤¢ve¨ Kjn A_ev Z„Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ †`bv-

cvIbv wb®úwËi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z mnvqK nq| wbeÜb Ki‡j eëmv‡qi Pzw³cÎwU AvBbm¤§Z

`wjjiƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| e¯‧Z: wbeÜb Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i| ZvQvov

wbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq KZK¸‡jv my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i|

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Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 69 (1) aviv g‡Z, Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb wbewÜZ bv n‡j, ev wbeÜb ewn‡Z mswkøó

Askx`v‡ii bvg wjwLZ bv _vK‡j †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z

D™¢~Z AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmvq wbeÜb AvBbZ eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e Askx`viMY fwel¨r

my‡hvM-myweavi R‡b¨ wbeÜb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| KviY msMVb wbeÜb Kiv ev bv Kiv Askx`vi‡ì

BQvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †h, wbeÜb Kiv n‡j KwZcq AvBbMZ myweav cvIqv hvq|

ZvB Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb KivB DËg|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg

Consequences of Non-Registration of Partnership Business

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ Askx`vwi dvg©

I Askx`vi‡K †ek wKQy myweav †`qv n‡q‡Q| ZvB AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq I Gi m`m¨MY

wbewÜZ eëmv‡qi Zzjbvq wKQyUv AmyweavRbK cwiw wZi m¤§yLxb nq|

1| cvIbv Av`v‡qi mgm¨v (Problem in collecting credit): A-wbewÜZ cÖwZôvb 100

UvKvi †ewk cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| [69(4) aviv]

2| Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjvq mgm¨v (Problem in submit case against third party): A-wbewÜZ Askx`vwi Kvievi Zvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×

gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ Z„Zxq cÿ Zvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi

Kviev‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

3| Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi mgm¨v (Problem in Established right in contract): AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡b Pzw³RwbZ †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ †Kvb Askx`vi Ab¨

†Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| [69(1) aviv]

4| ¯v_©iÿv (Protect interest) : ¯v_© Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci †Kv‡bv Askx`vi

eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

5| cvi¯úwiK gvgjv `v‡qi-G mgm¨v (Problem in case file against each other): AwbewÜZ Askx vwi cÖwZôv‡bi Askx viMY ci¯ú‡ii weiæ‡× Pzw³i kZ© †g‡b Pjvi Rb¨ Av vj‡Z gvgjv

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Z‡e DcwiD³ Amyweav¸‡jv _vKv m‡Ë¡I AwbewÜZ Askx`viM‡Yi wb‡¤œv³ AwaKvi¸‡jv ejer _v‡K−

i. wbR cvIbv ey‡S cvIqvi AwaKvi: we‡jvc mvabK…Z eëmvq n‡Z Askx`viM‡Yi cvIbv ey‡S

†bqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q|

ii. we‡jvcmvab I wnmve msµvš Í AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi msMV‡bi AskxìMY eëmvq

we‡jvc mvab I wnmve msµvš Í wel‡q gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

iii. cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úwË D×v‡ii AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq msMV‡bi Askx`viMY

wnmve-wbKvk I m¤úwË D×v‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

iv. Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi: †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv‡i wbewÜZ Aswk`vwi eëmvq †hme my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i Zv

wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

K. Askx`viMY cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;

L. AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GK Askx`vi Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv;

M. Giƒc eëmv‡q Z…Zxq cÿ‡K Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨ Kivi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

N. Z…Zxq cÿ `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv cwiPvjbv Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q;

O. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î jvf-†jvKmvb wnmv‡ei ci Askx`viM‡Yi wb‡R‡ì

AvqKi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq, d‡j Sv‡gjv †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cvIqv hvq;

P. cÖwZôvb wbewÜZ n‡j AvBbMZ gh©v`v cvq| d‡j Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôvb FY`vbKvix

cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU gh©v`v †c‡q _v‡K|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx vwi eëmvq msMVb wbewÜZ nIqv eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI fwel¨‡Z fyj eySveywS

wbim‡bi R‡b¨ Ges Askx vi‡ì AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Giƒc eëmvq msMV‡bi wbeÜb Kiv evÃbxq n‡e|

4.07 Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

Classsification of Partners

eëmvq †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wewfbœ Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb †`wL| †Zgwb Ae¯v, f~wgKv, KZ©e¨, `vq-

`vwqZ¡, ÿgZv cÖf„wZi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wewfbœ Askx`vi †`wL|

1. mwµq Askx`vi

2. wbw®…q Askx`vi

3. bvggvÎ Askx`vi

4. AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Askx`vi

5. bvevjK Askx`vi

6. AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi

7. Kgx© Askx`vi

8. mxwgZ ev mxgve× Askx`vi

9. cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi

wPÎ : Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

1. mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi (Active partner): †h e¨w³ Pzw³i e‡j Askx`vi n‡q cÖwZôvbwU

cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e wbhy³ _v‡K Zv‡K mwµq Askx`vi e‡j| H e¨w³‡K Ab¨vb¨ Askx`viM‡Yi

cÖwZwbwa ejv n‡q _v‡K| Giƒc Askx`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡jv−

K. eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab mieivn Kiv;

L. •`bw›`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Kiv;

M. eëmvq cwiPvjbvq m„ó `vq-`vwqZ¡ m¤ú~Y© enb Kiv BZ¨vw`|

Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

Askx`vwi eëmvq

55

2. wbw®Œq ev Nygš Í Askx`vi (Sleeping or Inactive partner): †h e w³ cÖwZôvb n‡Z jvf I

ÿwZi Ask MÖnY K‡i, A_P wb‡R eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv, Zv‡K wbw®…q Askx vi e‡j| wbw®…q

Askx vi‡K Kvievi n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ weÁwß (Public notice) †èvi †Kv‡bv evaëva¨KZv †bB|

weÁwß bv w ‡jI Aemi MÖn‡Yi cieZ©x mg‡q m¤úvw Z Kv‡h©i Rb¨ †m vqe× n‡e bv|

Giƒc Askx`v‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv−

K. eëmv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i;

L. eëmvq n‡Z gybvdv MÖnY K‡i;

M. †jvKmvb I `vq enb K‡i;

N. eëmvq cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY †_‡K weiZ _v‡K;

O. Zviv Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i;

P. Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Dci Av v †i‡L eëmvq cwiPvjbvq wbw¯…qfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i BZ¨vw`|

3. bvggvÎ Askx`vi (Nominal partner): Giƒc Askx`v‡ii Askx`vwi eëmv‡q †Kv‡bv ¯v_©

_v‡K bv| †KejgvÎ wb‡Ri mybvg Askx`vi wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z †`qv nq| wKš‧ evwn‡ii

cvIbv`viM‡Yi wbKU F‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb `vqx _v‡K| Giv eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv,

cwiPvjbvqI Ask †bq bv, Z‡e Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask A_ev wbw`©ó †eZb ev A_© †bq|

bvggvÎ Askx`v‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv−

K. Giƒc Askx`vi eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv;

L. G Askx`v‡ii mybvg I hk eëmv‡q eëüZ nq;

M. †KD mij wek¦v‡m H Askx`v‡ii Dcw wZi Kvi‡Y eëmv‡q FY`vb Ki‡j Zvi Rb¨ bvggvÎ

Askx`vi `vqe× nb BZ¨vw`|

4. AvcvZt`„wó‡Z Askx`vi (Quasi-partner): †Kv‡bv Askx vi Kvievi n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci Zuvi

cÖ`Ë g~jab Zz‡j bv wb‡q FY wn‡m‡e eëmvq †i‡L w ‡j Zuv‡K AvcvZt „wó‡Z Askx vi e‡j| g~ja‡bi Dci

wZwb my †c‡q _v‡Kb| Kvh©Z Giyc e w³ eëmv‡qi cvIbv vi; Askx vi bq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv mwµq Askx viMY

weÁwß bv w ‡q eëmv‡q †_‡K P‡j †M‡j Zvi Øviv Z„Zxq c‡ÿi m„ó vq Zv‡KB enb Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. bvevjK Askx`vi (Minor admitted as a partner): AcÖvß eq¯‥ e¨w³ (A_©vr 18 eQ‡ii

wb‡P) Askx`vwi Kviev‡i AskMÖnY Ki‡j Zv‡K bvevjK Askx`vi e‡j| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi

AvB‡bi 30(1) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj Askx`viM‡Yi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb

cÖwZôv‡b bvevjK‡K Askx`vwi my‡hvM-myweav¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡Z †`qv nq| wKš‧ †m cÖwZôv‡bi

†Kv‡bv `vq-`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i bv e‡j Askx`viiƒ‡c ¯xKw…Z cvq bv|

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 30 aviv Abyhvqx bvevjK †Kvb eëmv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡Z

cvi‡jI †m Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡I gybvdv †fvM Ki‡Z

cv‡i| wKš Íy †Kvb cÖKv‡iB Zv‡K dv‡g©i `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kej dv‡g© †`q

Zvi g~ja‡bi Ask cwigvY `v‡qi Rb¨B Zv‡K `vqx Kiv hvq, AwZwi³ wKQzi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq

bv| GgbwK Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤úwËI G `vq n‡Z gy³| wKš Íy †m hLb mvevjK n‡e ZLbB †m

dv‡g©I mewKQzi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e| Aek¨ mvevjK nIqvi 6 gv‡mi g‡aB Zv‡K Pzw³c‡Î `¯ ÍLZ

w`‡Z n‡e| GgbwK ZLb bvevjK Ae¯vq †h w`b n‡Z †m dv‡g©i Askx`viiƒ‡c MY¨ n‡qwQj, †m

mgqKvi `vq Ges Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ Zv‡K `vqx Kiv hv‡e| bvevjK Askx`vi‡K mxgve× Askx`vi

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6. AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi (Partner by holding out): †h e¨w³ cÖK…Z Askx`vi bv n‡qI

Zvi K_vevZ©v, AvPiY Øviv wb‡R‡K eëmv‡qi Askx`vi e‡j cwiPq †`b Zv‡K AvPi‡Y

AbywgZ Askx`vi e‡j| hw` †KD G‡Z cÖfvweZ n‡q eëmvq‡K FY †`q ev Pzw³ K‡i Z‡e

H `vq AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi‡K wb‡Z n‡e |

msÁvi Av‡jv‡K ej‡Z cvwi AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi n‡jv −

K. AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g cwiPq`vbKvwi Askx`vi;

L. G Askx`vi eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv;

M. eëmv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i bv;

N. eëmvq n‡Z gybvdvI MÖnY K‡i bv;

O. wKš Íy AvPiY Øviv cÖfvweZ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi `v‡qi Rb¨ AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi `vqe× nb;

P. Giƒc Askx`v‡ii †fvUvwaKvi _v‡K bv BZ¨vw`|

7. Kgx© Askx`vi (Working partner): †h Askx`vi eëmv‡q †Kv‡bv g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i

bv ïaygvÎ wbR¯^ kÖg I `ÿZv mwµqfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L Zv‡K Kgx© Askx`vi e‡j| Pzw³

Abyhvqx Giv Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii b¨vq eëmv‡qi jvf-ÿwZ AskMÖnY K‡i Ges Amxg `vq

en‡b eva¨ _v‡K| Aek¨ eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ G‡ì‡K wbw`©ó nv‡i †eZb ev jv‡fi

Ask †`qv n‡Z cv‡i|

8. mxwgZ ev mxgve× Askx`vi (Limited partner): Pzw³ Abyhvqx eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii

`vq mxgve× n‡j ev AvBbMZfv‡e mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †Kv‡bv bvevjK‡K myweav cÖ`v‡bi

D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Abyiƒc Askx`vi‡K mxwgZ Askx`vi e‡j|

G‡ì `vq mvaviYZ eëmv‡q wb‡qvwRZ D³ Askx`v‡ii g~jab ch©š Í mxgve× nq| AvBb Abyhvqx

Giƒc Askx`vi eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv mvevjK †hvM¨ e¨w³I Pzw³i

kZ© Abyhvqx Giƒc Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi eëmv‡q GK ev GKwaK mxwgZ

Askx`vi _vK‡jI Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq (limited partnership) e‡j|

9. cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi (Patner by estoppel): hw` eëmv‡qi Askx`viMY †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K

eëmv‡qi Askx`vi wnmv‡e cwiPq †`q Ges D³ e¨w³ Zv †R‡bI †g․bZv Aej¤b K‡i Z‡e

Zv‡K cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi e‡j| Giƒc cÖPviYvi d‡j m„ó `v‡qi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU

`vqe× nq | cÖwZôvb wb‡Ri ¯v‡_© †Kvb e¨w³ ev Z…Zxqcÿ‡K Gai‡bi cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi wn‡m‡e

cwiPq w`‡q _v‡K| Gai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖwZôvb cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi‡K gvwmK nv‡i m¤§vbx ev

Ab¨‡Kvb myweav w`‡Z cv‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z n‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Aek¨B Pzw³

m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| Aek¨ bvevjK Ab¨ Askx`vi‡ì m¤§wZµ‡g mxwgZ Askx`vi n‡Z

cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, †`Dwjqv miKvwi Kg©Pvix, we‡`wk ivóª ~Z I we‡`wk kÎæ AvBb Abyhvqx Askx`vi

n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev msN Askx`vi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L bv|

Askx`vwi eëmvq

57

Kg©cÎ-2

Nygš Í ev wbw®…q Askx`vi Ges bvggvÎ Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ †ei Ki|

Nygš Í Askx`vi bvggvÎ Askx`vi

• • •

• • •

4.08 Askx`vi‡ì †hvM¨Zv

Qualification of Partner

†`‡ki cÖvß eq¯‥ †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, bvevjK,

†`Dwjqv cÖf„wZ e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

Pzw³ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wfwË| Avgv‡ì Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv Abyymv‡i bvevjK (18 erm‡ii Kg

eq¯‥) Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b Aÿg|

4.09 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab

Dissolution of Partnership Business

Askx vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mvab ev cwimgvwß ej‡Z mKj Askx viM‡Yi g‡a¨ Askx vwi m¤ú‡K©i Aemvb‡K

eySvq Ges Zvi cwiYwZ¯iƒc eëmv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U _v‡K| Askx vwi m¤úK© wejywß n‡jB eëmvq eÜ n‡q hv‡e

Ggb bvI n‡Z cv‡i| KviY Aci Askx viMY eëmvq eRvq †i‡L eëmvq Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î G‡K

eëmv‡qi cybtMVb e‡j|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi mv‡_ †h welq¸‡jv RwoZ−

K. Askx`vi‡ì Pzw³RwbZ m¤ú‡K©i Aemvb N‡U;

L. cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi wejywß;

M. cÖwZôv‡bi mgy`q m¤ú` I `vq-†`bvi g~j¨vqb Ges mswkøó mKj‡K cwi‡kva Kiv|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡b c ÖwZôvb I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i- Df‡qiB we‡jvcmvab nq|

wKš‧ Askx`vwii we‡jvc NU‡j eëmv‡qi cwimgvwß NU‡Z cv‡i|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ

Methods of Dissolution of Partnership Business

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mvab ej‡Z Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi mKj m¤ú‡K©i m¤ú~Y©

Aemvb‡K eySvq| wb‡P ewY©Z †h‡Kv‡bv c×wZ‡Z Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U−

]

[

wPÎ: Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mvab c×wZ|

1. mK‡j GKgZ n‡q we‡jvcmvab

2. HwQK we‡jvcmvab

3. †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbvi †cÖw¶‡Z we‡jvcmvab

4. eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab

5. Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g we‡jvcmvab

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi

we‡jvcmvab c×wZ

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1| mK‡j GKgZ n‡q we‡jvc mvab (Dissolution by mutual agreement): Askx`viMY

GKgZ n‡q Kvievi we‡jvcmva‡bi wm×vš Í wb‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq ev mK‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i

kZ©vbymv‡i wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l Kviev‡ii wejywß NUv‡bv hvq (aviv 40)|

2| weÁwß Øviv we‡jvcmvab (Dissolution by notice): HwQK Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii †ÿ‡Î

weÁwßi gva¨‡g Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii we‡jvcmvab N‡U _v‡K| A_©vr †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb Askx`vwi

†¯Qvq weÁwß cÖ`v‡bi Øviv G RvZxq Kvievi we‡jvc Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kvievi we‡jvc mva‡bi †h ZvwiL

D³ weÁwß‡Z †jLv _v‡K †mB ZvwiL †_‡K Kviev‡ii we‡jvc mvab Kvh©Ki n‡q _v‡K| hw` Zvwi‡Li

D‡jøL bv _v‡K Z‡e †h Zvwi‡L Askx`viMY weÁwß m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nb †m ZvwiL †_‡KB Kviev‡ii

wejywß N‡U‡Q a‡i †bqv nq| [aviv 43 (1) I (2)]

3| we‡kl †Kv‡bv NUbvi Rb¨ we‡jvc mvab (Dissolution on the happening of some contingencies): 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 aviv Abymv‡i wbæwjwLZ we‡kl NUbvi

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii wejywß N‡U _v‡K−

i. Askx`viMY GKgZ n‡q (By consensus of partners): mKj Askx`vi †¯^Qvq GKgZ

n‡q Askx`vwi Kvievi ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i|

ii. wbw ©ó mgq mgvcbv‡šÍ (After the end of fixed time) : †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ Askx vwi

Kviev‡ii Pzw³ n‡q _vK‡j D³ mgq DËxY© nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kvievi cÖwZôvbwUi we‡jvc mvab N‡U|

iii. Askx`vi Db¥v` ev cvMj n‡j (If a partner becomes lunatic) : †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii

gw Í®‥ weK…wZ NU‡j KvieviwU †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|

iv. Askx`v‡ii g„Zyï Kvi‡Y (On the death of partner): †h‡Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zyï Kvi‡Y

G RvZxq Kvievi †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|

v. D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi ci (After the achievement of the objective): †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó

D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kvievi vwcZ n‡j H D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji ci KvieviwU wejywßi cÖkœ D‡V|

vi. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aemi MÖnY Ki‡j (On the retirement of a partner): Kviev‡ii

†h‡Kv‡bv Askx`vi hw` Aemi MÖn‡Yi wbwg‡Ë Av‡e`b †ck K‡i Z‡e Avskx`vwi Kviev‡ii

we‡jvc mvwaZ nq|

vii. Av`vjZ KZ©„K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j (If a partner is declared insolvent by the court): hw †Kv‡bv Askx vi we‡kl †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av vjZ gvidZ †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ nq Zvn‡j D³

Kviev‡ii wejywß N‡U|

4| eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvc mvab (Compulsory dissolution): wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Askx`vwi

Kviev‡ii eva¨Zvg~jK Aemvqb n‡q _v‡K−

i. †`DwjqvZ¡ (Insolvency): mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨ZxZ mKj Askx`vi Av`vjZ KZ©„K

†`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii Aemvb n‡e|

ii. AvB‡bi cwicšx n‡j (Illegality): Askx`vwi Kvievi cwiPvjbvq hw` †Kv‡bv A‣ea NUbv N‡U

hvq Ges Zv‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©Kjvc AvBb we‡ivax e‡j AvL¨vwqZ nq Zvn‡j Kviev‡ii we‡jvc mvab

NU‡e| (41 aviv)|

Askx`vwi eëmvq

59

5| Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i we‡jvc mvab (Dissolution by the court)

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 44 aviv †gvZv‡eK †Kv‡bv Askx`vi GK ev Z ya© Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡×

†Kv‡bv †gvKvÏgv `v‡qi Ki‡j Av`vjZ wb‡æi †h‡Kv‡bv Ae vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Kvievi we‡jvc mva‡bi wb‡ ©k

w`‡Z cv‡i−

i. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Db¥v` ev cvMj n‡j;

ii. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi BQvK„Zfv‡e Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii Pzw³ µgvMZ f½ Ki‡j;

iii. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi †`Dwjqv e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡j;

iv. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Zvi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `Û ev mvRvcÖvß n‡q _vK‡j;

v. †Kv‡bv Askx vi Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU †e-AvBbxfv‡e Zvi AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y© ¯Z¡ n ÍvšÍi K‡i

_vK‡j;

vi. Av`vjZ hw` G g‡g© wbwðZ n‡q _v‡K †h, µgvMZfv‡e Kviev‡ii ïayB †jvKmvb

n‡Q;

vii. GQvov †h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ hw` g‡b K‡i †h, Kvievi cÖwZôvbwUi we‡jvc mvabB

n‡Q h_v_© n‡e; Z‡e Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii we‡jvc mvab NU‡e| (aviv-42)

Kg©cÎ-3

†Zvgv‡ì GjvKvq Av‡M Askx`vwi wfwË‡Z eëmv cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b †m¸‡jvi we‡jvc

mvab n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖwZôv‡bi bvg †jL|

• • • • • •

4.10 evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Ae¯’vb

Partnership Business in Bangladesh

evsjv‡`k eëmv-evwY‡R¨ cðvrc` GKwU †`k| eo ai‡bi wkí-KviLvbv, eëmv-evwYR¨ GLv‡b GLbI

†Zgb M‡o I‡Vwb| eo eo kn‡i ev Zvi Avkcv‡k wKQz eo ai‡bi eëmvq-†Kv¤úvwb msMVb wn‡m‡e M‡o

DV‡jI MÖvg-M‡Ä, nvU-evRv‡i Ggb wK kn‡ii †K› ª ‡j GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi msL¨vB me©vwaK|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi msL¨v †m wePv‡i †bnv‡qZ bMY¨: hv 5% Gi †ewk bq| A_P Askx`vwi eëmvq cÖwZôvi

gva¨‡g G †`‡ki me©ÎB gvSvwi ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi h‡_ó my‡hvM wQj|

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evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq e¨vcKZv jvf Ki‡Z bv cvivi wcQ‡b †h mKj KviY we`¨gvb Zv wb‡¤œ

Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−

1. eëmvwqK Ávb I AwfÁZvi Afve (Lack of business knowledge and experience): Avgv‡ì †`‡k hviv bZzb eëmv‡q bv‡g Zviv G m¤ú‡K© Kvh©Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv

Ávb wb‡q Av‡m bv| hviv eëmv‡q wjß Zv‡ìI AwaKvs‡kiB G wel‡q Ávb I AwfÁZvi h‡_ó

Afve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi e¨w³eM© ÿ z`ª GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb K‡i cwiPvjbvq †hfv‡e

¯vQ›`¨‡eva K‡i Askx`vwi eëmvq MV‡b Abyiƒc ¯^vQ›`¨‡eva K‡i bv|

2. cvi¯úwiK Av ’v I wek¦v‡mi Afve (Lack of reciprocal trust and faith): Avgv‡ì

RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Av¯v I wek¦v‡mi AfveI cÖKU| A_P Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv Askx`vi‡ì ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK Av¯v I wek¦vm| Ab¨‡ì Ici

Av¯v bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Giƒc eëmvq cQ›` K‡i bv|

3. mZZvi Afve (Lack of honesty): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡b

mZZvi gvivZ¥K AfveI jÿYxq| K_vevZ©vq Avgiv hZUv mr Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î ZZUv bq|

A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq, Askx`vwi eëmvq †h Pvjvq cieZx© mg‡q eëmv‡qi mKj m¤úwË‡K †m

wb‡Ri fv‡e Ges Ab¨‡ì VKv‡bvi nxb Pµv‡š Í wjß nq|

4. g~ja‡bi mgm¨v (Problem of capital): Avgv‡ì †`‡k hviv Askx`vi wn‡m‡e Giƒc eëmv‡q

†hvM`vb K‡i Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Avw_©K mvg_ © AZ¨š Í mxgve×| d‡j eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab

†hvMvo Kiv hvq bv| Askx`vi‡ì bvbvb gZ Ges mr I mvg_©evb wewb‡qvMKvixi Afv‡eI bZzb

Askx`vi MÖnY K‡i g~ja‡bi ms vb KivI A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e bq|

5. AvBbMZ mnvqZvi Afve (Lack of legal assistance): Avgv‡ì †`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq

cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AvBbMZ mnvqZv I wbqš¿YI Kvg¨gv‡bi bq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k

AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †g․wLK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Giƒc eëmvq MVb Kiv nq| hvi d‡j cieZx© mg‡q

bvbvb mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|

6. cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î wkw_j wbqg-Kvbyb (Loose rules and regulation in case of private company): Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b Gi MVb wKQzUv KovKwo Av‡ivc Kiv

n‡jI Zv GLbI †Zgb h‡_ó bq| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi gva¨‡g †ÿÎwe‡k‡l myweav jv‡fi my‡hvM

_vKvq A‡b‡KB Askx`vwi eëmvq Mo‡Z DrmvwnZ nq bv|

DcwiD³ mgm¨vw` QvovI Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †hme mvaviY Amyweav; †hgb-Askx`vi‡ì

Amxg `vq, ¯^vaxb mËvi Afve, gvwjKvbv n¯Ívš Í‡i Amyweav, RbAv¯vi Afve, cwiPvjbvMZ

RwUjZv BZ¨vw` mgm¨vI GLv‡b i‡q‡Q|

Askx`vwi eëmvq

61


1| Askx`vwi msMV‡bi g~j wfwË Kx ?

K. AvBb L. Pzw³

M. Pzw³cÎ N. wbeÜb

2| Askx`vwi eëmv‡q GKRb Askx`v‡ii `vq †Kgb ?

K. g~jab ch©š Í mxgve×

L. cÖwZkÖæwZ g~j¨ ch©š Í mxgve×

M. eëmv‡q Zvi cvIbv ch©š Í mxgve×

N. e¨w³MZ mnvq-m¤ú` ch©š Í mxgve×

3. weÁwßi gva¨‡g wejywß Kiv hvq †Kvb Askx`vwi eëmvq ?

K. HwQK Askx`vwi eëmvq

L. Nygš Í Askx`vwi eëmvq

M. mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq

N. Kg©x Askx`vwi eëmvq

4. Askx`vwi eëmvq GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq n‡Z DËg KviY−

i. AwaK cuywR msMÖn Kiv hvq

ii. mw¤§wjZfv‡e wm×vš Í MÖnY Kiv hvq

iii. gvwj‡Ki ¯vaxbZv †ewk _v‡K


K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii 5| wg. ingvb cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z GKwU eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| eëmv‡qi g~jab

mieivn Ki‡jI cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Q bv| wZwb Kx ai‡bi Askx`vi ?

K. mxwgZ L. wbw®…q

M. mvaviY N. bvggvÎ

6| Askx`vwi eëmvq wbewÜZ n‡j myweav cvIqv hvq−

i. ¯^v_© iÿv Kiv hvq

ii. ivR¯ n‡Z gyw³ cvIqv hvq

iii. Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hvq



M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii

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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| mvB`, †LvKb I gvgyb mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z `X’ Builders bv‡g GKwU wbg©vY cÖwZôvb

MVb Ki‡jv hvi jÿ¨ im yjcyi MÖv‡g GKwU Kvj©fvU wbg©vY Kiv| ciewZ©‡Z g‡nkLvjx‡Z

GKwU N~wY©So AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg©v‡Yi KvR †cj| GRb¨ Zv‡ì AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|

ZvB Zviv mygb‡K GB k‡Z© eëmvq Aš Ífy ©³ Ki‡Z Pvq, †m ïay eëmvq 5,00,000 UvKv

wewb‡qvM Ki‡e wKš‧ cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

K. wjwLZ Pzw³‡K Kx ejv nq?

L. Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb Kx eva¨Zvg~jK? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. `X’ Builders †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmvq cÖwZôvb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K mygb †Kvb ai‡bi Askx vi? Zv‡K eëmvq AšÍfy©³ Kivi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki|

2| K, L I M GKwU AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| wZb R‡bi g~ja‡bi cwigvY

mgvb Ges gybvdv †fv‡Mi nviI mgvbycvwZK| Z‡e K Zvi g~ja‡bi AwZwi³ `vq enb K‡i

bv| cÖwZôvbwU eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †Póv K‡iI GKRb †`vKvb`v‡ii wbKU n‡Z 10,000 UvKv

Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Zviv fve‡Q cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Zi AvkÖq wb‡e|

K. evsjv‡`‡k KZ mv‡ji Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi AvBb cÖPwjZ?

L. bvggvÎ Askx`vi ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb ? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg Kx g‡b Ki Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g cvIbv Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e? gZvgZ `vI|

cÂg Aa¨vq

†hŠ_g~jabx eëmvq JOINT STOCK BUSINESS

mf¨Zvi µgweeZ©‡bi avivq m~Pbv j‡Mœ eëmv‡qi cwimi wQj Aí I msKxY©, ZvB Gi mvsMVwbK iƒc

wQj mnR, †QvU| †hgb−GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi| Aóv`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS n‡Z ïiæ n‡q Ebwesk

kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© Bsj¨v‡Û wkí wec øe msNwUZ n‡j wkí I eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b

mvwaZ nq| c~‡e©Kvi KvwqKkª‡gi ’vb `Lj K‡i †bq hš¿cvwZ Ges ïiæ nq e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡bi

cvjv| GgZve¯’vq eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖv_wgK iƒc Z_v GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Ges Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi

c‡ÿ G‡ì KwZcq mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y e„n`vqZb cY¨`ªe¨vwì Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv

Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| djkÖæwZ‡Z GB cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Zvj wgjv‡Z †h‡q AwaK g~jab, mxgve× `vq,

`ÿ cwiPvjbv I eë ’vcbv Ges wPiš Íb Aw Í‡Z¡i myweav wb‡q hy‡Mvc‡hvMx eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e

†h․_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi D™¢e N‡U|


• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi aviYv|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi •ewkó¨mg~n|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`|

• cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi myweav I mxgve×Zv|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi MVb cÖwµqv|

- cwi‡gje‡Üi aviYv, welqe ‘ I bgybv

- cwi‡gje‡Üi ¸iæZ¡

- cwi‡gj wbqgvewji aviYv I welqe¯‘

- cwi‡gjeÜ I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji cv_©K¨

- weeiYc‡Îi welqe ‘mg~n www.fa

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• †Kv¤úvbx wbeÜbc‡Îi aviYv I bgybv|

• Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ|

• †Kv¤úvbxi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Drmmg~n|

• †kqvi Gi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`|

• FYcÎ Gi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`|

• †kqvi I FYc‡Îi cv_©K¨|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi we‡jvc mvab c×wZ|

• evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae ’v |

• evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi fwel¨Z m¤¢vebvi w`K¸‡jv|

• mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji weKvkgvb eëmvq¸‡jvi aviYv|

5.01 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv Concept of Company Organization

cÖK„wZMZfv‡eB †Kv¤úvwb msMVb GKwU jvfRbK eëmvq cÖwZôvb| Gi K…wÎg mËv, wPiš Íb Aw ÍZ¡,

wbR¯ mxj‡gvni, cÖf„wZ we‡kl •ewkó¨ G‡K Ab¨ eëmvq msMVb †_‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q| wb‡æ †Kv¤úvwb

msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv †`qv n‡jv−

†Kv¤úvwb n‡jv AvBbm„ó GKwU K…wÎg e¨w³mËv we‡kl cÖwZôvb| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb †h․_ g~jabx

†Kv¤úvwb‡K GKRb e¨w³i gZ ¯Zš¿ mËv `vb K‡i‡Q| †Kv¤úvwbi GB mËv AvBbMZfv‡e ¯xK…Z| GB

mËv e‡j GwU wbR bv‡g me©Î cwiwPZ Ges GB mËv wb‡q †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

hwÌ †Kv¤úvwbi nvZ-cv †bB, †m †L‡Z cv‡i bv, Ny‡gv‡Z cv‡i bv Zey G‡K e¨w³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv

nq, hv‡K K…wÎg e¨w³mËv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr AvB‡bi †Pv‡LB GwU GKwU ¯Zš¿

e¨w³, hv A`„k¨ I A¯úk©bxq| Z‡e i³gvs‡mi Mov gvbyl ev e¨w³ bv n‡jI †Kv¤úvwb GKRb e¨w³i

g‡ZvB wbR bv‡g Z„Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ †h‡Kvb ai‡bi Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z cv‡i Ges Aci‡KI Pzw³‡Z

Ave× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU wbR bv‡g A‡bï weiæ‡× Av`vj‡Z †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Ges Ac‡iI †Kv¤úvwbi

weiæ‡× †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †Kv¤úvwb c„_K I wPiš Íb Aw ÍZ¡m¤úbœ| K…wÎg e¨w³mËvB G‡K wPiš Íb Aw ÍZ¡

(Perpetual succession) `vb K‡i‡Q| †Kv¤úvwbi m`‡mï A_©vr gvwj‡Ki Aw Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi

Aw Í‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv mswkøóZv †bB| †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ c` cwieZ©b wKsev mKj m`‡mï g„Zy¨

NU‡jI †Kv¤úvwbi Aw ÍZ¡ wejyß nq bv| G cÖm‡½ m‡jvgvb ebvg m‡jvgvb GÛ †Kvs wjt-Gi gvgjvi

iv‡q ejv nq †h, †Kv¤úvwb Gi m`m¨‡ì †_‡K c„_K Ges Gi ¯Zš¿ Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb|

†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq

65

eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK cÖPwjZ, RbwcÖq I e„nr cwim‡i Kvh©Kix eëmvq msMVb n‡jv †Kv¤úvwb msMVb| mvaviY

A‡_©, K‡qKRb e¨w³ †¯‛Qvq gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi

AvIZvq †Kv‡bv eëmvq msMVb MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb

Ò†Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994Ó Abymv‡i MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb wbR bv‡gi mxj‡gvn‡ii

wPišÍb Aw Í‡Z¡i I K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix n‡q _v‡K| ZvB e¨vcKfv‡e ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv

AvBb m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvwewkó, wPišÍb Aw ÍZ¡m¤úbœ mxwgZ `vqwewkó Ggb GKwU ms ’v ev cÖwZôvb †hLv‡b

wKQy †jvK gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i|

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2 (1) (N) aviv Abyhvqx Ò†Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z G AvB‡bi Awa‡b MwVZ I

wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb ev †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb‡K eySvq|Ó ("Company means a company formed and registered under this Act of any existing.") †Kv¤úvwb msMVb ev †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³ mËvi AwaKvix Ggb GK ai‡bi AvaywbK I

cÖPwjZ eëmvq msMVb hv A`„k¨, A¯úk©bxq A_P wPiš Íb Aw Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix hvi wbR¯ bvg mxj

†gvni Øviv cwiwPZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| GB msMVb †¯‛Qvq †h․_fv‡e †kqvi µ‡qi gva¨‡g g~jab

wewb‡qvM K‡i Ges wewb‡qvMK…Z g~ja‡bi Dci gybvdv †NvlYv I eÈb K‡i|

5.02 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi •ewkó¨

Features of Company Organization

eZ©gvb e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi RM‡Z †Kv¤úvwb msMVb AZ¨š Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I RbwcÖq eëmvq msMVb| GwU

GKwU AvBb-m„ó †h․_ gvwjKvbvi †¯‛Qvg~jK eëmvq msMVb, Gi Ggb we‡kl KZK¸‡jv •ewkó¨

Av‡Q hv G‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq msMVb †_‡K c„_K mËvi AwaKvix K‡i‡Q| †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi G

•ewkó¨¸‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

K. mvaviY •ewkó¨mg~n Common Features of a Company

1. RwUj MVb c×wZ (Complicated formation): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi MVb c×wZ AZ¨šÍ

RwUj| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq|

2. †¯”Qvg~jK ms ’v (Voluntary association): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb GKwU †¯‛QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z

eëmvq ms ’v| gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq e¨w³i †¯‛QvK…Z cÖ‡Póvq †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| †h

†KD B‛Qv Ki‡jB †kqvi µq Kivi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †KD B‛Qv

Ki‡jB †kqvi n Ívš Íi K‡i mn‡RB eëmvq n‡Z we`vq wb‡Z cv‡i|

3. wecyj cuywR (Huge capital): eû msL¨K e w³i msMVb weavq †Kv¤úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK g~jab

msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi ms ’vb K‡i _v‡K|

4. e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMVb (Large-scale enterprise): AvaywbK e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMVb

wn‡m‡e †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb mgwaK cwiwPZ| cÖPzi m`m¨ msL¨v, e¨vcK g~jab me©‡ÿ‡ÎB

†Kv¤úvwb e„n`vqZb cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z| www.fa

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5. jf¨vsk eÈb (Distribution of dividend): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi AwR©Z gybvdvi GKUv

wbw`©ó Ask jf¨vsk wn‡m‡e †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ †kqv‡ii AvbycvwZK nv‡i ewÈZ n‡q _v‡K|

†Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY mfvi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g cwiPvjKMY GB jf¨vs‡ki cwigvY †NvlYv K‡ib|

6. Kiv‡ivc (Taxation): †Kv¤úvwbi Ici avh© K‡ii nvi mvaviYZ AwaK n‡q _v‡K| Gi

AwR©Z gybvdvi Ici Kiv‡ivc Kiv nq| Avevi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì cÖvß jf¨vs‡ki Dci Ki

cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|

7. we‡jvcmvab (Dissolution): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi MVb †hgb AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y© †Zgwb Gi

we‡jvcmva‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Gi

we‡jvcmvab N‡U| G Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi‡nvìviMY B‛Qv Ki‡jB Gi we‡jvcmvab

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

8. MYZvwš¿K eë ’vcbv (Democratic management): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi eë ’vcbv I

cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mKj Í‡i MYZvwš¿K bxwZgvjv Abym„Z nq| MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi

†fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì Øviv †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvwjZ nq|

GQvov eëmv‡qi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi †fv‡Ui djvd‡ji Ici

¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

L. AvBbMZ •ewkó¨mg~n Legal Features of a Company

1. AvBb-m„ó cÖwZôvb (Law-created concern): †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Øviv G cÖwZôvb m„ó nq|

evsjv‡`‡k †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbmg~n 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I

wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| D³ AvB‡bi 2.1 (N) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Ó†Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z G AvB‡bi

Aax‡b MwVZ Ges wbeÜbK…Z †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb ev †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb‡K †evSv‡e|Ó

2. m`m¨ msL¨v (Number of members) : †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨

msL¨v wba©vwiZ| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Gi m`m¨ msL¨v b~¨bZg 2 Ges me©vwaK 50

R‡b mxgve× _v‡K Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ejvq me©wbæ m`m¨ msL¨v 7 Ges m‡e©v‛P

msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi msN-¯§vi‡K DwjøwLZ †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|

3. c„_K I K…wÎg e¨w³mËv (Seperate and aritificial entity): †Kv¤úvwb GKwU ¯Zš¿ K…wÎg

e¨w³ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| G K…wÎg e¨w³mËv Gi m`m¨‡ì mËv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| AvBb

Abyhvqx GwU K…wÎg I ¯Zš¿ e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v †fvM K‡i _v‡K| GB AvBbMZ mËve‡j †Kv¤úvwb

wbR bv‡g A‡bï mv‡_ †hgwb †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb †gvKÏgvI `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

4. wPiš Íb Aw¯ÍZ¡ (Perpetual succession): AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †Kv¤úvwb wPiš Íb Aw Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix

GK K„wÎg e¨w³| †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi gvwjK‡ì Aw Í‡Z¡i Dci G Aw ÍZ¡ wbf©i K‡i bv|

†Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv ev m`m¨ c‡ì cwieZ©‡b Gi Aw ÍZ¡ wecbœ nq bv| †Kej †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi

weavb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab Kiv n‡jB Gi Aw Í‡Z¡i cwimgvwß N‡U _v‡K|


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5. mxwgZ `vq (Limited liability): †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì `vq mxwgZ|

GKRb m`m¨ †h cwigvY A‡_©i †kqvi wKb‡e wVK †m cwigvY A‡_©i Rb¨B Zv‡K `vqx Kiv

†h‡Z cv‡iÑGi †ewk bq| A_©vr Gi m`m¨‡ì `vq Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqv‡ii †gvU g~j¨ ch©š Í

mxgve× _v‡K|

6. eva¨Zvg~jK wbeÜb (Compulsory registration): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜb

AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨Zvg~jK| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abymv‡i †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb‡K Aek¨B wbewÜZ

n‡Z n‡e| wbeÜb e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ Ges cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

7. mvaviY mxj‡gvni (Common seal): cÖwZwU †Kv¤úvwbi wbR¯ bvgvw¼Z GKwU mvaviY

mxj‡gvni _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi hveZxq `wjj-` Ív‡eR I KvMRc‡Î G mxj‡gvni eënvi Kiv

eva¨Zvg~jK| G mxj‡gvn‡ii gva¨‡gB †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb ¯Zš¿ I K…wÎg e¨w³mËv wb‡q

Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|

8. †kqv‡ii n Ívš Íi‡hvM¨Zv (Transferability of shares): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi

†kqvi¸‡jv Aev‡a n¯Ívš Íi‡hvM¨| †kqv‡ii n¯Ívš Í‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbvqI

cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| A_©vr †kqvi n¯Ívš Í‡ii gva¨‡g †kqvi µqKvix †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK nb|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb msMVb AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZi

eëmvq cÖwZôvb| hv †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Ges wbR¯ ¯§viKwjwc I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji AvIZvq GKwU

¯Zš¿ eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|

Kg©cÎ-1

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv I •ewkó¨mg~n we‡kølY K‡i Gi myweav I Amyweav mg~n wPwýZ Ki|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweav †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi Amyweav

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5.03 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Company Organization

GKw`‡K eëmvq RM‡Z e¨vcK Dbœqb Ab¨w`‡K GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi mvsMVwbK

mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y bZzb msMVb KvVv‡gv †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi DrcwË N‡U, cieZ©x mg‡q eëmvq

RM‡Z Av‡iv e¨vcK Dbœq‡bi d‡j Gi eëmv‡qi MwZ cÖK…wZ‡ZI cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| hvi d‡j

†Kv¤úvwbi ai‡bI cv_©K¨ N‡U| wb‡gœ †Kv¤úvwbi cÖKvi‡f` we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv−

(K) `vqwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb (Companies on the basis of the liability of the members): m`m¨‡ì `v‡qi cÖK„wZ Abymv‡i Giƒc †kªYxweb¨vm Kiv nq| `vq-Gi cÖK…wZ

Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb wZb cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v−

1. †kqvi Øviv mxgve× `vqwewkó †Kv¤úvwb (Companies limited by share): †h †Kv¤úvwb‡Z

m`m¨M‡Yi `vq †kqv‡ii AvswKK g~j¨ ch©š Í mxwgZ _v‡K, Zv‡K †kqvi Øviv mxgve× `vqwewkó

†Kv¤úvwb e‡j| †hgbÑcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb|

2. cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve× `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb (Companies limited by guarantee): †hme

†Kv¤úvwb‡Z m`m¨MY wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© ch©š Í `vq cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q, Zv‡ì cÖwZkÖæwZ

Øviv mxgve× `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Giƒc †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †h me m`m¨ †kqvi Øviv cÖwZkÖæwZ `vq

enb K‡i, †kqv‡ii Acwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ ch©š Í Zv‡ì `vq _v‡K| †kqvig~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ n‡q †M‡j

Zviv `vqgy³| Avw_©K g~j¨ Øviv cÖwZkªywZ `vqm¤úbœ m`m¨MY H cwigvY A_© cwi‡kva bv nIqv

ch©š Í `vqe× _v‡Kb| mvaviYZ AeëmvwqK D‡Ï‡k¨ G ai‡bi cÖwZkÖæZ †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq|

wPÎ: †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`

1. †kqvi Øviv

mxwgZ `vq

m¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb

2. cÖwZkÖ‚wZ Øviv

mxwgZ `vqm¤úbœ

†Kv¤úvwb

3. Amxg `vqm¤úbœ

†Kv¤úvwb

1. mb`cÖvß

†Kv¤úvwb

2. wewae×

†Kv¤úvwb

3. wbewÜZ

†Kv¤úvwb

1. cÖvB‡fU wjt

†Kv¤úvwb

2. cvewjK wjt

†Kv¤úvwb

1. miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb

2. †emiKvwi

†Kv¤úvwb

1. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb

2. mvewmwWqvwi

†Kv¤úvwb

3. we‡`wk

†Kv¤úvwb

4. eûRvwZK

†Kv¤úvwb

†Kv¤úvwb

`vqwfwËK

†Kv¤úvwb

MVb cÖK…wZwfwËK

†Kv¤úvwb

m`m¨wfwËK

†Kv¤úvwb

gvwjKvbvwfwËK

†Kv¤úvwb

Ab¨vb¨

†Kv¤úvwb


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L. Amxg `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb (Unlimited company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb‡Z m`m¨M‡Yi `vq Amxg nq, Zv‡ì Amxg `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Gme

†Kv¤úvwb‡Z m„ó `v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwË QvovI †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË `vqe×

nq| eZ©gv‡b G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb †bB ej‡jB P‡j|

M. MVb-cÖK…wZwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb

Companies on the basis of incorporation

MVb cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kv¤úvwb‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq−

1. mb`cÖvß †Kv¤úvwb (Chartered company): ivóªcÖavb ev ivRv ev ivbxi we‡kl Av‡`k

e‡j G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq| we‡kl K‡i †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Pvjy nIqvi c~‡e© G

ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡Zv| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb, w` e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ, w` PvU©vW©

e¨vsK Ae A‡÷ªwjqvÑ G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi D`vniY| eZ©gv‡b GLb Avi Giƒc †Kv¤úvwb

msMVb `„wó‡MvPi nq bv|

2. wewae× †Kv¤úvwb (Statutory company) :

hLb †`‡ki AvBb cwil` ev cvj©v‡g‡›U we‡kl AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq, ZLb

Zv‡K wewae× †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| evsjv‡`k K…wl Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb, wkí Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb, wiRvf©

e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv cÖf„wZ Giƒc †Kv¤úvwb|

3. wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb (Registered company) : †hme †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m ZvwjKfyw³i

gva¨‡g m„wó nq, †m¸‡jv‡K wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i AwaKvsk †Kv¤úvwbB

wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb|

N. m`m¨ msL¨vwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb Companies on the Basis of Number of Member

m`m¨ msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv¤úvwb‡K cÖavbZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq−

1. cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwb (Private ltd. company): AvaywbK e„n`vqZb eëmvq RM‡Z ¯vaxb

mËv I mxwgZ `vq wewkó †QvU ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb msMVb nj cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb| GwU wbR

bv‡gB me©mvavi‡Y¨ cwiwPZ|

wPÎ: wewae× †Kv¤úvwb|

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mvaviYZ AvZ¥xq¯Rb I eÜzevÜe wg‡j mxwgZ `v‡qi wfwË‡Z †h †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq

Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

e ‘Z †h †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ `yÕRb Ges m‡e©v‛P cÂvk R‡b mxgve× Ges hvi †kqvi

Aev‡a n Ívš Íi‡hvM¨ bq, Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2(1) (U) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,ÒcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UWÓ ej‡Z Ggb

†Kv¤úvwb‡K eySv‡e hv Gi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Øviv−

K. †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi hw` _v‡K, n Ívš Í‡ii AwaKv‡i evavwb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i|

L. †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡i ev wW‡eÂv‡i (hw` _v‡K) Puv`v `v‡bi wbwgË (Subscription) Rbmvavi‡Yi

cÖwZ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv wbwl× K‡i|

M. Gi m`m¨ msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi PvKwi‡Z wbhy³ e¨w³MY e¨ZxZ cÂv‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× iv‡L|

m`m¨ msL¨v mxwgZ e‡j cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ÿz ªvqZ‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb

Abyhvqx GB †Kv¤úvwbi MVb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cwiPvjbvi wewfbœ Í‡i AvBbMZ Sv‡gjv A‡bKUv Kg| AvBb

Abyhvqx GUv ¯vaxb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v †fvM K‡i Ges †kqvi‡nvìvi‡Ì `vq mxgve× _v‡K|

myZivs, cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Aax‡b wbewÜZ n‡q †h †Kv¤úvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v jvf

Ki‡jI cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Abyhvqx 50 R‡bi AwaK m`m¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Rbmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨

†kqvi weµ‡qi Avnevb Rvbv‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †kqvi gvwjKMY Aev‡a †kqvi n Ívš Í‡ii myweav †fvM

K‡i bv Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

2. cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb (Public ltd. company): gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kgc‡ÿ 7 (mvZ)

Rb Ges m‡e©v‛P †h‡Kvb msL¨K (†kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve×) m`m¨ †¯‛Qvq mxwgZ `v‡qi wfwË‡Z

†kqvi n Ívš Í‡ii AwaKvi wb‡q K…wÎg mËvwewkó †h cÖwZôvb MwVZ nq, Zv‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW

†Kv¤úvwb e‡j| GB msMV‡bi g~jab KZK¸‡jv LÛ LÛ †kqv‡i wef³ Ges †kqvi¸‡jv Aev‡a

n Ívš Íi‡hvM¨| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv I eë ’vcbv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vwPZ

cwiPvjK cl© Øviv GB †Kv¤úvwbi eë ’vcbv I cwiPvjbv Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW

†Kv¤úvwb wbewÜZ nevi ci Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn K‡i Zvi Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e ïiæ K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi AvBbMZ msÁv D‡j øL Kiv n‡jv:

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2(1-T) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒcvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z

cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwb bq Ggb †Kv¤úvwb †evSvq, hv †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994 mvj ev †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1913 ev

1882 A_ev †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1886 A_ev GZØviv evwZjK…Z Ab¨ †Kvb AvBb Abyhvqx wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q|Ó

cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb me©v‡cÿv †ewk RbwcÖq| gybvdv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë eû msL¨K e¨w³i µxZ

†kqv‡ii wfwË‡Z †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx GB †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|


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wPÎ: eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb|

P. gvwjKvbvwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb Companies on the Basis of Ownership

gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z †Kv¤úvwb `yÕiKg n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb−

1. miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Government company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb mvaviYZ miKvwi gvwjKvbvq

MwVZ nq, A_ev †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kgc‡ÿ 51% †kqv‡ii gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii _v‡K Zv‡K miKvwi

†Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

2. †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Non-government company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb †emiKvwi

gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

O. Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvwb (Other companies): GQvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq RM‡Z

RwoZ i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb (Holding Company): †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb MVb ev µqm~‡Î Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwb

wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvsk ÿgZv †c‡j Zv‡K †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb ev wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Giƒc

†Kv¤úvwb wbqš¿YK…Z †Kv¤úvwbi 50%-Gi AwaK †kqv‡ii gvwjK Ges AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM I

AcmviY ÿgZv †fvM K‡i|

†nvwìs †Kv¤úvwbi •ewkó¨ n‡jv−

K. †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi g~ja‡bi 50% Gi †ewk mieivnKvix;

L. mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwbi AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv G †Kv¤úvwbi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K;

M. Aaxb ’ †Kv¤úvwbi eë ’vcbv cwil` wbe©vP‡bi `vwqZ¡I G †Kv¤úvwb †ewkifvMB †fvM K‡i;

N. cwiPvjK‡ì c`Py¨wZ ev Aemi`v‡bi ÿgZvI Gi Dci b¨ Í _v‡K;

O. G †Kv¤úvwbi c~Y© wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K Aaxb ’ †Kv¤úvwbwU cwiPvwjZ nq; BZ¨vw`|

2. mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Subsidiary company): †hme †Kv¤úvwbi 50% -Gi AwaK

†kqv‡ii gvwjK Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡K mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| A‡a©‡Ki †ewk g~jab

mieivnKvix †Kv¤úvwb Giƒc †Kv¤úvwbi cy‡iv wbqš¿‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K| wbqwš¿Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K

mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb ejv nq|

3. we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb (Foreign company): †h †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki evB‡i MwVZ n‡q, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó

†`‡k Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i, Zv‡K we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|

4. eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb (Multinational company):

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†h †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv, eë ’vcbv Ges wbqš¿‡Y GKvwaK †`‡ki Awaevmx Aš Íf©y³ _v‡K Zv‡K

eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| †hgbÑBDwbwjfvi evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW, †bm‡j evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW BZ¨vw`|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb msMVb wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| eënv‡ii •ewPÎ¨, D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZv

wKsev mg‡qi wfwË‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi wewPÎZv cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-2

cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi 6wU cv_©K¨ wjL

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb

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5.04 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡

Importance of Company Organization

†Kv¤úvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËv wewkó eëmvq msMVb| GB e„nËg eëmvq msMVbwU Ab¨vb¨ msMVb †_‡K

†ewk my‡hvM myweav †fvM K‡i| eZ©gvb eëmvq I wkÿvK‡g©i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii g~‡j i‡q‡Q †h․_ g~jabx

eëmv‡qi Abb¨ Ae`vb| wb‡æ Gmg Í myweavmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

1. ch©vß g~jab msMÖn (Enormous capital): †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨ nq Kg| Kg

g~‡j¨ AwaK msL¨K †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn Kiv mnR nq| G‡Z Aí mÂqKvix‡ì wbKU

†_‡K g~jab msMÖn Kiv myweavRbK Ges †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi cwigvYI AwaK nq|

2. e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb (Establishment of large-scale business): e„n`vqZb

eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbvq †Kv¤úvwb me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx msMVb| wecyj cwigvY †kqvi I FYcÎ

weµq Ges `ÿ eë ’vcK wb‡qvM K‡i mn‡RB †Kv¤úvwb G ai‡bi eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv

Ki‡Z cv‡i |

3. DËg wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ (Proper Investment Field): †Kv¤úvwb msMVb mviv we‡k¦B DËg

wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb Kg nIqvq mKj ai‡bi gvbyl I Avw_©K

cÖwZôvb Gi †kqvi wK‡b wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| jf¨vsk QvovI †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb e„w×, ivBU

†kqvi cÖvwß BZ¨vw` myweav _vKvq Zv mevi wbKU AviI AwaK AvKl©bxq|

4. SuywK eÈ‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creating Facilities of Risk Distribution): GKK gvwjKvbv

ev Askx`vwiiwfwË‡Z KL‡bvB eo ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Lv‡Z A_© wewb‡qvM m¤¢e nq bv| A_P

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡b SzuwK eÈ‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq G‡Z A_© wewb‡qv‡Mi mnR my‡hvM m„wó nq|

†Kv¤úvwb hZ eo nq wewµZ †kqv‡ii msL¨vI ZZB e„w× cvq| SzuwKI Z‡Zv †ewk eÈ‡bi my‡hvM

m„wó n‡q _v‡K|


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5. `ÿ cwiPvjbv (Efficient management): G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvi fvi

cwiPvjKgÐjxi Dci b¨ Í _v‡K| cwiPvjKgÐjx MwVZ nq `ÿ cwiPvjKMY Øviv| Aek¨

cwiPvjKgÐjx cwieZ©b‡hvM¨| A_©vr cÖ‡qvR‡b cyivZb cwiPvjKgÐjx‡K cwieZ©b K‡i `ÿ

cwiPvjK wbhy³ Kiv hvq|

6. MYZvwš¿K cwiPvjbv (Democratic management): G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MYZvwš¿K

c×wZ‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr

msL¨vMwi‡ôi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j Gi eë ’vcbv MYZvwš¿K|

7. RbM‡Yi Av¯’v (Public confidence): †Kv¤úvwbi MVb, cwiPvjbv, eë ’vcbv I wbqš¿Y

AvBb Øviv wba©viY nq e‡j G‡Z AvB‡bi evaëvaKZvI †ewk _v‡K| d‡j eëmv‡qi Dci

Rbmvavi‡Yi Av ’v e„w× cvq Ges wewb‡qvMKvixMY wbf©‡q Zv‡ì A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|

8. Avš ÍR©vwZK mybvg (International goodwill) : e„n`vqZb cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb kyay †h ‡`‡ki

g‡a¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v AR©b K‡i Zv bq, eis †`‡ki evwn‡iI G‡ì mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o| A_©vr

c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k Zv‡ì eëmvwqK Kvh©Kjvc Qwo‡q c‡o| GK K_vq ejv hvq •e‡`wkK

eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †h․_g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbB n‡jv GKgvÎ Dchy³ eëmvq msMVb|

9. M‡elYv (Research): bZzb Drcv`‡bi †K․kj Avwe¯‥vi, Drcv`bÑe¨q n«vm BZ¨vwì D‡Ï‡k¨

†Kv¤úvwb M‡elYv Kv‡h© A_© e¨q Ki‡Z cv‡i hv GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vwi eëmvq m¤¢e bq|

10. K‡ii myweav (Tax relief): Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq msMV‡bi K‡ii nvi A‡cÿv †Kv¤úvwbi K‡ii nvi

Kg| Aciw`‡K bZzb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wKQyw`b ch©š Í Ki cÖ`vb †_‡K †invB cvq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavw` QvovI G eëmvq n‡Z mgvR, miKvi Z_v †`‡ki mKj RbMYB

cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e myweavcÖvß n‡q _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b Giƒc eëmvq MV‡b eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨

e¨vcK AvMÖn jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

5.05 †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi myweavmg~n

Advantages of Company Organization

1. mxwgZ `vq: †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡ii Avw¼K g~j¨ (Face value) A_ev cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv

mxgve× _v‡K| d‡j RbMY webvwØavq I msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i|

2. AwaK cyuwR: G ms ’v RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i ch©vß cyuwR msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK

cÖ‡qvR‡b FYcÎ wewµi gva¨‡gI g~jab msMÖn Kiv hvq, hv Ab¨vb¨ msMVb¸‡jv cv‡i bv|

3. wPišÍb Aw ÍZ¡: AvB‡bi m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËv G‡K wPiš Íb Aw ÍZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| d‡j Gi ¯’vwqZ¡

AwaK| GgbwK NUbvµ‡g †Kv¤úvwbi mKj m`‡`ï g„Zz¨ n‡jI ms ’v wejyß nq bv| A_©vr GUv

wbw`©ó AvB‡bi Øviv MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| d‡j Gi we‡kl AvBbMZ mve©Rbxb mËv Av‡Q| hv

eëmv‡qi DbœwZi mnvqK|

4. MYZvwš¿KZv: GUv AvB‡bi AvIZvq mvwe©K MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq|

5. Rbmvavi‡Yi Av ’v: wbw`©ó AvB‡bi Øviv G ms ’v MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq e‡j GUv

RbM‡Yi AwaK Av¯’v AR©‡b mÿg nq| d‡j wewb‡qvMKvixMY wbwð‡šÍ G msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i

Ges K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb AwaK F‡Yi myweav †fvM K‡i|

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6. AwaK Drcv`b: e„n`vqZ‡bi Kvi‡Y G msMVb e¨vcK Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges RbMY Kgg~‡j¨

cY¨µ‡qi my‡hvM cvq|

7. Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM: Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi Zzjbvq e„n`vqZ‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z RbM‡Yi K‡g©i

my‡hvM-myweav †ewk| d‡j RbM‡Yi AwaK Kg©ms ’vb K‡i †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki †eKviZ¡

`~ixKi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

5.06 †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡qi Amyweav Disadvantages of Company

wbewÜZ, wewae× `vqm¤úbœ e„nr AvKv‡ii eëmvq msMVb †Kv¤úvwb msMVb| GwU A‡bK¸‡jv myweav †fvM

Ki‡jI wewfbœ w`K wePv‡i Gi †ek wKQy AmyweavI „ó nq| wb‡æ Gme Amyweavmg~n Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv:

1| MV‡b RwUjZv (Complexity in formation): we‡klZ mve©Rbxb †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kiv †ek

RwUj| GRb¨ †ek wKQy AvbyôvwbK I AvBbMZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kivi ci G †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kiv

m¤¢e nq| A_©vr GwU MVb Kiv AZ¨š Í e¨qeûj Ges mgqmv‡cÿ|

2| AwZ e„nr AvKvi (Gigantic size): †h․_g~jabx eëmv‡qi AvqZb GZ e„nr AvKvi aviY K‡i

†h, GwU cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv AZ¨š Í KóKi nq|

3| ¯RbcÖxwZ (Nepotism): cwiPvjKM‡Yi g‡a¨ D‛Pc` ’ Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i †hvM¨Zv I

AwfÁZvi cwie‡Z© ¯RbcÖxwZi cÖeYZv †ewk _v‡K|

4| gvwjKvbv I eë ’vcbvq we‡”Q` (Divorce between ownership and management): G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †kqvi‡nvìviMY mivmwi eë ’vcbvq AskMÖnY K‡i

bv| d‡j gvwjKvbv I eë ’vcbvq we‡‛Q` †`Lv †`q|

5| †kqvi ev‡RqvßKiY (Forfeiture of shares): †kqv‡ii Zjex A_© Abv`vqx _vK‡j

cwiPvjKgÐjx cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Abymv‡i cwiPvjKgÐjxi mfvq cÖ¯Íve cvm K‡i GwU ev‡Rqvß

Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hme †kqvi ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq Gi cÖ`Ë A_© †diZ †`qv nq bv, d‡j

†kqvi‡nvìiMY ewÂZ nq|

6| GK‡PwUqv D™¢e (Growth of monopoly): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv eëmvq m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z

Ki‡Z Ggb Ae ’vq G‡m uvovq †h, Zviv ZLb GK‡PwUqv eëmvq cÖfve we Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

7| kªwgK †kvlY (Exploitation of workers): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi ìKlvKwli ÿgZv

AwaK _vKvq Zviv Kg© cwi‡ek‡K `~wlZ K‡i kªwgK †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K|

8| kªwgK-gvwjK we‡iva (Dispute between labour and owner): †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvi

fvi †ckv`vwi cwiPvjK‡ì nv‡Z _vKvq kªwgK I gvwj‡Ki g‡a¨ we‡iva e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|

9| mgš^‡qi Afve (Lack of co-ordination): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwbi eë ’vcbvq mgš^‡qi

Afve _v‡K| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b n«vm cvq|

10| miKvwi wbqš¿Y (Government Control): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi KvRK‡g©i Dci

miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb Av‡ivc Kiv nq| e ‘Ztc‡ÿ †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì ¯v_© Aÿ zYœ ivL‡Z, wewfbœ

`yb©xwZi Aemvb NUv‡Z G ai‡bi wbqš¿Y LyeB Dc‡hvMx| wKš‘ miKvwi cÖkvm‡b Mj` _vKvi

Kvi‡Y A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB AZ¨waK wbqš¿Y eë ’v Av‡ivc Kiv nq| d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi ¯vfvweK

KvRK‡g© bvbv RwUjZv m„wó nq|


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cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, hwÌ G eëmv‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv Amyweav ev mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q ZeyI

Z zjbvg~jK wePv‡i Gi myweavB A‡bK †ewk| mZK©Zvi mv‡_ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡j Gi

A‡bK¸‡jv mxgve×ZvB `~i Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB mKj †`‡kB GwU GKwU AcÖwZØ›Øx eëmvq msMVb

wn‡m‡e B‡Zvg‡a¨B Zvi ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q|

5.07. †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi MVb cÖYvjx

Formation Procedure of Company

†Kv¤úvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb-m„ó eëmvq cÖwZôvb hv †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wba©vwiZ cš’vq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ

nq| cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Dfq Ò†Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994Ó Abymv‡i MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ

nq| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡b wewfbœ ch©v‡q KZK¸‡jv mywbw ©ó c`‡ÿc ev c×wZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

wb‡gœ G AvBb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi c`‡ÿc/c×wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

1. D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq (Promotional stage): GKvwaK e¨w³ †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ me©cÖ_g

D‡`¨vMx nb| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi Rb¨ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 7 Rb Ges cÖvB‡fU

wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 2 Rb D‡`¨v³vi cÖ‡qvRb nq| eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebv, mvdj¨ BZ¨vw`

wel‡q wPšÍvfvebv K‡i Zviv †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖv_wgK c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib|

G e¨w³eM© ev cÖeZ©KMY G ch©v‡q wb‡gœv³ KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib:

K. cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×vš Í MÖnY

L. bv‡gi QvocÎ msMÖn

2. `wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©vq

Documents Preparation Stage

cwiKíbv •Zwii ci D‡`¨v³vMY †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡¤œv³ `ywU `wjj cÖYqb

K‡ib−

K. ¯§viKwjwc/msN¯§viK ev cwi‡gje× (Memorandum of Association): GwU

†Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj ev mb`| G `wj‡j †Kv¤úvwbi bvg, †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Awd‡mi wVKvbv,

†Kv¤úvwbi g~j jÿ¨mg~n, †kqvi, g~ja‡bi cwigvY, †kqv‡ii AvswKK g~j¨mn g~ja‡bi wefw³

Ges GwU cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW bv-wK cvewjK wjwg‡UW Zv D‡jøL Kiv Aek¨K|

L. msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvewj (Articles of association): G `wj‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨š ÍixY

cwiPvjbv msµvš Í wbqg-c×wZ †jLv nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b ewY©Z Zdwmj-1

†K msNwewa wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡K Avi G `wjj •Zwi Ki‡Z nq bv|

3. wbeÜbcÎ msMÖn ch©vq (Certificate of incorporation collection stage):

G ch©v‡q cÖeZ©KMY †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq dig msMÖn Kib Ges Zv

c~iYc~e©K `wjjcÎ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Rgv †`b| Aek¨ Rgv`v‡bi mgq g~jab

Abycv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷¨v¤ú I wd Gi mv‡_ `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| www.fa

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Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ wb‡¤œv³ `wjj I KvMRcÎ Rgv †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o−

K. †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwci wZb Kwc;

L. msNwewai wZb Kwc; Aek¨ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Zdwmj-1 †K msNwewa wn‡m‡e MÖnY

Ki‡j G g‡g© †NvlYvc‡Îi Kwc;

M. D‡`¨v³v cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;

N. D‡`¨v³v cwiPvj‡Kiv wbR ¯vÿihy³ `vwqZ¡cvj‡bi m¤§wZcÎ;

O. D‡`¨v³v cwiPvjKMY †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡q m¤§Z Av‡Qb G g‡g© GKwU Pzw³cÎ I

P. nvB‡Kv‡U©i DwKj A_ev msNwewa‡Z D‡jøL †Kv‡bv cwiPvjK ev mwPe c‡ì AwaKvix e¨w³

KZ…©K cÖ`Ë h_v_©Zvi †NvlYvcÎ|

Dc‡iv³ mewKQz wVKfv‡e †c‡q wbeÜK wbeÜb eB‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfy³ K‡ib Ges cÖeZ©K‡ì

wbeÜbcÎ (Certificate of Incorporation) Ges PvB‡j cÖZ¨vwqZ ¯viKwjwc I msNwewai Kwc cÖ`vb

K‡ib| Gi ciB cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K

KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU n‡Z Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|

4. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq (Commencement stage): cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i

AbygwZcÎ cvIqvi Rb¨ b~¨bZg Puv`v (Minimum Subscription) msMÖ‡ni †NvlYvcÎ Ges

Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµ‡qi †NvlYvcÎmn wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wjjcÎmn Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| me

KvMRcÎ wVK _vK‡j Ges mš‘ó n‡j wbeÜK cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ

cÖ`vb K‡ib| G cÎ cvIqvi c‡iB cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

5.08 ¯§viKwjwc / cwi‡gjeÜ / msN ¯§vi‡Ki aviYv

Concept of Memorandum of Association

¯§viKwjwc n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj, mb` ev msweavb| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi g~j welqvewj; †hgb-bvg,

wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, g~jab, `vq I m¤§wZi welq wjwce× _v‡K| GUv †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©‡ÿÎ I ÿgZvi mxgv

wb‡`©k K‡i| G‡Z Aš Íf~©³ †bB Ggb †Kv‡bv KvR †Kv¤úvbx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

¯§viKwjwci welqe ‘ ev avivmg~n

Contents of Memorandum of Association

†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 6 avivq †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwbi 7 avivq cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve×

†Kv¤úvwbi Ges 8 avivq Amxg `vq †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwci welqe¯Í y m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q|

wb‡gœ ¯§viKwjwci avivmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

1. bvg aviv (Name Clause): †Kv¤úvwbi bvg Ges bv‡gi †k‡l cvewjK †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î

Ôwjwg‡UWÕ Ges cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î ÔcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UWÕ -G kã¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

†Kv¤úvwbi †h‡Kv‡bv bvg ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Z‡e bvg MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AÎ AvB‡bi 11 avivq ewY©Z wb‡æv³ wewawb‡la †g‡b Pj‡Z nq−


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i) GKwU we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb B‡Zvc~‡e© †h bv‡g wbewÜZ n‡q D³ bv‡gB envj Av‡Q A_ev †h

bv‡gi mv‡_ cÖ¯ÍvweZ bv‡gi Ggb mv`„k¨ _v‡K †h, D³ mv`„‡kï d‡j cÖZviYv Kiv m¤¢e|

ii) miKvwi †M‡R‡U cÖÁvc‡bi Øviv Abwf‡cÖZ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Q; Ggb †Kv‡bv bvg miKv‡ii

wjwLZ c~e©vbygwZ e¨wZ‡i‡K MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv|

iii) RvwZmsN ev RvwZmsN KZ©„K MwVZ Gi †Kv‡bv mnvqK ms ’v A_ev wek¦ ¯v ’¨ ms ’vi bvg ev

Hme bv‡gi kã ms‡ÿc msewjZ †Kv‡bv bvg, RvwZmsN ev Gi mnvqK ms ’vi †ÿ‡Î RvwZms‡Ni

†m‡µUvwi †Rbv‡ij Ges wek¦ ¯v ’¨ ms ’vi †ÿ‡Î Gi WvB‡i±i †Rbv‡i‡ji wjwLZ c~e© AbygwZ e¨ZxZ

eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

2. Ae¯’vb I wVKvbv aviv (Situation and Address Clause): †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Kvh©vjq

†h AÂ‡j Aew ’Z _vK‡e †m ’v‡bi bvg| Gi mv‡_ †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb †Kvb GjvKvq Gi Kvh©vewj

we Í„Z Ki‡e ZvI ewY©Z _vK‡e|

3. D‡Ïk¨ aviv (Objective Clause): †Kv¤úvwb wK ai‡bi eëmv‡q wjß _vK‡e Zv G avivq

we Í„Zfv‡e wjwce× _vK‡e| G D‡Ï‡kï evB‡i †Kv‡bv eëmvq Kiv hvq bv| G aviv GKw`‡K †Kv¤úvwbi

ÿgZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K †Kv¤úvwb cÖ`Ë ÿgZv‡K mxgve× K‡i| D³ avivq †Kv¤úvwbi

m¤¢ve¨ †ÿÎmg~‡ni eY©bv _v‡K Ges fwel¨‡Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Kx Kx eëmvq Ki‡Z cvi‡e ZvI wek`fv‡e

ewY©Z _v‡K|

4. `vq aviv (Liability Clause): †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì `vq Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqv‡ii AvswKK

g~j¨ (Face value) Øviv mxgve× _v‡K| †kqv‡ii Acwi‡kvwaZ g~‡jï Rb¨ †Kej

†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì‡K `vqx Kiv hv‡e Ges †kqv‡ii g~j¨ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwi‡kva Ki‡j Zviv m¤ú~Y©

`vqgy³ n‡eb|

5. g~jab aviv (Capital Clause): cÖ ÍvweZ †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY Ges g~jab KZK¸‡jv Ges

Kx cÖKv‡ii †kqv‡i wef³ _vK‡e Zv G avivq D‡jøL _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi G g~jab‡K wbewÜZ ev

Aby‡gvw`Z g~jab ejv nq| Gi AwZwi³ g~jab †Kv¤úvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

6. m¤§wZ aviv (Consent Clause): ¯§viKwjwci †kl As‡k cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ Zuvi bv‡gi wecix‡Z

KZ¸‡jv †kqvi µq Ki‡eb Zvi m¤§wZ aviv m¤ú‡K© wbæiƒc weavb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q−

i. msN- §vi‡K ¯vÿi cÖ`vbKvix cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †kqvi µq Ki‡Z n‡e| [aviv 6 (L)]

ii. cÖ‡Z¨K ^vÿiKvix m`m ‡K Zvi bv‡gi wecix‡Z µqK…Z †kqv‡ii cwigvY D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| [aviv 6 (M)]

iii. cÖ‡Z¨K ¯vÿiKvix m`m¨ Aš ÍZtc‡ÿ `yÕRb mvÿxi Dcw ’wZ‡Z ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ¯vÿi cÖ`vb

Ki‡eb Ges D³ ¯vÿi mvÿx KZ©„K mZ¨vwqZ n‡Z n‡e| [aviv 9(M)]

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Dchy³ avivmg~n ewY©Z mKj ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡K me©`v AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Gi

†Kv‡bv GKwU kZ© cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Aby‡gv`b I we‡kl wm×vš Í MÖnY I †ÿÎ we‡k‡l Av`vjZ I

miKv‡ii Aby‡gv`b MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|

wb‡gœ §viKwjwci GKwU bgybv †`qv nj:

gviæwZ ÷xj wgj&m wjwg‡UW

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1. †Kv¤úvwbi bvg: gviæwZ ÷xj wgj&m wjwg‡UW|

2. †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Awdm: ivR feb, 31, w`jKzkv evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv|

3. †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n:

K. wewfbœ †j․n I B¯úvZmvgMÖx Drcv`b I Avg`vwb Kiv;

L. †kv-iæg I weµq‡K›`ª cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g †`‡k-we‡`‡k ªe¨ weµq Kiv:

M. G‡R›U wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki me©Î Drcvw`Z ev Avg`vwbK…Z `ªe¨ weµ‡qi eë ’v Kiv I

N. D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ g~j D‡Ï‡kï Avbylw½K I cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv|

4. †Kv¤úvwbi AvIZvfz³ GjvKv: †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©µg mviv evsjv‡`ke¨vcx e¨vc„Z n‡Z cvi‡e|

5. g~jab: †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi cwigvY n‡e 50 †KvwU UvKv, hv cÖwZwU 100 UvKv g~‡jï 50 jÿ

mvaviY †kqv‡i wef³ n‡e|

6. m`m¨‡ì `vq: †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì `vq †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _vK‡e|

Avgiv wb‡gœœewY©Z e¨w³eM© G g‡g© m¤§wZ cÖ vb KiwQ †h, §viKwjwc‡Z DwjøwLZ kZ© Abymv‡i Avgiv GKwU

†Kv¤úvwb MV‡b B‛QzK Ges Avgv‡ì bv‡gi Wvbcv‡k¦© ewY©Z wbw ©ó A‡¼i †kqvi µ‡qI Avgiv

cÖwZkÖæwZe×|

m¤§wZ `vbKvix e¨w³‡ì bvg I

wVKvbv

µ‡q”Qz †kqv‡ii

cwigvY

µ‡q”Qz †kqvi

g~ja‡bi cwigvY

(cÖwZUv 100 UvKv

nv‡i)

¯vÿi

1. mvBdzj AvRg

114 / G-G g‡bk¦i †ivW

wRMvZjv, XvKv

5000 5 jÿ UvKv

wbjydv BqvQwgb

2. †gv: Avwe` Avjg

wbKzÄ feb

45, cvZjv Lvb †jb,

XvKv|

5000 5 jÿ UvKv

†gv: Avwe` Avjg

3. †di‡`․m Aviv †eMg

Gb, Gm, †ivW, cvebv|

5000 5 jÿ UvKv

†di‡`․m Aviv

†eMg

4. Avkivdzj Avjg

Gb, Gm, †ivW, cvebv

3000 3 jÿ UvKv

Avkivdzj Avjg

5. RvwKqv myjZvbv

Gb, Gm, †ivW, cvebv

3000 3 jÿ UvKv

RvwKqv myjZvbv

6. Avwmd-D¾vgvb

†Mvcvjcyi, GK`š Í cvebv

3000 3 jÿ UvKv

Avwmd-D¾vgvb

7. ivqnvb Avjx

†Mvcvjcyi, GK`š Í, cvebv

3 jÿ UvKv

ivqnvb Avjx

8. †gv: †njvj AvKb 3000 3 jÿ UvKv


79

ewikvj, SvjKvVx †gv: †njvj AvKb

†gvU M„nxZ †kqv‡ii msL¨v 30,000

(wÎk nvRvi)

30,00,000.00

(wÎk jÿ)

ZvwiL: 25 †k Ryb, 2005 Bs

Dc‡ivwj øwLZ e¨w³e‡M©i bvg, wVKvbv I ¯vÿi mZ¨vwqZ Kiv n‡jv|

---------------------

(GW‡fv‡KU AvZvDi ingvb)

evsjv‡`k nvB‡KvU©, XvKv|

evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv

evqZzj Avgvb

81, †jKmvK©vm, KjvevMvb, XvKv|

---------------------

(†gv: Kwei †nvmvBb)

131, wWAvBwU G·t †ivW, XvKv|

evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv

103 / 1-G, DËi gyM`vcvov

XvKv

wPÎ: msN ¯§vi‡Ki bgybv

5.09 ¯§viKwjwci ¸iæZ¡ ev Zvrch©

Importance of Memorandum of Association

GKUv †`‡ki Rb¨ Zvi msweav‡bi AvBbMZ gh©v`v †hgb GKUv †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ Zvi

msN¯§vi‡Ki gh©v`vI wVK Abyiƒc ej‡jI AZz¨w³ nq bv| msN¯§vi‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ ev AvBbMZ

Zvrch©‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

1. ÿgZvi wb‡`©k (Indication of power): ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©ÿgZvi mxgv wb‡`©k

K‡i| Giƒc `wj‡ji D‡Ïk¨ avivq ewY©Z KvR ev Gi mv‡_ mswkøó Avbylw½K KvR †Kv¤úvwb Ki‡Z

cv‡i| Gi evB‡i †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv n‡j Zv ÿgZv ewnf©yZ KvR we‡ewPZ nq|

2. m¤úK© wb‡`©k (Indication of relationship): msN §vi‡Ki kZ© wj Øviv †Kv¤úvwb I

†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³ ev AvBbMZ eÜ‡bi m„wó nq| A_©vr †Kv¤úvwb I †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ i ga¨Kvi

m¤úK© Gi Øviv wbY©xZ n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Zv‡ì AwaKvi Ges vqI Gi gva¨‡g wbiƒwcZ nq|

3. h_vwbq‡g cwieZ©b Avek¨K (Necessary to change at law): AvB‡b D‡jøwLZ KviY

e¨wZ‡i‡K Ges AvBb gvwdK AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb bv K‡i †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ

wm×v‡š Íi Øviv msN¯§viK cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr Giƒc `wjj h_vwbq‡g cwie ©Zb Avek¨K|

4. ÿgZv ewnf©~Z Kv‡Ri `vq (Liability for ultra vires activites): †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKiv

hw` ¯§viKwjwci ÿgZv ewnf©yZ †Kv‡bv Kvh© K‡i Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ †ÿÎwe‡k‡l Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi ev

Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU `vqx _v‡K|

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5. msN¯§vi‡Ki AMÖMY¨Zv (Primacy of memorandum of asociation): msN¯§viK I

msNwewai g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j †kqvi‡nvì viiv msNwewa ms‡kvab K‡i D³

Kvh© Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ msN¯§viK envj _v‡K| A_©vr Giƒc `wjj memgqB

gyL¨ we‡ewPZ nq|

6. cÖKvk¨ `wjj (Exressed document): msN¯§viK GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖKvk¨ `wjj| myZivs

†Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ †jb‡`‡b mKj cÿ Zv AeMZ Av‡Q e‡j aiv nq| Giƒc `wjj m¤ú‡K© Rvbv

wQj bv GB ARynvZ KLbB Av`vj‡Z MÖvn¨ nq bv|

Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq †h, ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤úvwbi gyL¨ `wjj, mb` ev msweavb| cÖ‡Z¨K †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨

G ai‡Yi `wjj •Zwi Acwinvh©| cÖ_g cwiPvjK I D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg Ges ¯vÿi G‡Z _vKvq Zv

†Kv¤úvwbi HwZ‡nï cÖKvk K‡i|

¯§viKwjwci cwieZ©b (Alternation of Memorandum of Association):

†Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwc cwieZ©b †ek AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y© I RwUj KvR| ¯§viKwjwci cÖ‡Z¨KwU welqe ‘

cwieZ©‡bi wfbœ wbqg †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ c×wZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1. bvg avivi cwieZ©b (Change of name clause): GB avivi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì

mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ Íve cvm Ki‡Z nq Ges G wel‡q miKv‡ii AbygwZ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| AZtci

we‡kl cÖ Íve cv‡mi I miKv‡ii AbygwZi Abywjwc †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq|

AvBbMZ mgm¨v †`Lv bv w`‡j wbeÜK, eB‡Z cyivZb bvg ev` w`‡q bZzb bvg AšÍf©y³ K‡ib Ges G

g‡g© mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb K‡ib| AZtci bvg cwieZ©b KvR mgvß nq|

2. D‡Ïk¨ avivi cwieZ©b (Change of objects clause): GB avivi cwieZ©‡b

†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mvaviY mfvq GB g‡g© we‡kl cÖ¯Íve cvm K‡i Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡gv`b jvf

Ki‡Z nq| Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi ci beŸB w`‡bi g‡a¨ ms‡kvwaZ ¯§viKwjwci

gyw`ªZ Kwc I Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi cÖwZwjwc wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| wbeÜK

ms‡kvwaZ ¯§viKwjwc Aby‡gv`b Ki‡j D‡Ïk¨ avivi cwieZ©b m¤ú~Y© nq|

Aek¨ wbgœwjwLZ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Kvi‡YB ïaygvÎ GB avivq cwieZ©b Kiv hvq−

K. AwaKZi e¨q ms‡KvP I eëmvq cwiPvjbvq `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨;

L. bZzb A_ev DbœZZi Dcv‡q †Kv¤úvwbi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kivi Rb¨;

M. ’vbxq Kvh©‡ÿÎ cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨:

N. Ggb †Kv‡bv bZzb eëmvq Avi¤¢ Kivi Rb¨ hv †Kv¤úvwbi eZ©gvb eëmv‡qi mv‡_ jvfRbKfv‡e hy³

Kiv hvq;

O. ¯§viKwjwc‡Z D‡jøwLZ †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ ms‡KvPb ev cwiZ¨vM Kivi Rb¨;

P. †Kv¤úvwbi hveZxq eëmvq A_ev eëmv‡qi Askwe‡kl A_ev GKvwaK eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv

GKwU weµq wKsev n Ívš Íi Kivi Rb¨;

Q. Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb ev e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ GKÎxf~Z nIqvi Rb¨|


81

3. Ae¯’vb I wVKvbv avivi cwieZ©b (Change of situation and address clause): G

†ÿ‡ÎI D‡Ïk¨ aviv cwieZ©‡bi Abyiƒc mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ Íve cvm Ges Av`vj‡Zi

Aby‡gv`b jvf Ki‡Z nq Ges Zv wbeÜK‡K Rvbv‡Z nq| D‡Ïk¨ avivi cwieZ©‡bi bv¨q

†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU KviY Giƒc cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GKB kn‡ii g‡a¨ ev

’vbxq GjvKvi g‡a¨ wVKvbv cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wVKvbv ’vbvš Í‡ii 28 w`‡bi g‡a¨ GB m¤ú‡K©

†Kv¤úvwb wbeÜK‡K weÁwß w`‡jB P‡j|

4. g~jab avivi cwieZ©b (Change of capital clause): †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z

g~jab cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© weavb _vK‡j †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab n«vm ev e„w× Kiv hvq| g~jab e„w×i

†ÿ‡Î mvaviY mfvq mvaviY cÖ¯Íve cvm Ki‡jB P‡j| wKš‘ g~ja‡bi cwigvY n«vm Ki‡Z

n‡j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ¯Íve cvm K‡i Av`vj‡Zi AbygwZ wb‡Z nq|

AZtci †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwc‡Z bZzb g~ja‡bi cwigvY D‡jøL K‡i cÖ¯Íve MÖn‡Yi ci 15

w`‡bi g‡a¨ g~jab cwieZ©‡bi †NvlYv wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq|

cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Øviv ÿgZvcÖvß n‡j †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv `vq mxgve× †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb wbgœwjwLZ

†h‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡q g~jab cwieZ©b ev n«vm e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i−

K. bZzb †kqvi wewj;

L. eZ©gvb †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb e„w×;

M. †kqvi¸‡jv‡K cybivq wef³ K‡i Aí g~‡jï †kqv‡i cwieZ©bKiY;

N. eÈb Kiv nqwb ev evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb †kqvi wnmve n‡Z ev` w`‡q †kqvi g~jab n«vm|

5.10 msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvewji aviYv Concept of Articles of Association

GwU †Kv¤úvwbi wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨š ÍixY wbqš¿Y m¤úwK©Z wewa-weavb A_©vr

†Kv¤úvwb Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e Zv D‡jøL _v‡K| Aek¨ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb

AvB‡b ewY©Z Zdwmj-1 †K †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î `wjj

•Zwii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î GwU cÖ ‘Z eva¨Zvg~jK|

cwi‡gj wbqgvewji welqe ‘ Contents of Articles of Association

cwi‡gj wbqgvewj n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi wØZxq Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj, hvi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨š ÍixY

Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvjbv msµvš Í hveZxq welqvw` wjwce× _v‡K| ¯§viKwjwci Aax‡b G `wjj †Kv¤úvwbi

Af¨š ÍixY wµqv-Kjv‡ci w`K-`k©b wn‡m‡e f~wgKv iv‡L, †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj‡Z †hme welq

Aš Íf©y³ nIqv DwPZ †m¸‡jv wbæiƒc−

1. cÖwZôv‡bi bvg: †Kv¤úvwbi bvg Ges bv‡gi †k‡l wjwg‡UW ev mxwgZ ms‡ÿ‡c wjt kãwU emv‡Z n‡e|

2. †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK msµvš Í wbqgvewj−

i. cwiPvjK msL¨v;

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ii. cwiPvjK, eë ’vc‡Ki bvg, wVKvbv, †ckv I Ab¨vb¨ weeiYx;

iii. cÖ_g cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;

iv. eë ’vcK I cwiPvjK‡ì `vq-`vwqZ¡, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨;

v. cwiPvjK‡ì †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi I g~j¨;

v i. cwiPvjK‡ì cvwikªwgK;

vii. cwiPvjK‡ì Aemi MÖnY, `vwqZ¡ Ae¨vnwZ BZ¨vw` msµvš Í wbqgvewj|

3. Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM c×wZ−

i. g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U;

ii. mwjwmUvi;

iii. `vjvj;

iv. Ae‡jL‡Ki bvg;

v. †ckv|

4. g~jab msµvš Í wbqgvewj−

i. Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY;

ii. g~ja‡bi †kªYxwefvM I cwigvY;

iii. b~¨bZg g~ja‡bi cwigvY;

iv. g~ja‡bi cwieZ©b ev n«vmÑe„w×i wbqg;

5. †kqvi msµvš Í wbqgvewj:

i. †gvU †kqv‡ii msL¨v I †kªYxwefvM;

ii. cÖwZ †kqv‡ii g~j¨;

iii. †kqvi µ‡qi Rb¨ RbmvaviY‡K Avnev‡bi wbqg;

iv. †kqvi n Ívš Íi msµvš Í wbqgvewj;

v. †kqvi weµ‡qi Kwgkb I `vjvwj;

vi. †kqvi g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai wbqgvewj;

vii. †kqvi weµq c×wZ;

viii. †kqvi ev‡RqvßKiY c×wZ I kZ©vewj;

ix. †kqvi n Ívš Íi msµvš Í wbqgvewj;

x. †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I AwaKvi;

xi. wewfbœ †kªYxi †kqvigvwjK‡ì `vq-`vwqZ¡, ÿgZv I AwaKvi|

6. †Kv¤úvwbi FY msµvš Í wbqgvewj:

i. †Kv¤úvwbi FY MÖnY msµvš Í wbqgvewj;

ii. †Kv¤úvwbi FY MÖnY ÿgZvi weeiY;

iii. FY MÖnY c×wZ|


83

7. †Kv¤úvwbi mfv msµvš Í wbqgvewj:

i. †Kv¤úvwbi mfv AvnŸvb I mfv cwiPvjbv c×wZ;

ii. mfvi †fvU MÖnY c×wZ;

iii. wewfbœ mfvi †Kvivg msµvš Í wbqg;

iv. mvaviY mfv I we‡kl mfv Abyôv‡bi wbqgvewj|

8. †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk msµvš Í wbqgvewj:

i. jf¨vsk †NvlYvi c×wZ;

ii. jf¨vsk‡K g~ja‡b iƒcvš ÍwiZ Kivi wbqgvewj|

9. †Kv¤úvwbi e¨vs‡Ki wnmve msµvš Í wbqgvewj|

10. †Kv¤úvwbi FY MÖn‡Yi c×wZ I wbqgvewj|

11. †Kv¤úvwbi wmj‡gvni msµvš Í wbqgvewj|

i. Gi msiÿY I

ii. eënvi-wewa|

Kg©cÎ-3

¯§viK wjwc I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji aviYv I welqe Íy we‡kølY K‡i G‡ì g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ †ei Ki|

¯§viKwjwc cwi‡gj wbqgvewj

• • • • •

• • • • •

5.11 weeiYc‡Îi aviYv

Concept of Prospctus

ÒProspectus is an advertisement of a company” mvaviYZ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb

RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †kqvi I FYcÎ weµ‡qi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi cwic~Y© Z_¨ m¤wjZ †h weÁvcb cÖPvi K‡i,

†mwU weeiY cÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GLv‡b m¤¢ve¨ wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z †Póv Pvjv‡bv

nq| G‡K †Kv¤úvwbi `c©‡Yi (Mirror) mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|

mvaviYZ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡bi QvocÎ msMÖ‡ni ci g~jab msMÖ‡ni wbwg‡Ë eëmv‡qi

Avw_©K Ae ’v Rvwb‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h cÎ iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K weeiYcÎ e‡j|

g~jZ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cvevi wbwg‡Ë wbeÜ‡bi QvocÎ AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cvewjK wjwg‡UW

†Kv¤úvwbi cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³vMY †h c‡Îi gva¨‡g RbMY‡K †kqvi ev wW‡eÂvi µ‡qi Avnevb Rvbvq

Zv‡K weeiYcÎ ev cÖm‡cKUvm e‡j|

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Contents of the Prospectus

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb hLb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq ev bZzb †Kv¤úvwb evRv‡i

†kqvi †Q‡o g~jab msMÖ‡ni mgq RbmvaviY‡K AewnZ Kiv ev DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨B weeiYx cÖPvi

K‡i _v‡K| weeiY c‡Î Ggb me welq Aš Íf©y³ Kiv DwPZ hv RbMY‡K G †Kv¤úvwb m¤ú‡K© c~Y©

weeiY w`‡Z mÿg |

GKwU weeiY c‡Î †hme welq Aš Ífy©³ nIqv DwPZ Zv wbæiƒc−

1. †Kv¤úvwbi bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨vewj|

2. Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY I weeiY|

3. †kqvi µ‡qi Av‡e`b, AveÈb I Zj‡e cÖ‡`q A‡_©i cwigvY Ges Av‡e`bcÎ Rgv †`qvi †kl

ZvwiL|

4. b~¨bZg g~jab msMÖ‡ni cwigvY|

5. cÖv_wgK Li‡Pi cwigvY|

6. cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv|

7. cwiPvjK‡ì †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡qi msL¨v I g~j¨|

8. cwiPvjK‡ì cvwikªwg‡Ki cwigvY|

9. cwiPvjK cl©‡ì m`m¨‡ì ¯^vÿi|

10. m¤úwËi we ÍvwiZ weeiY|

11. cwiPvjK‡ì †`q A_© I Ab¨vb¨ myweav|

12. jf¨vsk eÈb c×wZ|

13. †Kv¤úvwbi wbixÿ‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv|

14. †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Dc‡`óvi bvg I wVKvbv|

15. †Kv¤úvwbi e¨vsKv‡ii bvg I wVKvbv|

16. †Kv¤úvwbi wnmve wbixÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj|

17. Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i we ÍvwiZ weeiY|

18. ¯§viKwjwci mswÿß eY©bv|

19. cwi‡gj wbqgvewji msw&ÿß eY©bv|

20. cwiPvjKM‡Yi ¯ ^v_©|

21. †kqv‡ii †kªYxwefvM I cÖ‡Z¨K †kqv‡ii msL¨v|

22. cÖwZ †kqv‡ii weµqg~j¨ Ges cwi‡kva c×wZ|

23. †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †kqvi gvwjK‡ì ¯v_©|

24. †kqvi eÈ‡bi `vq †KD MªnY Ki‡j Zvi bvg I wVKvbv|

25. †Kv¤úvwbi c~e© BwZnv‡mi msw&ÿß weeiY|

26. g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U ev eë ’vcbv cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv, cvwikªwgK Ges wb‡qvM c×wZ|

27. PjwZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY|

28. †kqvi Av‡e`‡bi mgq Ges eiv‡×i Rb¨ †h cwigvY A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi cwigvY|

29. †Kv¤úvwbi wbKU m¤úwË we‡µZv‡ì bvg wVKvbv I cwiPq|


85

30. †Kvb D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg, wVKvbv Ges †Kv‡bv A_© ev myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j Zvi weeiY|

31. †Kv¤úvwbi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pzw³mg~‡ni ZvwiL, cÿmg~n|

32. †Kv¤úvwbi eëmvq Pvjy _vK‡j weMZ K‡qK eQ‡ii DØ„Ë cÎ I jvf ÑÿwZi wnmve weeiYx|

33. weeiYcÎ cÖPv‡ii ZvwiL I cwiPvjK‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯vÿi BZ¨vw`|

cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi †h, me ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYc‡ÎB D‡jøwLZ me¸‡jv welq Aš Ífy©³

bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖeZ©K ev cwiPvjKiv wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYc‡Îi welqe Íy wba©viY

K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e †Kv‡bv Ae ’v‡ZB weeiY c‡Î wg_¨v Z_¨-cwi‡ekb Kiv hv‡e bv|

weeiYc‡Îi weKí wee„wZ Statement in Lieu of Prospectus

†kqvi Øviv mxgve× cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYcÎ wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †ck Kiv Ges †m¸‡jv

Rbmvavi‡Yi ÁvZv‡_© cÖPvi Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| Z‡e †Kv¤úvwb‡K me©‡ÿ‡ÎB Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e G ai‡bi

†Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †Kv¤úvwbi cÖeZ©KMY AvZ¥xq¯Rb, eÜzevÜ‡ei wbKU †_‡K

cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avi weeiYcÎ cÖPvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ZLb 1994

mv‡ji AvB‡b ewY©Z ZdwmjÑ4 Abyhvqx GKwU weKí weeiYcÎ cÖ ‘Z Ki‡Z nq Ges Zvi GK Kwc

wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j †Kv¤úvwb †kqvi ev FYcÎ wewj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr, GKwU

†Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab hLb cÖeZ©KMY Zv‡ì wbR¯ AvZ¥xq¯Rb A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K

msMÖn Ki‡Z mg_© nb ZLb weeiYcÎ cÖPv‡ii cwie‡Z© wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †h wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K

weeiYc‡Îi weKí wee„wZ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

5.12 †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜbcÎ

Company Registration Certificate

†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wewfbœ weavb ev AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb †k‡l †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi cÖeZ©K ev

D‡`¨v³vMb †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU n‡Z wbeÜ‡bi cÖgvb wnmv‡e †h `wjj msMÖn K‡i

Zv‡KB wbeÜbcÎ e‡j| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Giƒc `wjj cvIqvi ciB KvR ïiæ

Ki‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc `wjj cÖvwßi ci Aw¯Í‡Z¡i m„wó

n‡jI Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖ‡ni c~‡e© Zviv KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wb‡gœ †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbc‡Îi GKwU bgybv †`qv n‡jv−

Bs 57/wb/2004 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi

†Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Kvh©vjq

gwZwSj ev/G, XvKv-1000

ZvwiL: ........................

wbeÜb cÎ

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...... ’X’ .......... †Kv¤úvwb wj.-†K †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx A`¨ .......................ZvwiL n‡Z

†kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwb wn‡m‡e ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv n‡jv|

¯vÿi wmj wbeÜK

wPÎ: wbeÜb cÎ

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, wbeÜb cÎ n‡jv †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖgvY ev `wjj| †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡bi ci

wbeÜb KZ ©„cÿ †Kv¤úvwb‡K D³ `wjj ev mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

5.13 Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ

Certificate of Commencenment

cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjj cÎmn †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki

wbKU Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ †P‡q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| Av‡e`‡b 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 50

avivi wbqg mwVKfv‡e cvwjZ n‡j wbeÜK †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ w`‡q GKLvbv cÎ cÖ`vb

K‡ib, hv Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Î †hme welq D‡j øL _v‡K, Zvn‡jv−

i. wbeÜb Awd‡mi bvg I wVKvbv ;

ii. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ Bmyï ZvwiL ;

iii. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i ZvwiL ;

iv. cÎ b¤i ;

v. Awdm mxj ;

vi. wbeÜ‡Ki bvg I c`wemn wmj I ¯vÿi ;

vii. †Kv‡bv kZ©hy³ _vK‡j Zvi weeiY BZ¨vw`|

wb‡gœ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi GKwU wPÎ †`qv n‡jv−

cÎ bs-A/07/2004 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi

†Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Kvh©vjq

gwZwSj ev/G, XvKv-1000

ZvwiL : ........................


87

Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 103 aviv Abyhvqx ‘Y’ †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ †`qv †Mj|

hv..............ZvwiL n‡Z Kvh©Ki n‡e|

¯vÿi wmj wbeÜK

wPÎ: Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ

5.14 †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab

Company Capital

AvaywbK eëmv‡qi RM‡Z g~jab‡K Rxebxkw³ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_© Qvov †h‡Kv‡bv

eëmvqB APj †hgb i³ Qvov gvby‡li kixi| Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k †hme eëmvq msMVb Avgiv †`wL

†m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi Dcv`vb me¸‡jv GKmv‡_ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ me cÖwZôv‡b GKwU g~j

Dcv`vb Aek¨B Av‡Q Avi Zv n‡jv A_©| eëmv‡qi cÖv_wgK e¨q wbe©vn, Drcv`b Kvh© Ae¨vnZ ivLv,

cY¨ weZiY I kªwg‡Ki cvIbv cwi‡kva cÖf„wZ mKj Kv‡R A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨B eëmv‡qi

mdjZv A‡bKvs‡kB A_©ms ’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| A_© ms ’vb g~jZ cÖwZôv‡bi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb

wba©viY, Drm AbymÜvb, eënvi wbiƒcY, fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ A_© msiÿY, mvgwMÖK A_© msiÿY I mvgwMÖK

A_© eë ’vcbv BZ¨vwì mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|

†Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡q A_©ms ’v‡bi ¯í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi Drm mg~n wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv

n‡jv−

¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi Drm

Sources of Short Term Business Finance

A_©evRvi n‡Z wkí Z_v eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ¯í‡gqvw g~jab ev cyuwR msMÖn Kiv nq| mvaviYZ GK eQ‡ii

Rb¨ ¯í †gqvw A‡_©i ms ’vb Kiv nq| evwYwR¨K e vsK, †`kxq FY vZv †Mvôx, eë ’vcbv cÖwZwbwae„› , wej

evRvi, mgevq e vsK, f~wgeÜwK e vsK cÖf„wZ wb‡q ¯í †gqvw F‡Yi Drm A_©evRvi MwVZ nq|

1. gvwj‡Ki Znwej (Owner’s Fund):

wPÎ: gvwj‡Ki Znwej|

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eëmv‡q ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvwj‡Ki Znwej‡K cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv

nq| gvwjK cÖ_gZ Zvi wb‡Ri mwÂZ A_© eëmv‡q wewb‡qvM K‡ib| gvwj‡Ki Znwej n‡Z

msM„nxZ A_© w`‡q eëmv‡qi PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î G Drm

n‡Z msM„nxZ A_© Ach©vß n‡j Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡Z A_©vq‡bi †Póv Kiv nq|

2. eëmvq FY (Trade Credit): eëmvq FY Ggb GK ai‡bi FY hv av‡i µq-weµ‡qi d‡j m„wó

nq| G ai‡bi F‡Yi AvIZvq cY¨ mvgMÖxi we‡µZv cY¨ weµ‡qi GKwU wbw ©ó mgq ci †µZvi KvQ

n‡Z g~j¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †µZvi wbKU GB wbw ©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ g~j¨ cwi‡kva bv Kivi myweav

FY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ, hv‡K eëmvq FY ejv nq| A_©vr, eëmvq FY Ggb GK ai‡bi FY‡K eySvq hv

GKRb eëmv‡qi ¯vfvweK Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j cY¨ mieivnKvixi KvQ †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b

Dbœqbkxj eëmvq RM‡Z Giƒc F‡Yi eënvi eëmv‡qi A_©ms ’vb‡K LyeB mnR K‡i‡Q|

3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (Commercial Bank): evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K ¯í‡gqvw` F‡Yi eëmvqx

ejv nq| e¨vsK¸‡jvi cÖavb KvR n‡jv wewfbœ eëmvq-evwYR¨ I wkí KviLvbvq ¯í †gqvw` FY

†`qv| myZivs †h †Kv‡bv eëmvqxi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡jB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi KvQ n‡Z

¯í‡gqv‡` A_© msMÖn Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vsK¸‡jv mnR k‡Z© avi, bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ FY

wn‡m‡e A_© w`‡q _v‡K|

4. AvZ¥xq¯Rb I eÜz evÜe (Relatives & Friends): cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyy‡liB Ggb wKQy AvZ¥xq ¯Rb

I eÜz evÜe _v‡K, hviv wewfbœ wec`-Avc` I cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq GwM‡q Av‡m| eëmvqx‡ì †ÿ‡ÎI

†`Lv hvq, eëmv‡q A_©vq‡b wbR¯ Znwej n‡Z msM„nxZ A_© Ach©vß n‡j wbKUZg AvZ¥xq¯Rb I

eÜzevÜe‡ì kiYvcbœ nq Ges Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e A_© wb‡q eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|

AvZ¥xq ¯Rb I eÜz-evÜe‡ì KvQ †_‡K FY MÖn‡Yi BwZevPK w`K n‡‛Q †Kv‡bv ai‡bi RvgvbZ Ges

my` ev gybvdv bv w`‡qB LyeB mnR k‡Z© I mnR cÖwµqvq FY MÖnY Kiv hvq|

5. †`kxq e¨vsKvi (Indigenous Banks): cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB eëmv‡qi A_©ms¯’v‡b †`kxq

e¨vsKvi gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| †`kxq e¨vsKvi ej‡Z A_© eëmv‡q wjß wewfbœ e¨w³ ev

gnvRb †kªYx‡K eySvq| †`kxq e¨vsKvi Pov my‡` wewfbœ eëmvqx‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i|

MÖvgvÂ‡j †`kxq e¨vsKvi‡ì Dcw¯’wZ AwaK jÿYxq|

6. eë ’vcbv cÖwZwbwa (Management Agent): eë ’vcbv cÖwZwbwa ej‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev

cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq hviv Pzw³i AvIZvq †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi eë ’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|

Giƒc eë ’vcbv cªwZwbwa eëmv‡qi ¯í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm| eë ’vcbv cÖwZwbwa


89

Avw_©K w`K †_‡K AZ¨š Í ¯‛Qj _vKvq Lye mn‡RB Zviv A‡_©i ms ’vb Ki‡Z mÿg nq| ZvQvov

evRv‡i h‡_ó mybvg _vKvq mn‡RB †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi FYcÎ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì

wR¤§vq e¨vsK n‡Z FY MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

7. mgevq e¨vsK I mgevq FY`vb mwgwZ (Co-operative Banks & Co-operative Credit Society): mgevq e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœ wkí, eëmvq I evwY‡R¨ FY cÖ`v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv ivL‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †QvULv‡Uv wewfbœ wkí I eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b ¯^í‡gqvw` FY

cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Gme cÖwZôv‡bi PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡‛Q| Ab¨w`‡K mgevq FY`vb

mwgwZ m„wói D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv mnR k‡Z© wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b FY `vb Kiv| Aek¨ Giƒc

cÖwZôvb cÖavbZ m`m¨‡ì FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡K|

8. AwMÖg A_© (Advance Money): †hme cÖwZôv‡bi Drcvw`Z cY¨ m¤ú‡K© evRv‡i h‡_ó mybvg

i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì ¯í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡b Lye GKUv †eM †c‡Z nq bv| †Kbbv, Zv‡ì cY¨ cvIqvi

R‡b¨ †µZv, LyPiv we‡µZv, cvBKvi, `vjvj ev dwoqvMY A‡bK mgq cY¨ Drcv`b ev msMÖ‡ni

Av‡MB AwMÖg g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i _v‡K| Avevi, KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI wewfbœ wkí

gvwjK‡ì KvQ †_‡K KuvPvgv‡ji AwMÖg g~j¨ †c‡q _v‡K|

9. miKvwi I Avav miKvwi cÖwZôvb (Government and Semi-Govt. Organizations): miKvwi I Avav-miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi A‡bK Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q †`‡ki eëmvq I wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b|

KvwiMwi mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk Gme cªwZôvb ÿz`ª, gvSvwi I e„n`vKvi eëmv‡qi PjwZ g~ja‡bi

Pvwn`v wbim‡b ¯í †gqvw` A_© mieivn K‡i _v‡K|

10. f~wg eÜwK e¨vsK (Land Mortgage Banks): f~wg eÜwK e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv f~wg ev Rwg

eÜK †i‡L FY cÖ`vb Kiv| wewfbœ eëmvqx I wkí cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKMY Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ I

eëmvwqK m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L f~wg eÜwK e¨vsK n‡Z ¯í‡gqvw` FY MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

11. wkí e¨vsK (Industrial Bank): wkí e¨vsK GKwU we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK| Giƒc e¨vs‡Ki cªavb

KvR n‡jv †`‡ki wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡b FY I civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv| wkí e¨vsK ga¨g I `xN©‡gqvw`

F‡Yi cvkvcvwk wk‡íi PjwZ g~ja‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi R‡b¨ ¯í‡gqvw` FY gÄyi K‡i _v‡K|

12. ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wP (Micro Credit Program): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki eëmvq I KzwUi wk‡íi

Dbœq‡b we‡kl K‡i ¯í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡b ÿ y`ª FY Kg©m~wP gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î

†emiKvwi wewfbœ ms ’v (NGO) †hgb−eªvK, Avkv, cÖwkKv cÖf„wZ MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK

Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b ÿ z`ª FY Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b ¯í‡gqvw` A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡‛Q|

we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki RvgvbZwenxb ÿ z`ª FY Kg©m~wPI eëmv‡qi ¯í‡gqvw`

A_©ms ’v‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

13. wej evÆvKiY (Discounting Bills): eëmvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cÖvc¨ wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡gI

¯í‡gqvw` A‡_©i ms ’vb K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvc¨ wej †Kv‡bv e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cªwZôv‡b wb‡q

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wM‡q we‡ji wjwLZ g~‡jï (Face Value) †P‡q Kg A‡_©i ms ’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b

Giƒc wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’vb Kiv nq|

14. m¤úwË weµq (Sale of Assets): A‡bK mgq eëmvq wKQy wKQy m¤úwË _v‡K hv eëmv‡q Kv‡R

jv‡M bv ev AwZwi³ ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq| Giƒc m¤úwË weµq K‡iI eëmv‡qi ¯í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi

eë ’v Kiv nq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mKj eëmvq cÖwZôvbB ¯í †gqvw` wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©ms ’v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|

¯í‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi Drm n‡‛Q cÖavbZ Drcv`b mswkøó e¨q| Kgx©‡ì cvwikªwgK Awdm

iÿYv‡eÿY e¨q, cÖf„wZ Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv nq|

eëmvq A_©ms ’v‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` Drm (Sources of Long Term Business Finance):

xN© Kvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ A_©vr 5 ev 10 eQ‡ii AwaK mg‡qi Rb¨ eëmv‡q †h A_©ms ’vb Kiv nq Zv‡K

xN©‡gqvw A_©ms ’vb e‡j| e„n vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ xN©‡gqvw A_©ms ’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

`xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drmmg~n wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

1. †kqvi weµq (Sale of share): †Kv¤úvwb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµq K‡i `xN©‡gqvw`

A_©ms ’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ: †Kv¤úvwb we‡jvcmva‡bi Av‡M †kqv‡ii A_© †diZ w`‡Z nq

bv| wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g G ai‡bi A_©ms ’v‡bi KvR nq|

2. FYcÎ weµq (Sale of debenture): †Kv¤úvwb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµq Kivi cvkvcvwk

FYcÎ weµ‡qi gva¨‡g `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3. mwÂwZ Znwej (Reserve fund): †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdvi †h Ask eÈb bv K‡i †i‡L †`qv nq

Zv‡K mwÂwZ Znwej e‡j| GB AewÈZ gybvdv w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi mwÂwZ Znwej MVb Kiv

nq hv eëmv‡qi `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| †hgb- mvaviY mwÂwZ

Znwej, jf¨vsk mgZvKiY Znwej|


91

4. Ae‡jLK (Underwriter): †h mKj e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb bZzb †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi I FYcÎ

weµ‡qi SzwuK MÖnY K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Ae‡jLK e‡j| †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi I FYcÎ weµq Kiv m¤¢e bv

n‡j Ae‡jLKivB Pzw³ Abyhvqx Aewkó †kqvi I FYcÎ µq K‡i `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi eë¯’v

K‡i _v‡K|

5. †kqvi evRvi (Share market): †h wbw`©ó ’v‡b wbqwgZ I Aby‡gvw`Z fv‡e wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi

†kqvi I FYcÎ µq-weµq Kiv nq Zv‡K †kqvi evRvi ejv nq| †kqvi evRv‡i †kqvi weµ‡qi

gva¨‡g `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’vb Kiv hvq|

6. wkíe¨vsK (Industrial bank): wkíe¨vsK I wkí FY ms ’v e„n`vqZb wkí ’vcb I Dbœq‡b

`xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K|

7. eÜwK e¨vsK (Mortage bank): mvaviYZ: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Dchy³ RvgvbZ †c‡j `xN©‡gqvw`

A_©ms ’v‡bi Rb¨ FY mieivn K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK mgq wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw`

wmwÛ‡K‡Ui gva¨‡g A_©ms ’v‡bi eë ’v K‡i _v‡K|

8. wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb (Investment organisation): wewfbœ wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb †hgb

e¨vsK, exgv, wjwRs BZ¨vw` `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i|

9. exgv cÖwZôvb (Insurance company): eëmv‡qi AwbðqZv `~i K‡i SuywK MÖnY K‡i _v‡K

exgv cÖwZôvb| Giv G‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms ’vb K‡i _v‡K|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †h‡Kv‡bv eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigvY g~jab ev Znwe‡ji

cÖ‡qvRb nq| G cÖ‡qvRb `xN©‡gqvwÌ nq| DcwiD³ Drm¸‡jvi gva¨‡g eëmvq cwiPvjbvi

Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Kiv hvq|

5.15 †kqvi (Share)

bZzb wKsev cyivZb †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖavb nvwZqvi n‡jv †kqvi| Bs‡iwR

‘Share’’ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© ÕAskÕ| †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kqviÑGi A_© n‡‛QÑ†Kv¤úvwbi

†gvU g~ja‡bi Ask| †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K †gvU mgcwigvY KZK¸‡jv ÿz`ª ÿ z`ª GK‡K wef³

Kiv nq| G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K GK GKwU †kqvi e‡j| cª‡Z¨KwU †kqv‡ii wbw`©ó AvswKK g~j¨

(Face value) _v‡K Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwUi g~j¨ mgvb _v‡K| †hgbÑ†Kv‡bv ‡Kv¤úvwbi 10 jÿ UvKvi

g~jab‡K 10,000 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡j GK GKwU fv‡Mi g~j¨ n‡e 100 UvKv| g~ja‡bi G †kqv‡ii

gvwjK n‡q †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv `vwe Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vP‡b †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi cvIqv hvq|

e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb Pjgvb Ae ’vq Avw_©K msK‡U co‡j †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g g~jab msMÖ‡ni eë ’v

K‡i|

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myZivs †Kv¤úvwbi mgMÖ g~jab‡K mgcwigvY GK‡K wef³ Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K †kqvi e‡j|

cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKKB mgvb g~j¨ enb K‡i Ges g~ja‡bi GKwU ÿ z`ª Ask wb‡`©k K‡i, hv‡K †kqvi e‡j|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †kqvi n‡‛Q †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~ja‡bi Ask| †h e¨w³ †kqvi µq K‡i Zv‡K

†kqvi‡nvìvi e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †kqvi g~ja‡bi Ask e‡j †mwU µ‡qi Øviv †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi

AvswkK gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i Ges Gi e‡j Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk cvevi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|

†Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mvab NU‡j †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwË‡Z cÖ`Ë g~ja‡bi AvbycvwZK Ask

†diZ cvevi AwaKvix nq|

†kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM Classification of Shares of Company

†kqvi n‡jv †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~ja‡bi ÿ y`ªZg Ask| †Kv¤úvwb g~jab msMÖn Kivi Rb¨

RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †kqvi wewµ K‡i †`q| †Kv¤úvwb wb‡Ri Ges wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì K_v we‡ePbv

K‡i,wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i|

wb‡gœ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv−

1. mvaviY †kqvi (Ordinary Share): †h †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY AMÖvwaKvihy³ †kqv‡ii gvwjK‡ì g‡a

jf vsk eÈ‡bi ci jf vsk cvq Ges eëmvq we‡jvc mvabKv‡jI AMÖvwaKvi hy³ †kqvi gvwjK‡ i g~jab

†`qvi ci Zv‡ì g~jab †diZ cvevi AwaKvix nq Zv‡K mvaviY ev BKz¨BwU †kqvi e‡j|

Awba©vwiZ g~j¨ ev AbvswKK

g~‡jï †kqvi

AwaKvi ev ivBU

†kqvi

†evbvm †kqvi

†kqvi

mvaviY †kqvi AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi wejw¤^Z †kqvi we‡kl/Ab¨vb¨ †kqvi

AcwieZ©bxq

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

cwieZ©b‡hvM

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

Ask bv MÖnYKvix

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

mÂqx

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

AmÂqx

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

cwi‡kva

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

Acwi‡kva

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

AskMÖnYKvix

AMÖvwaKvi

†kqvi

wPÎ: †kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM|


93

mvaviY †kqv‡ii jf¨vs‡ki nv‡ii †Kv‡bv w ’iZv †bB| jvf †ewk n‡j jf¨vsk †ewk n‡e Avi

jvf Kg n‡j Zv‡ì cÖvc¨ jf¨vskI Kg n‡e| mvaviY †kqvi‡K BKz¨BwU †kqvi ejv nq| G

ai‡bi †kqvi gvwjKMY c~Y© †fvUvwaKvi cÖvß nb Ges eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2. AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Preference Share): †h †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY eëmv‡qi jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi

†ÿ‡Î ev eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mva‡bi mg‡q Zv‡ì g~ja‡bi A_© †diZ cvevi †ÿ‡Î AMÖvwaKvi

jvf K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡KB e‡j AMÖvwaKvihy³ †kqvi|

†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 85 bs avivq ejv Av‡Q †h, AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi g~ja‡bi

†mB Ask hv wbæiƒc myweavmg~n †fvM K‡i _v‡K:

(K) jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi mgq G †kqv‡ii wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cvevi AMÖvwaKvi _v‡K|

(L) †Kv¤úvwb we‡jvc n‡j g~jab †diZ †èvi AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i|

jf¨vsk eÈb c×wZi Dci wfwË K‡i AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K Avevi KwZcq †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq−

i. mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Cumulative Preference Share): hw` †Kv‡bv eQi †Kv¤úvwbi

gybvdv AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì jf¨vsk cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq | Z‡e Zv‡ì Acwi‡kvwaZ

jf¨vsk e‡Kqv †i‡L c‡i hLb †Kv¤úvwb gybvdv AwR©Z nq ZLb eZ©gvb jf¨vs‡ki mv‡_ c~‡e©i

Acwi‡kvwaZ e‡Kqv jf¨vsk cwi‡kva K‡i †`qv nq| Acwi‡kvwaZ jf¨vsk †Kv¤úvwbi KvQ

cvIbv n‡Z _v‡K Ges gybvdv AwR©Z n‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zv cÖ`vb K‡i| G ai‡bi †kqvi‡K mÂqx

AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ejv n‡q _v‡K|

ii. AmÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Non-Cumulative Preference Share): G †kªYxi †kqvi

gvwjKMY †KejgvÎ †h eQi †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdv AwR©Z nq †m eQiB jf¨vsk cvevi AwaKvix nq| hw`

†Kv‡bv eQi †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdv AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q H eQ‡ii gybvdv `vwe Ki‡Z

cv‡i bv Ges Giƒc gybvdv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q Zv‡ì cvIbv nq bv| G Kvi‡Y Giƒc †kqvi‡K AmÂqx

AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi e‡j|

iii. cwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Redeemable Preference Share): †h AMÖvwaKvi †kqv‡ii

g~j¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l †kqvi gvwjK‡ì †diZ †`qv nq Zv‡K cwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi

e‡j| Giƒc †kqvi †Kej cwi‡gj wbqgvewji Aby‡gv`bµ‡g †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi kZ© Abyhvqx

weµq Kiv P‡j| GwU g~jZ †kqvi I FYc‡Îi wgwkªZ GK we‡kl ai‡bi †kqvi|

iv. Acwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Irredeemable Preference Share): †h AMÖvwaKvi

†kqv‡ii g~j¨ †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mva‡bi c~‡e© †dir cvIqv hvq bv Zv‡K Acwi‡kva¨ †kqvi e‡j|

v. AskMÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Participating Preference Share): †h AMÖvwaKvi

†kqv‡ii gvwjKMY gybvdv n‡Z cÖ_gZ wbw ©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cÖvß n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z mvaviY †kqvi

gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi mgq cybivq Zvi Ask cvq Zv‡K AskMÖnbKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ev

cvwU©wm‡cwUs †kqvi e‡j| www.fa

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vi. Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Non-Participating Preference Share): †h

RvZxq †kqv‡ii gwjKMY gybvdv n‡Z ïaygvÎ wbw ©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cvq wKš‘ mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡ì

gv‡a¨ jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi mgq cybivq Ask cvq bv Zv‡K Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ev bb

cvwU©wm‡cwUs †kqvi e‡j|

vii. cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Convertible Preference Share): †kqvi weµ‡qi kZ©

Abyhvqx wbw ©ó mgqv‡šÍ †h AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K mvaviY †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍ‡ii my‡hvM †`qv nq Zv‡K

cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ †kqvi e‡j|

viii. AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Non-Convertible Preference Share): †h

AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K KLbB mvaviY †kqv‡i iƒcvš ÍwiZ Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨

AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi e‡j|

3. wejw¤Z †kqvi (Deferred Share): AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi I mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨

jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi ci G †kªYxi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ jf¨vsk eÈb Kiv nq| Avevi †Kv¤úvwbi

we‡jvc mva‡bi †ÿ‡Î c~‡e©v³ `yB †kªYxi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g~ja‡bi A_© cÖZ¨vc©Y Kivi ci hw`

g~ja‡bi ev m¤úwËi †Kv‡bv DØ„Ë _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡ì `vwe †gUv‡bv nq| Kv‡RB †Kv¤úvwbi

jf¨vsk eÈb ev g~jab cÖZ¨c©‡Yi wel‡q Giv me©‡kl `vwe`vi ev AwaKvi‡fvMx| †Kv¤úvwbi

cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³vivB G †kªYxi †kqv‡ii gvwjK nq| G ai‡bi †kqvi‡K cÖeZ©‡Ki †kqvi ev

Founder’s Share e‡j|

4. we‡kl/Ab¨vb¨ †kqvi (Special/Other Share): mvaviYfv‡e Dc‡i ewY©Z wZb ai‡bi †kqvi

†`Lv hvq| Z‡e A‡bK mgq †Kv¤úvwb‡K Dc‡ii †kqvi¸‡jv QvovI wewfbœ bv‡g †kqvi eÈb

Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| •ewk‡óï `„wó‡Z G †kqvi¸‡jv mvaviY †kqvi|

wb‡gœ wZb ai‡bi we‡kl †kqv‡ii eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−

K. Awae„wË/†evbvm †kqvi (Bonus Share): KLbI KLbI †Kv¤úvwb AwR©Z gybvdvi wKQy wKQy

Ask m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb bv K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ msiwÿZ Znwe‡j Zv Rgv iv‡L|

Znwe‡j iwÿZ GB AewÈZ gybvdv †_‡K m„ó jf¨vsk cieZ©x‡Z †kqvi gvwjKMY‡K bM‡` cÖ`vb

bv K‡i H jf¨vs‡ki e`‡j †Kv¤úvwb †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i| bM` jf¨vs‡ki e`‡j †h †kqvi Bmy¨ ev

cÖ`vb Kiv nq †mB †kqvi‡K Awae„wË ev †evbvm †kqvi e‡j| G †kqvi‡K we‡kl ai‡bi †kqvi

ejv n‡jI G †kqvi mvaviY †kqv‡ii Aš ÍM©Z| †evbvm †kqv‡ii AvswKK g~j¨ bM‡` †kqvi

gvwjKMY‡K bv w`‡q Zv msiwÿZ Znwej †_‡K g~jab Znwe‡j iƒcvš Íi Kiv nq|

L. AwaKvi ev ivBU †kqvi (Right Share): cª‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` AwaKZi g~jab msMÖ‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨

†Kv¤úvwb Avevi bZzb K‡i †kqvi evRv‡i Qvovi mgq eZ©gvb †kqvi gvwjK‡ì‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q

_v‡K| eZ©gvb (existing) †kqvi gvwjKMY Zv‡ì AwaKvify³ c~‡e© KªxZ †kqv‡ii Abycv‡Z

bZzb †kqvi µ‡qi AwaKvix nq| AwaKvi cÖvß G bZzb †kqvi‡K ivBU †kqvi e‡j| g‡b Kiv


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hvK, †Kv¤úvwb wm×vš Í wbj †h, Zviv 2:1 Abycv‡Z ivBU †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡e| A_©vr hvi cyivZb

2wU †kqvi Av‡Q †m 1wU bZzb †kqvi Kª‡qi ivBU †kqvi wn‡m‡e cv‡e| ivBU †kqviI †Kv‡bv

c„_K ai‡bi †kqvi bq| GwU mvaviY ev AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi n‡Z cv‡i|

M. Awba©vwiZ g~j¨ ev Abvw¼K g~‡jï †kqvi (No-par value Shares): †h †kqv‡ii †Kv‡bv

Avw¼K g~j¨ c~e© n‡Z wbw ©ó _v‡K bv, eQi †k‡l wnmveÑwbKv‡ki ci †gvU m¤ú` n‡Z †gvU Ab¨vb¨ v‡qi

cwigvY ev` w`‡q †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb wbiƒcY Kiv nq, Zv‡K Abvw¼K g~‡jï †kqvi e‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡k G

ai‡bi †kqv‡ii cÖPjb †bB| Av‡gwiKvq G ai‡bi †kqvi †ewk †`Lv hvq| cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³vMY G

†kqv‡ii gvwjK nq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb wewfbœ cwiw ’wZ‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi †kqv‡ii eënvi NUvq

†kqvi‡nvìviMY Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx Gme †kqvi aviY K‡ib| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq

wewfbœ ai‡bi †kqvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-4

†kqv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi m‡e©vËg g‡b nq Ges

†Kb?

•

•

•

•

•

5.16 FYc‡Îi aviYv

Concept of Debenture

FYcÎ n‡jv F‡Yi `wjj| A_©‣bwZKfv‡e msKUMÖ¯Í cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi A_© msMÖ‡ni

Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi G FYcÎ| FYc‡Îi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwb GKw`‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i Ab¨w`‡K A_©

cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb wbw`©ó mg‡q my` cÖvwßi gva¨‡g Av‡qi welq wbwðZ nq| hviv FYcÎ µq

K‡i Zv‡ì‡K †Kv¤úvwbi cvIbv`vi e‡j|

cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ¯xq mxj‡gvnihy³ †h `wj‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i cÖwZeQi my`

cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e g~jab msMÖn K‡i Zv‡K FYcÎ e‡j|

FYc‡Î †Kv¤úvwbi bvghy³ mxj‡gvni _v‡K| Gi Dci cÖ‡`q my`, Rvwgb, cwi‡kv‡ai mgq

cÖf„wZ kZ©vewji D‡jøL _v‡K| †kqv‡ii g‡Zv GiI GKwU Avw¼K g~j¨ _v‡K| D‡jøL¨ †h,

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†Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ wewj K‡i FY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM Classification of Debenture

FYcÎ‡K F‡Yi `wjj ejv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab MV‡bi Rb¨ G `wjjwU wewfbœfv‡e eënvi K‡i|

myZivs, FYcÎ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| F‡Yi RvgvbZ, FY cwi‡kv‡ai kZ©, n Ívš Íi I cwieZ©‡bi

my‡hvM, myweav BZ¨vwì wfwË‡Z FYcÎ‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi FY `vZviv my‡hvM

Ges Pvwn`v Abyhvqx FY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

FYcÎ‡K wb‡æv³ †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq−

wPÎ: FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM|

K. Rvgvb‡Zi wfwË‡Z FYcÎ Classification on the Basis of Security

1. mvaviY ev RvgvbZ wenxb FYcÎ (Ordinary or Unsecured Debenture): †h FYcÎ

wewj Ki‡Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii Rvwgb w`‡Z nq bv Zv‡K mvaviY ev RvgvbZ wenxb

FYcÎ e‡j| G RvZxq FYc‡Î kyay F‡Yi UvKv I my` cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ _v‡K| evRv‡i

†Kv¤úvwbi h‡_ó mybvg _vK‡j Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i RbmvaviY Rvwgb QvovB Giƒc FYcÎ µq

K‡i _v‡K| mybvgB †µZvi Kv‡Q RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Giƒc FYc‡Îi gvwjKMY

†Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY cvIbv`vi e‡j we‡ewPZ nb|

FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM

Rvgvb‡Zi wfwË‡Z

FYcÎ cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z

FYcÎ ZvwjKvfyw³ ev n¯—vš—i myweavi

wfwË‡Z FYcÎ cwieZ©b myweavi

wfwË‡Z FYcÎ

1. mvaviY ev RvgvbZ

wenxb FYcÎ

2. eÜKx ev

RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ

1. cwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ

2. Acwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ

1. wbewÜZ FYcÎ

2. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ

1. iƒcvš—i‡hvM¨

FYcÎ

2. Aiƒcvš—i‡hvM¨

FYcÎ


97

2. eÜKx ev RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ (Mortgage or Secured Debenture): eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv

m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L ev Rvwgb †i‡L †Kv¤úvwb †hme FYcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K eÜKx

FYcÎ ejv nq| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi FYMÖnxZvMY F‡Yi Avmj I my` cvIqvi wbðqZv jvf

K‡i| G RvZxq FYcÎ wewji †ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb‡K FYc‡Îi RvgvbZK…Z m¤ú‡ì we¯ÍvwiZ

weeiY w`‡q wbeÜ‡Ki Kv‡Q Rvbv‡Z nq|

eÜKx/RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ‡K wb‡gœœv³ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

3. wbw`©ó RvgvbZ hy³ FYcÎ (Fixed Charge Debenture): †Kv¤úvwbi we‡kl m¤ú‡ì Dci

Rvwgb †i‡L †h FYcÎ wewj Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j wbw`©ó RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ| Gme †ÿ‡Î

FYcÎavix‡ì AbygwZ QvovB †jb‡`b K‡i _v‡K|

L. cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z FYcÎ Classification on the Basis of Payment

1. cwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ (Redeemable Debenture): wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l FY cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZkÖæwZ

w`‡q †h me FYcÎ †Kv¤úvwb Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K e‡j cwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ| mvaviYfv‡e

FYc‡Î D‡jøwLZ kZ©vbymv‡i Giƒc F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|

2. Acwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ (Irredeemable Debenture): †h FYc‡Îi UvKv cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î

†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgq D‡jøL _v‡K bv Ges FYcÎavwiMY Zv‡ì cÖ`Ë A_© `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K

Acwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ e‡j| Giƒc FYcÎ‡K wPi ’vqx FYcÎ e‡j|

M. ZvwjKvfyw³ ev n ÍvšÍi myweavi wfwË‡Z FYcÎ Classification on the basis of Registration

1. wbewÜZ FYcÎ (Registered Debenture): †h FYc‡Î †µZvi bvg †Kv¤úvwbi eB‡Z

wjwce× _v‡K Zv‡K wbewÜZ FYcÎ e‡j| G ai‡bi wbeÜb c‡Î †µZvi bvg, µwgK

b¤îmn D‡jøL _v‡K| n¯Ívš Íi `wjj m¤cÖ`vb K‡i G ai‡bi FYc‡Îi aviK mswkøó FYcÎ

†Kv¤úvwb‡K Rvwb‡q wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ (Un-Registered Debenture): †h FYc‡Î †µZvi bvg Ges Gi wewjKvix

†Kv¤úvwbi eB‡Z wjwce× _v‡K bv Zv‡K AwbewÜZ FYcÎ e‡j| G FYc‡Î †µZvi bvg I KªwgK b¤i

D‡jøL _v‡K bv| G ai‡bi FYcÎ n ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv|

N. cwieZ©b myweavi wfwË‡Z FYcÎ Classification on the basis of conversion

1. iƒcvš Íi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ (Convertible Debenture): kZ©vbymv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡i

FYc‡Îi gvwjKMY B‛Qv Ki‡j Zv‡ì FYcÎ‡K †kqv‡i iƒcvš Íi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi

FYcÎ‡K cwieZ©bxq ev iƒcvš Íi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j|

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2. Aiƒcvš Íi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ (Unconvertible Debenture): †h FYcÎ‡K KLbB †kqv‡i

iƒcvš Íi Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Aiƒcvš Íi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j| †Kej A‡_©i gva¨‡g G FYc‡Îi

UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb RM‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi FYc‡Îi eënvi e¨vcK| wewfbœ ai‡bi FYcÎ

†Kv¤úvwbi A_©vq‡b wewfbœfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-5

†kqvi I FYcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †kqvi I FYc‡Îi g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ wjL:

†kqvi FYcÎ

• • • • •

• • • • •

5.17 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi we‡jvcmvavb

Dissolution/Winding up of the Company

we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z ¸wU‡q †djv ev wejyß Kiv ev eÜ K‡i †`qv‡K †evSvq| Avi †Kv¤úvwbi

we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z Gi Kvh©µg eÜ K‡i †`qv‡K †evSvq| †h c×wZ‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©ÿgZvi Aemvb

N‡U Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab e‡j|

†Kv¤úvwb AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix GKwU †¯‛Qv msMVb| AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó e‡j Gi

cwimgvwßI AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K|

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wbqg †gvZv‡eK †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©µg ¸wU‡q †djv‡KB

†Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab e‡j|

AvB‡bi weavb cvj‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©µg ¸wU‡q †bqv hvq| Avi Gi gva¨‡gB

†Kv¤úvwb nvivq Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡|

†Kv¤úvwb we‡jvcmvab c×wZ Methods of Dissolution of the Company

†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi KvRKg© ¸wU‡q †bqvi c×wZ‡K †Kv¤úvwbi

we‡jvcmvab e‡j| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 234(1) avivq †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmva‡bi wZbwU

c×wZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

K. Av`vjZ KZ©„K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab [234-1(K) aviv ]: †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi‡nvìvi, cvIbv`vi

ev †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜ‡Ki Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z †h me Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ KZ©„K eva¨Zvg~jK

we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i, †m¸‡jv n‡jv−


99

1. we‡kl mfvq †kqvi‡nvìviMY KZ©„K we‡jvc mva‡bi wm×vš Í MÖnY;

2. wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewae× mfv Ab yôvb I wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU wewae× weeiYx †c‡k e¨_©Zv;

3. wbeÜ‡bi GK eQi mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kvh©vi‡¤¢ e¨_©Zv;

4. hyw³msMZ KviY e¨ZxZ GK eQi mg‡qi †ewk Kvh©µg eÜ _vKv;

5. AvBb †gvZv‡eK †Kv¤úvwb‡Z b~¨bZg msL¨K m`m¨ bv _vKv;

6. †Kv¤úvwbi cuvP nvRvi UvKv ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk cwigvY FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_©Zv;

D‡jøwLZ †h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av vjZ Aemvq‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡q GKRb wjKzBwWUi wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib, whwb †Kv¤úvwbi

me m¤úwË n‡Z cÖ_‡g Z…Zxq c‡ÿi † bv cwi‡kva K‡i wKQy _vK‡j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ i g‡a eÈb K‡ib|

L. †¯”Qvq we‡jvcmvab [234-1(L) aviv]:

†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi‡nvìvi ev cvIbv`viMY B‡‛Q Ki‡j wb‡RivB †Kv¤úvwbi Aemvqb

NUv‡Z cv‡ib| †m †ÿ‡Î †kqvi‡nvìvi I cvIbv`viMY cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z

Av`vj‡Zi mvnvh¨ QvovB †¯^‛Qvq we‡jvcmvab NUv‡Z cv‡ib|

†hme Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi †¯^‛Qvq we‡jvcmvab NUv‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv [290(1) aviv] :

i. we‡kl mfvq †kqvi‡nvìviMY I cvIbv`vie„‡›ì we‡jvcmva‡bi wm×vš Í MÖnY;

ii. †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ I mg‡qi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡q Zv m¤úbœ n‡j;

iii. †Kv¤úvwb FYMÖ Í n‡q co‡j Ges cwi‡kv‡a Aÿg n‡j;

iv. †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbv AjvfRbK n‡j BZ¨vw`|

M. Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab 234-1(M) aviv:

†Kv¤úvwbi †¯‛Qvg~jK we‡jvcmva‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv c‡ÿi Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z Av`vj‡Zi

ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i| †hme Kvi‡Y Giƒc we‡jvcmvab N‡U| †mme n‡jv :

i. †kqvi gvwjK ev cvIbv`vi‡ì cÖZviYvi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡jvc mva‡bi wm×vš Í MÖnY Kiv n‡j;

ii. †Kv¤úvwbi m¤ú` msMÖn I weµ‡q Awbqg n‡j; BZ¨vw`|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ cš’vq †Kv¤úvwbi Aemvb NUv‡bv hvq| G¸‡jv Qvov

†h‡Kv‡bv †h․w³K Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ †h‡Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mvab NUv‡Z cv‡i|

5.18 evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv

The Present Condition and Future Prospects of Company in Bangladesh

cÖvq 15 †KvwU gvby‡li †`k nIqvq G‡`‡ki Af¨š ÍixY evRvi †gvUvgywU eo| Z`ycwi m Ív Rbkw³i

Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki A‡bK eo eo eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o IVv cÖZ¨vwkZ wQj| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨

†h, G †`‡k e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb ev †Kv¤úvwb msMVb we Ívi jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| Gi wcQ‡b

Aš Íivqmg~n wbgœiƒc−

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1. `ÿ D‡`¨v³vi Afve (Insufficiency of efficient entrepreneurs): G ai‡bi eëmvq

msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ GK`j `ÿ, AwfÁ I Avš ÍwiK D‡`¨v³v †kªYx Avek¨K| `ytLRbK

n‡jI mZ¨ †h, G †`‡k Zvi Afve i‡q‡Q|

2. `ÿ I †ckv`vi eë ’vc‡Ki Afve (Insufficiency of shilled and professional managers): †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klZ e„n`vqZb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjbv

c×wZ RwUj nIqvq Gi cwiPvjbvq GK`j `ÿ I †ckv`vi eë ’vc‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi eë ’vc‡Ki h‡_ó Afve jÿYxq|

3. cwiPvjK‡ì BwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei Afve (Lack of the positive mentality of directors): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡bK †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvj‡Ki eëmvq cwiPvjbvq BwZevPK

g‡bvfv‡ei h‡_÷ Afve jÿYxq| e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡q Zv cwi‡kva bv Kiv, †kqv‡ii `vg

evwo‡q wb‡R‡ì ¯v_©wmw×, ¯RbcÖxwZ BZ¨vw` gvbwmKZv mevB‡K nZvk K‡i|

4. cwiPvjbv e¨‡qi AvwaK¨ (Excess management expenses): cwiPvjKmn Gi D‛P

ch©v‡qi A‡bK eë ’vc‡Ki g‡a¨ AwaK e¨q Kivi nxb gvbwmKZvI jÿYxq| †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì

cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai Afve †_‡K G ai‡bi gvbwmKZvi m„wó nq, hv mevB‡K nZvk K‡i|

5. kw³ m¤ú‡ì Afve (Lack of energy): e„n`vqZb wkí KviLvbv M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨

eZ©gvbKv‡j kw³ m¤ú‡ì cÖvPzh©Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k M¨vm I we`y¨r Lv‡Zi `yie ’v G

ai‡bi cÖwZôvb MV‡b D‡`¨v³v‡ì wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|

6. Kvh©Ki `„óv‡š Íi Afve (Absence of effective instance): c„w_exi †`‡k †`‡k jÿYxq †h,

GKUv D‡`¨v³v MÖæc †`‡k e„n`vqZb wkí-KviLvbv cÖwZôvq †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| hv‡ì `„óvš Í Abymi‡Y

Abïv GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k GB `„óv‡š Íi eoB Afve i‡q‡Q|

7. Kvh©Ki eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Abycw ’wZ (Absence of effective business environment): Avgv‡ì `yf©vM¨ n‡jv GB †h, †`‡k eëmv‡qi Kvh©Ki †Kv‡bv cwi‡ek M‡o

I‡Vwb| cvU, Pvgov BZ¨vw` wkí GK mgq G¸‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Zv ’vqx nqwb| miKv‡ii

RvZxqKiY bxwZI ¯vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q mdj nqwb| †PvivKvievixI GK mgq eëmvq‡K

ÿwZMÖ Í K‡i‡Q|

8. kw³kvjx †kqvi evRv‡ii Abycw ’wZ (Absence of sound share market): †h †Kv‡bv

†`‡kB e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb msMVb cÖwZôvq †kqvi evRvi †bZ…Z¡ †`q| GB evRv‡ii Kvi‡Y ÿz`ª

wewb‡qvMKvixiv wewb‡qv‡M AvK…ó n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k †kqvi evRvi dUKvevR‡ì

Afvqvi‡Y¨ cwiYZ nIqvq Gi mydj †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv cv‡‛Q bv|

†gvUK_v evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMVb GwM‡q †bIqvi gZ cwi‡ek Kvh©Z m„wó nqwb| bvbvb cÖwZK~j

cwi‡ek `~ixKi‡Y hv‡ì D‡`¨vMx nIqvi K_v Zv‡ì f~wgKv‡Z wewb‡qvMKvixi Amš Íyó| ZvB bvbvb

cÖwZkÖæwZ Avi K_vi dzjSzwi w`‡q G mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e bv|

5.19 mv¤úªwZK eëmvq

Recent Business


101

evwqs nvDR eëmvq (Buying House Business): eZ©gv‡b †`‡k †cvkvK •Zix wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq cuvP nvRvi| we‡`k †_‡K †µZv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv

mvavibZ mivmwi †Kv‡bv •Zix †cvkvK wk‡í cÖwZôv‡bi ms‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i bv| Zviv cY¨ wKb‡Z

Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb‡K †e‡Q †bq| `yÕc‡ÿi Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Pzw³ nq| Pzw³

†gvZv‡eK †`kxq cÖwZôvbwU †µZvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbw`©ó ai‡bi cY¨ mieivn Kivi hveZxq

`vwqZ¡cvjb K‡i| GB eëmvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KB evwqs nvDR eëmvq e‡j|

evwqs nvDR eëmvq w`‡Z n‡j jvM‡e G eëmvi •ea mb`| G Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB−

1. †UªW jvB‡mÝ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

2. BGMEA Gi m`m¨c` †c‡Z Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e|

Av‡e`bc‡Îi m‡½ †UªW jvB‡m‡Ýi Kwc, †g‡gv‡iÛvg Ae AvwU©‡Kj ev Askx`vwi `wj‡ji Kwc,

cvm‡cvU© mvB‡Ri `yB Kwc Qwe, fvovi Pyw³cÎ ev µq `wjj, U¨v· mvwU©wd‡K‡Ui Kwc, evsjv‡`k

e¨vs‡Ki cÖZ¨qbcÎ (hw` _v‡K) wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i IqvK© cvwg©U cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯^ c¨v‡W ¯^vÿi mn

Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| evwqs nvD‡Ri Rb¨ wbeÜb wd 15 nvRvi UvKv| GK eQ‡ii m`m¨ wd 8 nvRvi

UvKv| me wgwj‡q Rgv w`‡Z n‡e 23 nvRvi UvKv| BGMEA Gi wba©vwiZ e¨vsK wnmve b¤^‡i G

UvKv Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| m`m¨c` bevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e mn‡hvMx m`m¨ wn‡m‡e GKeQ‡ii

Rb¨ mb` †`qv nq| d‡j GK eQi ci mb` bevqb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

eZ©gv‡b †`‡k BGMEA Gi m`m¨fz³ evwqs nvD‡Ri msL¨v 911wU Ges BGBA Gi 179wU|

G `yB msMV‡bi Aš Íf©~³ bq Ggb evwqs nvDR i‡q‡Q cÖvq 8 kZ| A_©vr mewgwj‡q †`‡k evwqs

nvD‡Ri msL¨v cÖvq 2 nvRvi|

†kqvievRvi ev ÷K GKª‡PÄ

Stock Exchange

÷K G·‡PÄ GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †kqvi evRvi

m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e †kqvi I evRvi m¤ú‡K©| A_©vr−

†kqvi: †kqvi n‡‛Q gyja‡bi ÿz`ªZg Ask A_P mgvb GKK|

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evRvi: evRvi ej‡Z eywS †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’vb ev RvqMv ev GjvKv| wKš‘ A_©bxwZi fvlvq †Kv‡bv

’vb‡K evRvi ejv nq bv| evRvi ej‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cY¨‡K eySvq hvi µq-weµq wb‡q †µZv I

we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv nq Ges ì KlvKwli gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ `v‡g cY¨wU µq-weµq nq

Zv‡K eySvq| †hgb- cv‡Ui evRvi, †kqvi evRvi BZ¨vw`|

†kqvi evRvi: DcwiD³ †kqvi I evRv‡ii msÁvwU we‡kølY Ki‡j †kqvievRvi m¤ú‡K©

Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †kqvi µq-weµ‡qi Rb¨ †kqvi †µZv-

we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ nq Ges ì KlvKwli gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii `vg wba©vwiZ nq

Zv‡K †kqvi evRvi e‡j|

†kqvi evRvi n‡‛Q Ggb GKwU msMwVZ gva¨wgK evRvi †hLv‡b cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ¸‡jv

†kqvi, ÷K ev wmwKDwiwU wba©vwiZ wbq‡g µq-weµq Kivi cÖwµqvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|

ÿz`ª FY

Micro Credit

GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b `ÿ e¨vswKs eë ’v LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ cÖvqB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ¸‡jv

mgv‡Ri Mwie †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K FY w`‡Z AcviMZv cÖKvk K‡i| Avi GB Mixe †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K FY

cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B ÿy`ª F‡Yi D™¢e|

mvavib A‡_© ÿy ª FY ej‡Z eySvq, wewb‡qv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgv‡Ri wb¤œweË I `wi ª †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K Aí

cwigvY FY cÖ`vb Kiv‡K eySvq| e¨vcK A‡_© ÿz ª FY ej‡Z eySvq, mÂq, FY I Ab¨vb¨ A_©‣bwZK

cwi‡mev ev Drcv`b, hvi mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y MÖvgvÂ‡ji `wi ª gvbyl, kni ev kniZwji gvbyl‡ì A_©‣bwZK

Ges Rxeb avi‡bi gvb Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e Avi ÿy ª FY ms ’v nj †mB ms ’v hviv GB ai‡bi

Aby`vb w`‡q _v‡K|

ÿz`ª FY aviYvwU me©cÖ_g Av‡bb evsjv‡`‡ki †bv‡ej weRqx Wt †gvnv¤§` BDbym| wZwb 1976 mv‡j

me© cÖ_g Zvi wbR MÖvg Ryeivq cixÿvg~jK fv‡e GB FY Pvjy K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z GwUi mvd‡jï

Kvi‡Y 1983 mv‡j wZwb MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡ib| MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g AvbyôvwbK fv‡e

ÿ z`ª F‡Yi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| ZvB ÿ z`ª F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki `xN© HwZn¨ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b

800 Gi Dci ÿ z`ª FY cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ MÖvgxY e¨vsK I eª¨vK wek¦e¨vcx cwiwPZ|

we‡k¦i A‡bK †`k ÿ z`ª FY‡K g‡Wj wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ RvwZmsN 2005 mvj‡K Avš ÍR©vwZK

ÿy`ª F‡Yi eQi wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡iwQj|

weKvk

Bkash


103

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯qsm¤ú~Y© †gvevBj dvBb¨vwÝqvj †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb weKvk wjwg‡UW eª¨vK

e¨vs‡Ki GKwU A½ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e m¤úªwZ Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i‡Q| †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g e¨vswKs †mevi

evB‡i _vKv Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q Avw_©K †mev †`qvi jÿ¨ wb‡q weKvk cÖwZwôZ nq| weKv‡ki cÖavb

myweav n‡‛Q, GwU UvKv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ wbivc`, myweavRbK GKwU gva¨g| eª¨vK e¨vsK I hy³ivóª wfwËK

cÖwZôvb gvwb Bb †gvkb Gi †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ weKv‡ki gva¨‡g eª¨vK e¨vsK †KvWe× wfmv

†UK‡bvjwR c øvUdg© eënvi K‡i, ZvB GwU A‡bK wbivc`|

weKv‡ki gva¨‡g GKRb MÖvnK AwZ `ª æZ UvKv cvVv‡Z cv‡i| GB Rb¨ weKvk c‡q‡›U wM‡q

†hLv‡b UvKv cvVv‡Z Pvq †mB †gvevBj b¤î Rvbv‡Z n‡e| Zvici weKvk c‡q›U †_‡K H †dvb

b¤^‡i †g‡m‡Ri gva¨‡g UvKv †c․‡Q hv‡e| †g‡mR cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ MÖvnK‡K UvKv cwi‡kva

Kiv nq| GBRb¨ Aek¨ wbw`©ó nv‡i PvR© w`‡Z nq|

AvDU‡mvwm©s eëmv

Outsourcing Business

AvDU‡mvwm©s Z_v wd«j¨vwÝs k‡ãi g~j A_© nj gy³ †ckv| A_©vr gy³fv‡e KvR K‡i Avq Kivi †ckv|

B›Uvi‡bU eë ’vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖwZôvb wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR Kwi‡q †bq| wbR cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i Ab¨

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KvD‡K w`‡q Gme KvR Kiv‡bv‡K AvDU‡mvwm©s e‡j| hviv AvDU‡mvwm©s‡qi KvR K‡i †`b Zv‡ì‡K

wd«-j¨vÝvi e‡j|

AvDU‡mvwm©s eëmv‡qi KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv _v‡K| †hgb: I‡qe †W‡fjc‡g›U, mdUIq¨vi

†W‡fjc‡g›U, †bUIqvwK©s I Z_ëë ’v, †jLv I Abyev`, cÖkvmwbK mnvqZv, wWRvBb I gvwëwgwWqv,

MÖvnK‡mev, weµq I wecYb, eëmv‡mev BZ¨vw`| GBmKj KvR¸wj B›Uvi‡bU eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g K‡i

w`‡Z cvi‡jB AbjvB‡b Avq Kiv m¤¢e|

AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi KvR cvIqv hvq Ggb A‡bK I‡qemvBU Av‡Q| Avš ÍR©vwZKfv‡e cwiwPZ Ges

wbf©i‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU mvBU n‡jv- www.odesk.com, www.elance.com, www.vworker.com BZ¨vw`|

WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv

Data Entry Business

WvUv Gw›Uª eëmvq nj Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó ai‡bi WvUv GK ’vb/†cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Ab¨

Av‡iKwU ¯’vb/†cÖvMÖvg G cÖwZwjwc •Zwi Kiv|

WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q g~jZ AbjvBb Ges AdjvBb wfwËK `ywU Dcv‡q Kv‡Ri my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| AbjvBb

wfwËK Kv‡R B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mivmwi WvUvmg~n cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AdjvB‡b cÖ`vbK…Z

WvUvmg~n wbw`©ó mgq Abyhvqx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|

WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv−

WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq:

i. ªæZ UvBc Kivi ÿgZv

ii. gvB‡µvmdU Awd‡mi Dci cwic~Y© `Lj

iii. Bs‡iwR‡Z fvj Ávb

iv. B›Uvi‡b‡U mvP© Kivi `ÿZv

v. wewfbœ ai‡bi I‡qemvBU, †dvivg, I‡qe wW‡i±wi m¤ú‡K© fv‡jv avibv

WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q evsjv‡`‡ki Ae ’vb c~‡e©i Zzjbvq w`bw`b e„w× †c‡q P‡j‡Q| DbœZ we‡k¦I †`k¸‡jv

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wek¦ evRv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Z‡e ¯í cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖPzi Kg©ms ’vb Ges Avq Kiv hv‡e cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy ªv|

Kj †m›Uvi (Call Center)

Kj †m›Uvi n‡‛Q †UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb| Kj †m›Uvi¸‡jv wewfbœ

gvwëb¨vkbvj †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ Pzw³i gva¨‡g Gme †Kv¯úvwbi my‡hvM-myweav, Kvh©µg cÖvnK‡ì

†UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g Rvbvq| A_©vr, †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb Zvi MÖvnK‡mev m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Rbmvavib‡K

Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZôvb‡K `vwqZ¡ †`q| Avi GB `vwqZ¡cvjbKvix cÖwZôvbB n‡‛Q Kj †m›Uvi|


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Kj †m›Uv‡i KvR nq `yBfv‡e| GKwU Bb evDÛ Kj Ges Ab¨wU AvDU evDÛ Kj| Bb evDÛ K‡ji

gva¨‡g †fv³vi wbw`©ó †Kv¤úvwb welqK †h‡Kvb cÖ‡kœi mgvavb e‡j †`qv nq| Avi AvDU evDÛ K‡ji

gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi cY¨ ev †mev weµq Kiv nq| GQvov WKz‡g›U g¨v‡bR‡g›U, civgk©, WvUv‡eR

g¨v‡bR‡g›U, wnmve msiÿY, WKz‡g›U ¯‥¨vwbs, B-cvewjwks BZ¨vw` KvRI Kj †m›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv

nq| Kj †m›Uvi¸‡jv †`wk A_ev we‡`wk yÕai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi n‡qB KvR K‡i|

hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ cvjøv w`‡q gvbyl †ckv wbe©vP‡b P¨v‡jÄ wb‡‛Q| Ggwb GKwU bZzb †ckvi †ÿÎ

Kj †m›Uvi| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Uªwbs †èvi D‡`¨vMI wb‡q‡Q| m¤¢vebvgq G †ckvq

i‡q‡Q Kv‡Ri wekvj my‡hvM|

Kzwiqvi mvwf©m

Couriar Service

miKvwi WvK wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi †h gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ ªæZ I wek¦ ÍZvi mv‡_ wPwV cÎ I

gvjvgvj GK ’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ’v‡b †cÖiY Kiv nq Zv‡KB Kzwiqvi mvwf©m e‡j| g~jZ WvK wefv‡Mi

e¨_©Zv I AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡bB GB eë ’vi D™¢e|

Bs‡iwR Kywiqvi (Courier) k‡ãi A_© ªæZ ev msevèvnK Avi mvwf©m k‡ãi A_© nj †mev| myZivs

kvwãK A‡_© Kzwiqvi mvwf©m ej‡Z msev` Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb‡K

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eySvq| e¨cKfv‡e Kzwiqvi mvwf©m ej‡Z WvK wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi Ggb cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq

hviv evnK AvB‡bi Awa‡b wPwV cÎ, `wjj ` Ív‡eR, Riæwi WKz‡g›Um, wewfbœ gvjvgvj I Dcnvi

mvgMÖx BZ¨vw` wek¦¯ÍZvi mv‡_ ªæZMwZ‡Z cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cu․‡Q w`‡q _v‡K|

1967 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª DHL bvgK GKwU Kywiqvi mvwf©m hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 3

eÜz Adrin Dalsey Larry, Hilbolm I Robert Lay wg‡j `ªæZ msev` I Z_¨ Av`vb-

cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ bvgK Kzwiqvi mvwf©m Pvjy K‡ib| wZb eÜzi bv‡gi A`¨vÿi wb‡q MwVZ DHL

bvgK KzwiqviwU wQj c„w_exi cÖ_g Kzwiqvi| mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q DHL bvgK G KzwiqviwU

eZ©gv‡b wbR¯^ Gqvi‡cvU© I wegv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq cÖvq 118wU †`‡k †mev cÖ`vb K‡i P‡j‡Q| DHL Gi mv‡_B Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Q Av‡iKwU Avš ÍR©vwZK gv‡bi Kzwiqvi mvwf©m FedEx| DbœZ

we‡k¦i b¨vq Gici evsjv‡`‡kI DHL Ges FedEx Kzwiqv‡ii cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ wewfbœ Kzwiqvi

†hgb Kw›U‡b›Uvj, my›ìeb Kzwiqvi, •ekvLx, cvBIwbqvi, †m›Uªvj, wWªgj¨vÛ, Wjwdb, Ki‡Zvqv

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Kzwiqvi¸‡jv ïay †Rjv kni, wKQz DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM mg„× _vbvq Zv‡ì Kvh©µg m‡ev©‛P 24 N›Uvq

Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ywU Kzwiqvi mvwf©m−

my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m

Sundarban Courier Service

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Ges ªæZ Kzwiqvi mvwf©m n‡‛Q my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m| evsjv‡`k wegvb hLb Zvi

Gqvi G·‡cÖm mvwf©m eÜ K‡i †`q ZLb 1983 mv‡j †emiKvwifv‡e my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m cÖwZwôZ

nq| my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m n‡‛Q evsjv‡`k Kzwiqvi mvwf©m G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi cÖwZôvKvjxb m`m¨| Gi

†K›`ªxq Awdm XvKvi gwZwS‡j Aew ’Z| GwU †`k-we‡`‡k wewfbœ ’v‡b ªæZ I cv‡m©j mvwf©m cÖ`vb

K‡i _v‡K|

Kw›U‡b›Uvj Kzwiqvi mvwf©m

Continantal Courier Serive

Kw›U‡b›Uvj mvwf©m †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Ges †`‡ki evB‡i wewfbœ ’v‡b gvby‡li wewfbœ cv‡m©j mswkøó mg‡qi

g‡a¨ †cu․‡Q w`‡q _v‡K| GwU Kw›U‡b›Uvj MÖæ‡ci GKwU A½ cÖwZôvb| 1983 mv‡j GwU Zvi evwYwR¨K

Kvh©µg Avi¤¢ K‡i| Gi G‡RÝxi msL¨v 15,000 Ges mvwf©m c‡q›U 50,000| Kw›U‡b›Uvj Kzwiqvi

mvwf©‡mi gv‡K©U †kqvi Ges †mevi ¸bv¸b Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K wfbœ| ZvB GwU‡K Kzwiqvi mvwf©‡mi

AMÖ ~Z wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GwUi cÖavb Awdm XvKvi Avivgev‡M Aew ’Z|

mdUIq¨vi Dbœqb

Software Development


107

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Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb wbw ©ó cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| mdUIq¨vi cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi−

i. wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi:

GKwU Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Ges Gwc ø‡Kkb

mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ •Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ii. †cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨vi:

GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg A_ev G¨vwc ø‡Kkb hv mdUIq¨vi DbœqbKvixiv eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb

†Kvb mdUIq¨vi •Zix, wWevM, wbqš¿Y, iÿbv‡eÿY A_ev Ab¨ †cÖvMÖvg ev Gwc ø‡Kkb¸‡jv‡K

mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z|

iii. Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi:

GwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi †hUv eënviKvixiv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó KvR m¤úv`bv

(GK ev GKvwaK) Ki‡Z eënviKvix‡K mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| G‡K ïay Gwc ø‡Kkb ev Gc (App) WvKv nq|

†gvevBj mvwf©wms

Mobile Servicing

evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj †dv‡bi eënvi cÖ_g w`‡K ïay abx‡ì eënv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b

wewfbœ †gvevBj †mev`vZv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Kg g~‡j¨ †mev`v‡bi Kvi‡Y AwZ ªæZ nv‡i mevi nv‡ZB †c․‡Q

hv‡‛Q gy‡Vv‡dvb ev †gvevBj| abx-Mwie wb‡R‡ì mva¨vbyhvqx †gvevBj †mU eënvi Ki‡Q| †gvevBj

†dvb †mUwU eënviRwbZ wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wKsev AmveavbZvekZ bó n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ XvKv mn mviv

†`‡k K‡qK nvRvi †gvevBj mvwf©wms †m›Uvi M‡o D‡V‡Q| hvi d‡j †gvevBj †dv‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q

ytwðšÍv A‡bKUvB K‡g †M‡Q| ax‡i ax‡i †gvevBj mvwf©wms GKwU c„_K wkí wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

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wb‡R‡K ¯vej¤x wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi GKwU mdj Dcvq wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z nIqvq eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ’v‡b

†gvevBj mvwf©wms †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gme cÖwkÿY †m›Uv‡i g~jZ †h †Kvb †gvevB‡ji

nvW©Iq¨vi Ges mdUIq¨vi msµvšÍ me ai‡bi mgm¨v Ges mgvav‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© cÖwkÿY †`qv nq|

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿY †Kvm© ¸‡jv‡K kU© †Kvm©, wW‡c øvgv Ges nvqvi wW‡c øvgviƒ‡c wef³ K‡i GKRb

cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †gvevB‡j eøy-Uz‡_i gva¨‡g wis-†Uvb

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Bb÷‡jkb, †gvevB‡ji AvbjK, WvUv †Kej mgm¨v Ges nvW©Iq¨v‡ii †ÿ‡Î †iwR÷vi, K¨vcvwmUvi,

Wv‡qW UªvÝdg©, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwK©U I †m¸‡jvi Kv‡bKkb WvqvMÖvg, wmwKDwiwU †KvW mn wewfbœ ai‡bi

nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbqš¿‡Y cÖwkÿY w`‡q _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb †UwjKg evRv‡ii w`‡K jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †ckv wn‡m‡e †gvevBj

†UKwbwkqv‡bi c`wU‡K †gv‡UI †QvU K‡i †`Lvi my‡hvM †bB| †gvevBj mvwf©wms †m›Uv‡i 3 †_‡K 10

Rb †gvevBj †UKwbwkqv‡bi PvKzwii my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k `ÿ †gvevBj †UKwbwkqv‡bi

PvKzwii h‡_ó my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| GQvov †gvevBj mvwf©wms †Uªwbs wb‡q †h †KD ¯vaxb eëmvq wn‡m‡e ¯í

cuywR‡Z mvwf©wms ‡m›Uvi ’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Rxe‡b mdjZv Avb‡Z cv‡i| ¯vej¤x n‡Z n‡j †gvevBj

mvwf©wms †m›Uvi ’vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq gvÎ 50 nvRvi †_‡K 1 jÿ UvKv LiP Kivi gva¨‡g| †`‡ki

µgea©gvb †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b †gvevBj mvwf©wms wk‡íi cÖmvi weivU f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| miKvwi I

e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q wewfbœ D‡`¨vM †hgb †gvevBj †dvb mvwf©wms wkí‡K AviI MwZkxj K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i,

wVK †Zgwb Gi gva¨‡g ¯vej¤x n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i AmsL¨ †eKvi ZiæY|

d‡UvKwc

Photocopy

eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq hvwš¿K hyM| •eÁvwbK eë ’vcbvi w_Dwi Abyhvqx Awdm Av`vj‡Zi KvR GLb

Avi KvwqK cwikÖ‡gi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z n‡e bv eis wb‡`©k Abyhvqx hš¿B mg Í KvR K‡i w`‡e| AvRKvj

ZvB Awd‡mi •`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡b wewfbœ wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq †h mKj hš¿cvwZ eënvi Kiv nq

d‡UvKwc ev d‡Uv÷¨vU hš¿wU Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg|

Bs‡iwR Photocopier ev Photostat k‡ã Photo k‡ãi A_© Av‡jvKwPÎ Avi stat k‡ãi A_©

Ae ’v| A_©vr d‡Uv÷¨vU kã Øviv †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó wel‡qi Av‡jvKwPÎMZ Ae ’v‡K eySvq| Awd‡m cÖwZw`b

wewfbœ ai‡bi wPwVcÎ, †iKW©cÎ, cÖwZ‡e`b, weÁvcb, weÁwß, `wjjcÎ, cÖgvbcÎ, K¨vk‡g‡gv BZ¨vw`

eëüZ nq| GKUv wbw ©ó mg‡q eëüZ H mKj KvMRc‡Îi ûeû bKj Kwci cÖ‡qvRb nq| myZivs †h

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Av‡jvKwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ ‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K d‡UvKwcqvi ev d‡Uv÷¨vU †gwkb e‡j|


109

G †gwk‡bi myev‡` AvRKvj A‡bK ai‡bi RvwjqvwZ eÜ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk Awdm Av`vj‡Zi

KvR K‡g©I G‡m‡Q MwZkxjZv| d‡UvKwcqvi h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Aí mg‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡qvRbxq

KvMRc‡Îi ûeû cÖwZwjwc cÖ ‘Z Kiv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi d‡UvKwc †gwkb evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| wKQz

hš¿ Av‡Q hvi Øviv Kwci mvBR B‛QvgZ †QvU eo Kiv hvq Avevi wKQz hš¿ Av‡Q hvi Øviv iwOb

d‡UvKwc Kiv hvq| AwZ m¤úªwZ Rvcvb ¯qswµq hš¿ Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Q hv eënviKvix Qvov wb‡R-

wb‡RB Kwci c„ôv Dëv‡Z mÿg|

Kw¤úDUvi Computer

AvaywbK weÁv‡bi me Avðh©Zg Avwe®‥v‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‥vi n‡‛Q Kw¤úDUvi hv

gvby‡li Rxebaviv‡K cÖwZwbqZ cv‡ë w`‡‛Q|

AvaywbK we‡k¦ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ªæZ weKvk I eënvi mf¨Zv I mvgvwRK

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Drcv`bgyLx Dbœqb n‡‛Q Z¡ivwšZ, Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y NU‡Q bZzb avivi cÖeZ©b, MwZkxjZv evo‡Q

me©‡ÿ‡Î| Kw¤úDUvi GLb Awdm-Av`vjZ, eëmvq-evwYR¨ I M‡elYvi †`qv‡j Ave× †bB| GLb

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cÖwµqvKiY, eëmvq-evwYR¨, eë ’vcbv, cÖKvkbv, wkÿv, M‡elYv, wPwKrmv, †hvMv‡hvM, wkí, we‡bv`b,

ms¯‥…wZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgv‡Ri me© †ÿ‡ÎB e¨vcKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡‛Q|

gvby‡li •`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi w`b w`b e„w× cv‡‛Q| e¨w³MZ Kv‡R Avi mvgvwRK Kv‡R

Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Acwinvh© n‡q c‡i‡Q| †hgb e¨w³MZ Avb›`-†e`bv BZ¨vw` †kqvi

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m¤úK© weKv‡ki gva¨g wnmv‡e eëüZ n‡‛Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi w`b w`b GZ we Í…Z n‡‛Q †h,

e¨w³MZ ev mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb Kg©Kv‡Û Gi Dcw ’wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

gvwbMÖvg

Money gram

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gvwbMÖvg we‡k¦i wØZxq e„nr A_© ’vbvš Í‡ii eëmv cÖwZôvb| GwU wek¦e¨vcx mycwiwPZ| GwU wek¦e¨vwc

cÖwZwbwa Ges wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j Ges wewfbœ eëmv c ÖwZôvb

Ges MÖvnK‡ì‡K †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GwU cÖvq 2,75,000 cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g we‡k¦i cÖvq 197 wU

†`‡k Zvi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| gvwbMÖv‡gi †mev, eëmvqx‡ì `ÿ Ges Aí e¨‡q eëmvq cwiPvjbv

Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †Kv¤úvwbwUi 82% gvwjKvbv n‡‛Q THL Ges Goldman Sachs Gi; hvi

g‡a¨ THL Gi 53% Ges Goldman Sachs Gi 29%| gvwbMÖv‡g eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 2600 Kgx©

wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| 2009 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbwU cÖvq 1.17 wewjqb Wjvi Avq K‡i| 2012 mv‡ji 9B

b‡f¤i GwU gvwbjÛvwis AvB‡b ¯vÿi K‡i|

gvwbMÖv‡gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †mevmg~n:

i. gvwbMÖvg A_© ’vbvš Íi: gvwbMÖvg wek¦e¨vwc _vW© cvwU© G‡R›U Gi gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì A_© MÖnY I

’vbvš Í‡i mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| K¨vk Uz K¨vk QvovI GwU mivmwi e¨vsK wnmv‡e, GwUGg Gi

gva¨‡g, †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g, wK‡qvkKm (Kiosks) Gi gva¨‡g, K¨vk Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_©

Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

ii. gvwbMÖvg wej cwi‡kva †mev: gvwbMÖvg Zvi wej cwi‡kva †mevi gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì wewfbœ Riæix wej I

wbqwgZ wej cwi‡kva K‡i _v‡K| GwU wewfbœ FY cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© iv‡L|

gv‡P©›UWvBwRs

Merchandising

hviv Mv‡g©›Um eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q gv‡P©›UWvBwRs kãwU AwZ cwiwPZ| gv‡P©›UWvBwRs

kãwU Avm‡Q gv‡P©›UWvBR kã n‡Z| gv‡P©›UWvBR k‡ãi A_© cY¨`ªe¨‡K eySvq †h¸‡jv †Kbv ev †ePv

nq| gv‡P©›UWvBR †mB mKj Kvh©vejxi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ hv cY¨`ªe¨ LyPiv †fv³v‡ì wbKU weµ‡q

Ae`vb iv‡L| gv‡P©›UWvBwRs ej‡Z weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ `ªe¨ c ªvc¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i Ges H cY¨¸‡jv

Ggb fv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i hv †µZv‡ì‡K H cY¨¸‡jv wKb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡k gv‡P©›UWvBwRs eëmv‡qi e¨vcK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK wkwÿZ e¨w³

gv‡P©›UWvBwRs‡K †ckv wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

gv‡P©›UWvBwRs Gi f~wgKv−

* wewfbœ Drcv`bKvix BDwbU Gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|

* †µZv‡ì‡K bgybv mieivn K‡i|

* †µZv‡ì wbKU n‡Z Aby‡gv`b †bq|

* †dweª· µq K‡i|

* Avw_©K Z`š Í m¤úv`b K‡i|


111

* Rvnv‡R cY¨ †cu․Qv‡bv wbwðZ K‡i|

* †µZv I Drcv`bKvixi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ’vcb K‡i|

* c‡Yï gvb wbwðZ K‡i|

* we‡`kx µq I weµ‡q mnvqZv K‡i|

* bZzb †µZv AbymÜvb K‡i|

* c‡Yï g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i|


1| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wbgœ m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb ?

K. 2 Rb L. 7 Rb

M. 10 Rb N. 20 Rb

2| wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †kqvi m‡e©vËg?

K. cÖeZ©K‡ì †kqvi L. AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi

M. mvaviY †kqvi N. mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

wiqv Km‡gwUKm wj. GKwU mvevb Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwUi Avw_©K Ae¯’v

fv‡jv bq, wKš‘ 20% evRvi †kqvi Zv‡ì `L‡j Av‡Q| GgZve¯’vq †Kqv Km‡gwUKm wj wg‡UW

cÖwZôv‡bi 55% †kqvi wK‡b †bq|

3| †kqvi wewµ n‡q hvIqvi ci wiqv Km‡gwUKm †Kvb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cwiYZ n‡e?

K. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb

L. mvewmwWqvix †Kv¤úvwb

M. we‡kl †Kv¤úvwb

N. Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤úvwb

4| †Kqv Km‡gwUKm wjwg‡UW-Gi †kqvi µq Kivi wcQ‡b cÖavb KviY wK wQj?

K. Avw_©K Ae ’vi Dbœqb

L. evRvi `Lj Kiv

M. GK‡PwUqv evRvi cÖwZôv Kiv

N. RbM‡Yi Av ’v e„w× Kiv

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wg. AvwRg I Zvi cuvP eÜz GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK I cwiPvjK| m¤úªwZ evRv‡i †kqvi weµ‡qi

R‡b¨ Zviv cÖwZôvbwUi MVbMZ KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡bi wm×vš Í wb‡q‡Qb|

5| DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb?

K. cvewjK wj: L. cÖvB‡fU wj:

M. †nvwìs †Kvs N. mvewmwWqvix †Kvs

6| evRv‡i †kqvi weµ‡qi R‡b¨ cÖwZôvbwU‡K−

i. cwi‡gj wbqgvejx cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e

ii. ÷K G·‡P‡Ä ZvwjKvfz³ n‡Z n‡e

iii. wmwKDwiwU GÛ G·‡PÄ Kwgk‡bi Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z n‡e



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| ivbv ‘XYZ’†Kv¤úvwbi 2,00,000 †kqvi µq K‡i‡Qb| ‘XYZ’†Kv¤úvwb cieZ©x‡Z eëmvq

m¤úªmvi‡b AwaKZi g~ja‡bi Rb¨ bZzb †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z Pv‡‛Q| wKš‘ AvBbMZ evaëvaKZvi

Kvi‡Y cvi‡Q bv| Ab¨w`‡K ivbv AviI 1,00,000 †kqvi µq K‡i †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvq

AskMÖnY Ki‡Z B‛QzK| wKš‘ Zvi µqK…Z †kqv‡ii cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx †mUv m¤¢e bq|

K. ¯§viKwjwc Kx?

L. †Kv¤úvwbi wPiš Íb Aw ÍZ¡ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. ivbv ‘XYZ’ †Kv¤úvwbi †h †kqvi wK‡bwQ‡jb Zv †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ‘XYZ’ †Kv¤úvwb AwaKZi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i?

Gi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki|

2| mvwnb 50 Rb mggbv †jvK wb‡q 2011 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb h_vwbq‡g

wbeÜb K‡ib| AvB‡bi evaëvaKZv _vKvq Zviv h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ †_‡K KvR ïiæ Kivi

AbygwZI MÖnY K‡i| wKš Íy 2012 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zviv eëmvwqK KvR Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z

cv‡iwb|


113

K. cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Kx?

L. weeib cÎ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. DÏxc‡Ki D‡j øwLZ eëmvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. 2012 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi ci cÖwZôvbwUi cwiYwZ Kx n‡e? hyw³mn Dc ’vcb Ki|

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lô Aa¨vq

mgevq mwgwZ CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY

Ò`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR, nvwi wRwZ bvwn jvRÓ-G wPš Ívaviv n‡ZB mgev‡qi Rb¥, mgevq msMVb ev

mwgwZ n‡jv KwZcq e¨w³i GKwU †¯”Qvg~jK msMVb| Gai‡bi msMV‡b m`mïv wb‡R‡ì ¯v_© iÿvi

D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwÎZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb hv gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m„wó bv

n‡q m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK Kj¨vYv‡_© m„wó nq| mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi gva¨‡g mgv‡R cuywRcwZ‡ì

†kvlY n‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z `~e©j †kªwYi gvbyl‡ì Kj¨vY mvab Kiv nq| G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvie−

• mgevq mwgwZi aviYv I BwZnvm|

• mgevq mwgwZi •ewkó¨|

• mgevq mwgwZi bxwZgvjv|

• mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvwj|

• mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`|

• evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb|

• mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g eëmvq Kivi c×wZ|

• mgev‡qi Dbœq‡b evW© I mgevq GKv‡Wwgi Kvh©µg I Ae`vb|

• evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡k weivRgvb mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZKiY|

• evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq|

• mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mdj nevi Kvwnbx|


114

6.01 mgevq mwgwZi aviYv Concept of Co-operative Society

mß`k kZ‡Ki †klfvM †_‡K mgevq msMV‡bi fvebv `vbv euva‡jI wkí weí‡ei ïiæi ci G wPš Ív

ev Íeiƒc jvf K‡i| 1752 m‡b gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb me©cÖ_g AvbyôvwbKfv‡e

mgevq msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| e„‡U‡b AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mgevq MwVZ nq 1844 mv‡j| G mg‡q e„‡U‡bi

iP‡Wj bvgK ’v‡bi 28 Rb ZuvZx gvÎ 28 cvDÛ cuywR mn‡hv‡M G ai‡bi eëmvq M‡o †Zv‡j| Gi

ci mgevq GK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq hvi †XD evsjv‡`‡kI G‡m †j‡M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZ

wewfbœ ai‡bi I wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g `ye©j I `wi`ª

Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ mgev‡qi †h D‡Ïk¨ Zv ev Íevq‡b mgwóMZfv‡e

eûmsL¨K gvby‡li mn‡hvwMZvq Zv mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e nq, GUvB mgev‡qi g~j K_v| A_©vr gybvdv

AR©b bqÑcvi¯úvwiK Kj¨vYmvabB G mgev‡qi g~j jÿ¨|

6.02 mgevq mwgwZi •ewkó¨ Features of Co-operative Society

mgevq GKwU AvBb m„ó, Abb¨ •ewkó¨gwÐZ eëmvq msMVb| Gi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †ckvRxexiv D‡Ïk¨

AR©‡b Drmvn ev kw³ cvq| GwU eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU msMVb| evsjv‡`‡k mgevq

AvBb-2001 Abymv‡i mgevq msMVb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| wb‡æ mgevq mwgwZi •ewkó¨mg~n eY©bv

Kiv n‡jv−

• wi ª I ga¨weË †kªwYi KwZcq †jvK †¯”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc

msMVb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgevq AvBb Abymv‡i wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU G ai‡bi mgevq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb

Ki‡Z nq|

• ïaygvÎ †¯”QvK…Zfv‡e KwZcq e¨w³ mgev‡qi Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q Gai‡bi cÖwZôvb MVb K‡i,

†Kv‡bv iKg evaëvaKZvi ’vb GLv‡b †bB|

• abZvwš¿K mgvR eë ’vq abx‡ì Øviv `wi ª I ga¨weË †kªwY A_©‣bwZK wb‡®úl‡Yi wkKvi nq|

mgevq †kvlK †kªwYi nvZ †_‡K †kvwlZ‡ì AvZ¥iÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

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mgevq mwgwZ

115

• mgevq mwgwZi cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨ 10 UvKv ev Z`ya© g~‡jï n‡Z cv‡i|

• eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv we‡kl As‡k A_©vr Drcv b, eÈb BZ vw ‡Z RwoZ n‡q mw¤§wjZfv‡e Kvh© cwiPvjbvi

gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Kj vY mvabB Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨| gybvdv AR©b Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq|

• mgevq AvBbvbymv‡i mgevq mwgwZ Aek¨B wbewÜZ n‡Z nq|

• mgev‡qi AwR©Z gybvdvi meUzKz m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb nq bv| eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Gi b~¨bZg 15%

msiwÿZ Znwe‡j Ges 5% mgevq Dbœqb Znwe‡j Pvu`v wn‡m‡e msiÿY K‡i evwK Ask mvaviY

mfvi wm×vš Íµ‡g †kqvi MÖnxZv‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq| [34 (1) aviv]

• evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 2001 mv‡ji mgevq mwgwZ AvB‡bi 8(1K) aviv †gvZv‡eK cÖv_wgK mgevq

mwgwZ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 20 Rb e¨w³ m`m¨ Ges †K›`ªxq I RvZxq mwgwZi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ

10 wU mgevq mwgwZ m`m¨ _vK‡Z nq| m`m¨ msL¨vi m‡ev©”P mxgv AvB‡b ejv nqwb |

• mgevq mwgwZ AvBb-m„ó GKwU cÖwZôvb| Gi c„_K AvBbMZ mËv I cwiwPwZ Av‡Q| GwU wbR bv‡g

cwiPvwjZ|

• mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì wbKU †_‡K gvwmK mÂ‡qi gva¨‡g A_ev m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †kqvi weµq

K‡i mgev‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖn Kiv nq|

• mgevq mwgwZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡ì `vq Zvi µqK…Z †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|

• 2001 m‡bi mgevq AvB‡bi 15(2K) aviv Abyhvqx GKRb m`m¨ mwgwZi †gvU g~ja‡bi

GK-cÂgvs‡ki (1/5) †ewk †kqvi µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv †ewk †kqvi µq Ki‡j

AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii †Póv Ki‡e|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mgevq mwgwZ AvB‡bi Aaxb MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ, c„_K mËv I mxwgZ `vq wewkó

GKwU †¯”Qv cÖ‡Yvw`Z eëmvq msMVb| Gi m`mïv MYZvwš¿K ixwZ-bxwZ Abymi‡Y cwiPvwjZ nq hvi

g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv Gi m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv|

6.03 mgevq mwgwZi bxwZgvjv/Av`k©mg~n Principles of Co-operative Society

bxwZgvjv kãwUi Bs‡iwR kã n‡jv Principles G‡K guidence for action ejv hvq| mgevq msMVbI

wKQy bxwZ ev Av`k© †g‡b P‡j| GKwU wfbœagx© eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e mgevq msMVb mgv‡Ri ga¨ I wbæweË,

m¤úbœ gvby‡li bvbvb mxgve×Zv wb‡q cvi¯úvwiK A_©‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| †hme

Av`k© ev bxwZgvjv †g‡b mgevq mwgwZ cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv wb‡æ ewY©Z n‡jv−


116

1| GKZv (Unity): GKZvB ej| mgv‡Ri `wi`ª e¨w³ GKZve× n‡j abxi †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi

weiæ‡× Abvqv‡m ùvov‡Z cv‡i| GKZvB g~jZ mgev‡qi mvd‡jï g~j Í¤¢|

2| mZZv (Honesty): mgevq mwgwZ‡Z mZZv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôv‡b mZZv weivRgvb n‡j

m`m¨‡ì g‡b AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq| A_©vr eëmvwqK mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j mZZv GKvšÍ

Acwinvh©|

3| †¯”QvK…Z wgjb (Voluntary Association): mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ me©vwaK e¨w³

¯vaxbZv †`qv nq| †Kv‡bv cÖKvi ûgwK ev cÖ‡ivPbv Qvov Zviv mgev‡qi gva¨‡g †¯”Qvq wgwjZ

n‡Z cv‡i|

4| mn‡hvwMZv (Co-operation): mn‡hvwMZv mgev‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg bxwZ| cvi¯úwiK Kj¨v‡Yi

j‡ÿ¨ mgev‡qi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Ô`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvRÕ A_ev ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K

Avgiv c‡ii Z‡iÕ Giƒc g‡bvfve _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv GKgvÎ mn‡hvwMZvB mvdj¨ jv‡fi

Ab¨Zg PvweKvwV|

5| MYZš¿ (Democracy): mgevq mwgwZ‡Z me©`vB MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abym„Z nq| G mwgwZi

ÔcwiPvjK KwgwUÕ m`m¨‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nq| wm×vš ÍI †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g M„nxZ

nq| wm×vš Í MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ ¯vaxbfv‡e Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|

6| mg‡SvZv (Understanding): mgev‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mg‡SvZv Acwinvh©| KviY

Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve Qvov mgevq mwgwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK

mg‡SvZv|

7| mvg¨ (Equality): mgevq mwgwZ mv‡gï Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ| Gi m`mïv mvg vwRK,

A_©‣bwZK ev cvwievwiKfv‡e hvB †nvK bv †Kb mgev‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zviv mevB mgvb

mvgvwRK gh©v`vi AwaKvix| wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Gai‡bi mvg¨ cÖwZôv Kiv bv †M‡j mgevq

mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

8| †mev (Service): mgev‡qi g~jK_v n‡jv ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii

Z‡iÕ| G‡K Ac‡ii mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z G eëmvq cÖwZwôZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡a¨

GKwU mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve _vKv Avek¨K|

9| •bKU¨ (Proximity): mgevq mggbv e¨w³e‡M©i msMVb| ZvB Gi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î •bK‡Uï welqwU

we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| m`mïv mggbv bv n‡j cÖwZôvb Pvjv‡Z wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î evavMÖ Í n‡Z nq|

10| mg-†fvUvwaKvi (Equal right of votes): mg-†fvUvwaKvi mgevq mwgwZi Ab¨Zg

g~jbxwZ| cÖwZôv‡b †h hZ wewb‡qvM KiæK bv †Kb mevi †fvUvwaKvi mgvb| G†ÿ‡Î mK‡j GKwU

K‡i †fvU cÖ`vb K‡i Kvh©Kix KwgwU wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡Kb|

11| wbi‡cÿZv (Secularism): mgev‡qi †ÿ‡Î ag© I ivR‣bwZK gZv`‡k©i wbi‡cÿZv eRvq

_v‡K| d‡j ag© I ivR‣bwZK gZ wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB Gi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mgev‡q mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j D³ g~jbxwZ ev Av`k©mg~n h_vh_fv‡e

AbymiY Kiv DwPZ| Gi AwaKvskB G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Gi me¸‡jv mgvbfv‡e

AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †h mgevq D³ Av`k©mg~n hZ †ewk AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev Í‡e Zvi c‡ÿB ZZ

mdjZv AR©b m¤¢e nq| www.fa

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117

6.04 mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvwj

Formation Procedures of Co-operative Society

mgevq mwgwZ GKUv AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvwewkó cÖwZôvb| GKvwaK e¨w³ wb‡R‡ì A_©‣bwZK

Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G msMVb cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq mwgwZmg~n Òmgevq

mwgwZ 2001Ó Ges Òmgevq wewa 2004Ó e‡j MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| mggbv I mg¯v_©wewkó

Kgc‡ÿ 10 Rb m`m¨‡K mwgwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ m¤§Z n‡Z nq eqm hv‡ì 18 eQi ev Zvi D‡aŸ©|

wb‡gœ Giƒc cÖwZôvb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î AbymiYxq ch©vqµwgK c`‡ÿcmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

wPÎ: mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvwj|

1| D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq (Stage of Taking Initiative): mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î

cÖv_wgKfv‡e D‡`¨vM MÖnYKvix‡ì D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GKB GjvKvi mggbv,

mg‡ckv I mg‡kªwYi Kgc‡ÿ 20 (wek) Rb D‡`¨v³v mwgwZ MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K Aek¨B cÖvß eq¯‥ I my¯’ gw Í®‥ m¤úbœ A_©vr Pyw³ m¤úv`‡b †hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|

D‡`¨v³viv cÖ_‡gB wb‡R‡ì ga¨ n‡Z Kgc‡ÿ Qq m`m¨wewkó GKwU eë ’vcbv KwgwU MVb

K‡i| eë ’vcbv KwgwUi c`My‡jv wbgœiƒc−

i. †Pqvig¨vb Ñ 1 Rb

ii. fvBm †Pqvig¨vb Ñ 1 Rb

iii. †m‡µUvwi Ñ 1 Rb

iv. mvaviY m`m¨ Ñ 3 Rb

(Zb¥‡a¨ 1 Rb †Kvlva¨ÿ n‡Z cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î mvaviY m`m¨ n‡e 2 Rb)

Giƒc KwgwU mgevq mwgwZi wbeÜbmn MVb msµvš Í hveZxq Kg©KvÐ m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| KwgwUi

cÖ_g `vwqZ¡ n‡jv GKwU Lmov Dcwewa (By-laws) •Zwi Kiv| Dcwewa‡Z cÖavbZ wb‡æv³ wel‡qi

D‡jøL _v‡K−

K. mgevq mwgwZi bvg (mmxg `vqm¤úbœ mwgwZi bv‡gi †k‡l mxwgZ ev Ltd. k‡ãi D‡jøL _vK‡e);

L. wVKvbv I Kvh© GjvKv;

M. D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©µg;

N. D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I c`we;

O. m`m¨ Aš Íf©yw³ I Ae¨vnwZi wbqg;

P. g~ja‡bi cwigvY I †kªwYwefvM;

Q. †kqvi g~j¨, †kªwYwefvM I †gvU †kqvi msL¨v;

R. †kqvi weµq c×wZ;

S. mwgwZ cwiPvjbv msKªvš Í hveZxq wbqg-Kvbyb cÖf„wZ|

mgevq mwgwZi MVb

cÖYvwj

D‡`¨vM MÖnY

ch©vq

wbeÜb

ch©vq

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118

D‡`¨v³viv B”Qv Ki‡j Gai‡bi Dcwewa cÖ¯‘Z bv K‡iI mgevq wefvM n‡Z Qvcv‡bv Dcwewa

msMÖn K‡i D³ Dcwewa †gvZv‡eK wm×vš Í MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ch©v‡q cÖ¯ÍvweZ mwgwZi Rb¨

mxj‡gvni cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq|

2. wbeÜb ch©vq (Stage of Registration): G ch©v‡q mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq|

†h GjvKvq mwgwZ ’vcb Ki‡Z B”QyK †m GjvKvq miKvi wbhy³ mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm

n‡Z wbeÜb dig msMÖn Kiv nq| wbeÜb dig h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎvw` I

wd mn wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq|

Av‡e`b di‡gi mv‡_ wb‡gœv³ `wjjcÎ Rgv w`‡Z nq−

K. mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì ¯^vÿihy³ bvg I wVKvbv| G‡ÿ‡Î b~¨bZg 20 (wek) Rb cÖvß eq¯‥

m`‡mï bvg I ZvwiLmn ¯vÿi _vK‡Z nq|

L. D‡`¨v³v‡ì ¯^vÿimn DcwewaÑ2 Kwc

M. mwgwZi wmj‡gvn‡ii bgybvÑ1 wU

N. Av‡e`b digwU AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡Z DwjøwLZ Z_¨mg~n mwVK-Gg‡g©

†m‡µUvwi I D‡`¨v³v‡ì †NvlYvcÎ 1 Kwc|

D‡j øwLZ KvMRcÎ I wba©vwiZ wd cvIqvi ci wbeÜK KvMRcÎ¸‡jv hvPvB-evQvB K‡ib Ges G

wel‡q mš‘ó n‡j Av‡e`bcÎ cÖvwßi 60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zv gÄyi K‡i wbeÜb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib| 60

w`‡bi g‡a¨ wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ bv Ki‡j Ges Av‡e`b cÎ M„nxZ n‡j wbeÜK wbeÜb mb` wn‡m‡e

wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib| G ch©v‡q wbeÜK mwgwZi Dcwewai 3 Kwci cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvq ¯^vÿi I

mxjhy³ K‡i 1 Kwc wbeÜb Awd‡m msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡Lb Ges 2 Kwc D‡`¨v³v‡ì †diZ

†`b| D‡jøL¨, Av‡e`bcÎ cÖvwßi ci wbeÜK hw` †`‡Lb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev KvMRc‡Îi NvUwZ

i‡q‡Q Z‡e †m¸‡jv AbwaK 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †P‡q ev Z`š Í K‡i wbeÜ‡bi Dchy³Zv †`Lv nq|

Gfv‡eB mwgwZi wbeÜb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|

3. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq (Stage of Commencement): wbeÜ‡bi gva¨‡g mgevq mwgwZ AvBbvbyM

cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges mwgwZi bvg I mxj‡gvni eënvi K‡i D‡`¨v³vMY I KwgwU mwgwZi

¯vfvweK KvRKg© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gici mwgwZi Kg©Kv‡Ð Avi †Kv‡bv evav _v‡K bv|

cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi †h, mgevq msMVb mywba©vwiZ mgev‡qi MV‡bi wbqg †g‡b MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|

GKwU wbewÜZ eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e mgevq msMVb‡K Aek¨B Gme wbqg-bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z nq|

6.05 mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Co-operative Society

mgevq ÔGKZvB ejÕ ev Ô`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvRÕ-G RvZxq bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm K‡i msMwVZ nq, A_©vr

mgv‡Ri ¯í Avq wewkó mvaviY Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY agx© †h․_ cÖ‡Póvi msMVb n‡”Q mgevq

msMVb| wewfbœ †ckvRxex gvbyl Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi j‡ÿ¨ bvbvag©x mgevq msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z

cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y mgv‡R wewPÎag©x mgevq msMVb †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|

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wb‡gœ GKwU wPÎmn wewfbœ cÖKvi mgevq msMV‡bi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−

K. m`m¨‡ì Pvwn`v Abymv‡i According to the Demand of Members

1. Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ (Producers co-operative society) ÿz`ª ÿ z`ª wk‡íi gvwjK I Drcv`KMY e„n`vqZb wkí¸‡jvi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨

Zv‡ì ¯í A_©‡K GKwÎZ K‡i †h mgevq MVb K‡i Zv‡K

Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| †Kv‡bv GjvKvq KwZcq kªwgK

GK‡Î wg‡j †Kv‡bv Drcv`b ïiæ Ki‡j ev KwZcq e¨w³

mgev‡qi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc Drcv`b Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ n‡j

Zv Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡e| ZuvwZ‡ì

mgevq, `y» Drcv`K mgevq, K…lK mgevq, †R‡j mgevq

BZ¨vw` G RvZxq mgevq mwgwZi D`vniY|

2. †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ Consumers Co-operative Society

hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl c‡Yï ev KwZcq c‡Yï †fv³vMY ga¨ ’eëmvqxi gybvdvi wkKvi bv n‡q

b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ wRwbm wKb‡Z Pvb ZLb Zv‡ì Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †h mgevq cÖwZôvb MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K

†fv³v mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| G mgevq mwgwZ Drcv`bKvix, Avg`vwbKviK ev cvBKv‡ii wbKU

†_‡K cvBKvwi g~‡j¨ cY¨mvgMÖx Lwi` K‡i †mme cY¨ m`më„›` I Ab¨v‡bï wbKU b¨vh¨g~‡j¨

wewµi eë ’v K‡i _v‡K| †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ‡K eÈbKvix mgevq mwgwZ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv

nq| wkí cÖwZôv‡bi kªwgK‡ì D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZôv‡bi †M‡U, eo cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì D‡`¨v‡M

cÖwZôv‡b, eo nvDwRs Kg‡cø‡·i †M‡U Gi gvwjK‡ì D‡`¨v‡M Gai‡bi mgevq mwgwZ M‡o

†Zvjv n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`|

mgevq mwgwZ

m`m¨‡ì

cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i

D‡Ïk¨/Kv‡h©i

cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i

mvsMVwbK ¯—i

Abymv‡i

`vq-`vwq‡Z¡i

cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i

1. Drcv`K

mgevq

2. †fv³v

mgevq

1. µq mgevq 7. FY`vb mgevq

2. weµq mgevq 8. M„n wbg©vY mgevq

3. Avg`vwb mgevq 9. mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv

4. ißvwb mgevq 10. eûgyLx mgevq

5. exgv mgevq

6. e¨vsK mgevq

1. cÖv_wgK mgevq

2. †K› ªxq mgevq

3. wgkª mgevq

4. RvZxq mgevq

1. Amxg `vq

mgevq

2. mmxg- `vq

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L. D‡Ïk¨/Kv‡h©i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i According to the objectives/nature of functions

1. µq mgevq mwgwZ (Purchasing co-operative society): wewfbœ †ckvRxex gvbyl hw`

mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g msNe×-n‡q Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvgvw` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ µq myweav MÖnY

K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K µq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j|

2. weµq/wecYb mgevq mwgwZ (Marketing co-operative society): ÿz ª Drcv`K, K…lK

BZ¨vw` †kªYxi †jvKRb Zv‡ì cY¨`ªe¨ wewµ, ¸`vgRvZKiY, cwienY BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i cvBKvwi

myweav cÖvwßi j‡ÿ¨ hw` †Kv‡bv mgevq msMVb K‡i Z‡e weµq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j|

3. Avg`vwb mgevq mwgwZ (Import co-operative society): ÿz ª Avg`vwbKviKMY Zv‡ì

bvbvwea myweav I miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K `vwe Av`v‡qi wbwg‡Ë †h mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i Zv

Avg`vwb mgevq mwgwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

4. ißvwb mgevq mwgwZ (Export co-operative society): ÿz`ª Avg`vwbKviKMY ißvwb wel‡q

cvBKvwi myweav, mw¤§wjZ AwfÁZv I miKv‡ii wbKU n‡Z `vwe Av`v‡qi wbwg‡Ë hw` †Kv‡bv

mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i Zv‡K ißvwb mgevq mwgwZ ejv n‡e|

5. exgv mgevq mwgwZ (Insurance co-operative society): wb‡R‡ì exgv wb‡Riv

msNe×fv‡e Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx mgevq mwgwZ cÖwZôv Ki‡j Zv‡K exgv mgevq mwgwZ

ejv nq|

6. e¨vsK mgevq mwgwZ (Bank co-operative society): ÿy`ª AvqZ‡bi wfwË‡Z m`m¨‡ì

wbKU n‡Z AvgvbZ MÖnY I Zv‡ì‡K FY`v‡bi Rb¨ †h mgevq M‡o I‡V Zv‡K e¨vsK mgevq

mwgwZ ejv nq|

7. FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ (Credit co-operative society): gnvRb ev e¨vsK †_‡K FY MÖn‡Yi

e`‡j Kg my‡` wb‡R‡ì mÂq n‡Z FY MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ hw` †ckvRxexiv wgwjZ n‡q †Kv‡bv mgevq

MVb K‡i Zv‡K FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

8. M„nwbg©vY mgevq mwgwZ (Housing co-operative society): hw` ga¨weË I ¯íweË †jv‡Kiv

wb‡R‡ì M„n wbg©v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv‡bv mgevq M‡o †Zv‡j Z‡e Zv‡KB M„n wbg©vY mgevq mwgwZ

ejv nq|

9. mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv (Co-operative housing society): †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b AvevwmK cøU

Lwi‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ hw` †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx GKwÎZ nq Z‡e Zv‡K mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv ev AvevwmK

GjvKvwfwËK mgevq e‡j|

10. eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ (Multi purpose co-operative society): hLb †Kv‡bv mgevq

mwgwZ wewfbœ cÖKvi eëmvwqK Kv‡R wjß nq ZLb Zv‡K eûgyLx mwgwZ e‡j| Giƒc mgevq mwgwZ

µq, weµq, M„n wbg©vY FY`vb, e¨vswKs, wegv-G ai‡bi eûgyLx Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|

M. mvsMVwbK Íi Abymv‡i According to the Organisational Stage

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1. cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ (Primary co-operative society): cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ n‡”Q

†m ai‡bi mgevq msMVb hv me©wbæ ¯Íi ev cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q MwVZ nq| mgevq ej‡Z g~jZ G

¯Í‡ii mgevq‡KB eySv‡bv nq| MÖvgxY mgevq mwgwZmg~n Gi D`vniY|

2. †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ (Central co-operative society): b~¨bZg 10wU cÖv_wgK mgevq

mwgwZi mw¤§wjZ iƒc n‡”Q †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ| MÖvgxY K…lK mgevq mwgwZmg~n wg‡j BDwbqb

ev _vbv ch©v‡q mwgwZ¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q G RvZxq mwgwZ MwVZ nq| GwU mgev‡qi wØZxq Íi| G

mwgwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

3. wgkª mgevq mwgwZ (Mixed co-operative society): GwU mgev‡qi Z…Zxq Íi| e¨w³

m`‡mï cvkvcvwk cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv Gi m`m¨ n‡q _v‡K| wefvMxq (ev cÖ‡`k) ch©v‡q

mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q G ai‡Yi mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i| G mgevq mwgwZi Rb¨

b~¨bZg 20 Rb m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 12wU cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨ _vK‡Z nq|

4. RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ (National co-opeative society): GwU m‡e©v”P Í‡ii (PZy_© Íi)

mgevq msMVb| RvZxq ch©v‡q †h mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq Zv‡KB RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| 10wU

†K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ wg‡j RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ MwVZ nq|

N. `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i According to the Liabilities

1. Amxg-`vq mgevq mwgwZ (Unlimited co-operative society): Amxg `vq mgevq mwgwZ

n‡”Q †m ai‡bi mgevq msMVb †hLv‡b m`m¨‡ì `vq Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqvi Øviv ev Ab¨ Dcv‡q

mxgve× _v‡K bv| mwgwZi †`bvi Rb¨ G RvZxq mwgwZi m`mïv GKKfv‡e Ges †h․_fv‡e `vqx

_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi mwgwZi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq bv|

2. mmxg `vq mgevq mwgwZ (Limited Co-operative society): mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì

`vq hLb Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqv‡ii AvswkK g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _v‡K ZLb mmxg-`vq mgevq mwgwZ

e‡j| m`m¨‡ì mxwgZ `vq‡K eySvevi Rb¨ Giƒc mwgwZi bv‡gi †k‡l Õwjwg‡UWÕ ev ‘Ltd’ kã

†hvM Kiv nq| †`‡ki AwaKvsk mgevqB G †kªwYfy³|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mgevq

mwgwZ KvR Ki‡Q, ¯í mg‡qi gvby‡li fwel¨r Dbœqb I wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z AviI bZzb bZzb

mgevq mwgwZ M‡o DV‡e GK_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq|

6.06 evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb

The Role of Co-operative Society in the Socio-Economic Development of Bangladesh

¯íweË m¤ú` ev weËnxb e¨w³‡ì c‡ÿ mxwgZ mvg_© eënvi K‡i GKKfv‡e eo †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv

m¤¢e nq bv| mwgwZ MV‡bi gva¨‡g Giƒc mxwgZ mvg‡_©ï gvbyl wb‡R‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi

Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A_©‣bwZKfv‡e `ye©j gvbyl cvi¯úvwiK Kj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgevq

mwgwZ MVb K‡i|


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wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

1. A_©‣bwZK myweav (Economic Advantages): mgevq msMVb g~jZ m`m¨‡ì A_©‣bwZK

Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b bvbvfv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb- K…lK ev Kg Av‡qi m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K myweav cÖ`vb,

cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯í my‡` mnR k‡Z© FY mnvqZv `vb

cÖf„wZ| d‡j mwgwZi m`mïv gnvR‡bi †`․ivZ¥¨ n‡Z wb‡R‡ì iÿv Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

2. mvgvwRK myweav (Social Advantages): mgevq MV‡bi gva¨‡g ewÂZ RbMY Avw_©K myweavi

cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK myweav †fvM K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK myweavi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv,

MYZ‡š¿i PP©v, A_©‣bwZK kw³i we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi d‡j m`m¨‡ì gh©v`v e„w× cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

3. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb (Improving Standard of Living): mgevq mwgwZ mgv‡Ri wbgœœweË

I weËnxb‡ì msMVb| mwgwZ‡Z †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì Avq e„w×, b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ cY¨ cÖvwß, FY

mnvqZv cÖvwß Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM, mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× cvq, hv Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿ

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

4. Kg eë ’vcbv e¨q (Low Management Cost): m`m¨‡ì †¯^”Qvg~jK mn‡hvwMZv I

AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j eë¯’vcbv LiP eûjvs‡k n«vm cvq| eë¯’vcbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡ì †Kv‡bv

cÖKvi †eZbÑfvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv| Zviv mwgwZ cwiPvjbvq Lye AvMÖ‡ni mv‡_B webv

cvwikªwg‡K KvR K‡i|

5. e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi myweav (Advantage of Large-scale Business): m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk

nIqvq mgevq mwgwZ AwaK mÂq msMÖn I cuywR MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| hv w`‡q e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi

wewfbœ myweav †hgb- e„n`vqZb µq, Drcv`b I wecYb myweav cvIqv hvq| G‡Z mwgwZi Avq

e„w× cvq|

6. †mevi D‡Ïk¨ (Service Motive): Giƒc msMVb g~jZ m`m¨‡ì †mev cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B m„wó

nq, gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq| m`m¨‡ì‡K wewfbœfv‡e Avw_©K mnvqZv I b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ cY¨ ev

†mev cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM †`qv nq| mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve KvR

K‡i|

7. K‡ii Ae¨vnwZ (Tax Relief): mgevq mwgwZ MV‡b DrmvwnZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Giƒc msMV‡bi

Av‡qi Ici Ki avh© Kiv nq bv| d‡j m`m¨‡ì AwaK Avw_©K Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq|

8. miKvwi mnvqZv (Government Help): †`‡ki Av_©ÑmvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b mgevq

msMVb¸‡jv BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avi G f~wgKv‡K Av‡iv †ewk DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨

miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K mgevqx‡ì ev mwgwZ‡K Avw_©K I Abvw_©K wewfbœ myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

9. g‡bvej Dbœqb (Moral Development): mgevq mwgwZ KwZcq Av`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i

cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb-cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, AvZ¥mn‡hvwMZv, K‡Vvi cwikªg, wkÿv,

AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv, mÂq msMÖn cÖf„wZ| Gme Av`k© Abykxj‡bi d‡j m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv

KwVb KvR Lye mn‡R m¤úbœ Kivi g‡bvej I gvbwmKZv •Zwi nq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavi Kvi‡Y mgevq msMVb mvaviYZ wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li Kv‡Q

AZ¨š Í Drmvne¨ÄK I AvKl©Yxq msMVb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| †gvUK_v, e¨w³K, mvgvwRK I

RvZxq A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi f~wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| www.fa

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Kg©cÎ-1

mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvjx Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g eëmvq Kivi c×wZ wPwýZ Ki

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6.07 evW© BARD mgevq mwgwZi Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †evW© (evW©) Gi Ae`vb: æBangladesh Academy for Rural Development” ev BARD cjøx Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb| 1959 mv‡j Kzwgjøvi †KvUevwo‡Z cÖL¨vZ mgvRKg©x Aa¨ÿ AvLZvi nvwg` Lvb G cÖwZôvb

’vcb K‡ib|

G GKv‡Wwgi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cjøx Z_v MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi Dbœqb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ GKv‡Wwgi M„nxZ

c`‡ÿc I Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cjøx Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì cÖwkÿY, M‡elYv I

cixÿvg~jK cÖKí cwiPvjbv, cjøx Dbœq‡bi Dci †mwgbvi, Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`| cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav‡_©

GLv‡b cÖwkÿY cÖv_©x‡ì AvevwmK eë ’v, cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, IqvK©kc, K¨vw›Ub cÖf…wZ me©vwaK my‡hvM-

myweav i‡q‡Q| evW©-Gi G eûg~Lx Ae`vb I Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ G‡K Kzwgjøv g‡Wj bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv

nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MÖvgxY A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Gi my`~icÖmvix Ae`vb Ab¯xKvh©|

6.08 evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡k mgm¨v Poblems of Co-operative Development in Bangladesh

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU `wi ª †`k wn‡m‡eB evsjv‡`k mevi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ| G‡`‡k wbæweË m¤úbœ gvby‡li

msL¨v †ewk| G‡ì fv‡M¨vbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i ¯vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb MwZ

†c‡q‡Q, wKšÍy Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î G Av‡›`vjb mdjZvi gyL †`Lv hvqbv|


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ev Íe‡ÿ‡Î G‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vj‡b †h mgm¨v jÿbxq Zv wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−

1. mwVK cwiKíbvi Afve (Lack of proper planning): evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZi Dbœq‡b

†Kv‡bv myô y cwiKíbv †bB| d‡j G‡ì Aw ÍZ¡ nq ¯í‡gqvw` Ges weKvk nq evavcÖvß|

2. cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve (Lack of training): mgev‡qi wbe©vnxM‡Yi †Kv‡bviƒc cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi

my‡hvM †bB e‡j Zviv A‡bK mgq fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ nq|

3. AvgjvZvwš¿K g‡bvfve (Bureaucratic attitude): G‡`‡k †KD †Kv‡bv ØvwqZ¡ I ÿgZv

†c‡jB wb‡R‡K GKRb AmvaviY e¨w³ fve‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Avi mgevq mwgwZ cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨

wbhy³ e¨w³ivI AvgjvZwš¿K g‡bvfve aviY Kivq Zviv m`m¨‡ì †mevi e`‡j A‡bK mgq

Amyweav m„wó K‡ib| d‡j mgevq mwgwZ †f‡½ hvq|

4. ¯Rb-cÖxwZ (Nepotism): mwgwZi cwiPvjK‡ì ¯Rb-cªxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq¸‡jvi weKv‡ki

c‡_ AšÍivq| we‡kl K‡i FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jvi FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î G mgm¨v †`Lv †`q †ewk|

5. wkÿvi Afve (Lack of education): evsjv‡`‡k AwkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨vB AwaK| G

wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wkÿv m‡PZbZv bv _vKvq Zviv mgevq cÖwZôvi ¸iæZ¡ Abyave‡b e¨_©

n‡q‡Q| G‡Z mgevq cÖwZôv I weKvk evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z eva¨|

6. Amg cªwZ‡hvwMZv (Un-equal competition): ÿ z`ªvqZb cÖK…wZi msMVb nIqvq mwgwZ‡K

ga¨g I e„n`vqZb msMV‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv KóKi n‡q c‡o|

7. mZZv I wbôvi Afve (Lack of honesty and sincerity): mgev‡qi g‡Zv †h․_ cÖ‡Póvi

mdjZv A‡bKUvB mZZv I wbôvi Dci wbf©ikxj| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk e¨w³¯v_© PwiZv_©

Ki‡Z wM‡q G y‡UviB wemR©b w`‡Z e‡m‡Q| d‡j mgevq mwgwZi D‡ÏkÏ AvR e¨_©Zvq

ch©ewmZ n‡”Q|

8. g~ja‡bi ¯íZv (Defeciency of Capital): mgevq `wi ª‡ì msMVb| Zv‡ì cÖ`Ë ¯^í

cwigvY Puv`v mwgwZi Rb¨ ch©vß I cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab m„wó K‡i bv|

9. miKv‡ii mn‡hvwMZv (Co-operation of govt): mgev‡qi gva¨‡g Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi

Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| wKš Íy ev ÍeZv n‡jv miKv‡ii cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZv G‡ÿ‡Î Kg|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZ‡K GwM‡q †bqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡jI DcwiD³ mgm¨vi

Kvi‡Y Zv h‡_ó AMÖMwZ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB Gme mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ mswkøó meviB

gnvbyfeZvi g‡bvfve wb‡q GwM‡q Avmv cÖ‡qvRb|

6.09 evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n Ways of Removing the Problems of Co-operative Society in Bangladesh

evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª , AbMÖmiZv I Afve-AbUb †_‡K wbgœweËm¤úbœ e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K D×vi K‡i

Dbœq‡bi bZzb c_ †`Lv‡Z n‡j mgevq Av‡›`vjb †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv ejvi A‡cÿv

iv‡L bv| G j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK c~e© n‡ZB G‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡jI wKQy mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y Zv

mdjZvi gyL †`L‡Z cvi‡Q bv| www.fa

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125

wb‡gœ G mKj mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcvq D‡j øL Kiv n‡jv:

1. jvj wdZvi †`․ivZ¥¨ n«vm (Reduction of red-tapism): jvj wdZvi †`․ivZ¥¨ Z_v

AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv mgevq mwgwZi AMÖmiZvi Rb¨ Kg-†ewk `vqx| G‡ÿ‡Î MwZkxjZv Avb‡Z

n‡j mgevq gš¿Yvjq, mgevq wefvM I Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó Awd‡m `ÿ I mgev‡qi g‡š¿ Av¯’vkxj Kg©V

Rbej wb‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

2. mgevqg~jK wkÿvi eë ’vKiY (Arrangement of co-operative oriented education): mgevq Av‡›`vjb‡K †eMevb Ki‡Z n‡j †`‡ki mgevqg~jK wkÿvi cÖPjb Ki‡Z

n‡e| Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi eë ’v Kiv Ges cvV¨µ‡g G welqK Av‡jvPbv Aš Íf©y³ K‡i mgevq wkÿv

†Rvi`vi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

3. mgevq Dbœq‡b e„nr cwiKíbv (Master plan for development of co-operatives): mgevq mwgwZi g~j jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©ÑmvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK I

mvs ‥…wZK cwi‡ek we‡ePbvq †i‡L GKwU e„nr ev ÍewfwËK cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv Riæwi| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M

†K› ªxqfv‡e M„nxZ G cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki AwkwÿZ, Aa©wkwÿZ mvaviY RbMY‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wP MÖnY (Adopting training programme): mgevq mwgwZi mv‡_

cwiPvjbvq hy³ e¨w³eM© Ges mvaviY m`m¨‡ì ¯íKvjxb Ges KL‡bv ev `xN©Kvjxb cÖwkÿY c Ö`v‡bi

eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z mswk øó mK‡j ÿ z`ª I KzwUi wkí, K…wlKvRmn wewfbœ wel‡q ev¯ Íe aviYv AR©‡b

mÿg n‡e|

5. `yb©xwZ I ¯Rb-cÖxwZ †iva (Measures to prevent corruption and nepotism) : `yb©xwZ I ¯Rb-cÖxwZ Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi b¨vq mgev‡qI kw³kvjx wfZ M‡o‡Q| G wfZ‡K Dc‡o †dj‡Z

n‡j wbi‡cÿfv‡e K‡Vvi cÖkvmwbK eë ’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. mgev‡qi mydj m¤úwK©Z cÖPviYv (Publicity regarding the merits of co-operatives): mgev‡qi Kj¨vYgyLx f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© †eZvi, wUwf, msev`cÎ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ gva¨‡g

cÖPviYvi eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z mvaviY RbMY mgevq m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e Ges G wel‡q Drmvnx

n‡q DV‡e|

7. mvaviY wkÿvi m¤cÖmviY (Expansion of general education): GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

Dbœqbg~jK LvZ wn‡m‡e mgevq Av‡›`vjb RvZxqwfwËK Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ cvevi AeKvk iv‡L| G

Kvi‡Y †`‡ki RbMY‡K G wel‡q m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv ìKvi| †`‡ki `wi`ª, Am‡PZb mvaviY †jv‡Ki

g‡a¨ wkÿvi Av‡jv R¡vjv‡Z cvi‡j G wel‡q BwZevPK dj Avkv Kiv hvq|


126

8. cÖ‡Yv`bvi eë ’v (Taking incentive measures): G msMV‡bi mgm¨v ~ixKi‡Yi

j‡ÿ¨ mgev‡qi mv‡_ mswk øó wbe©vnx, eë ’vcK Ges m`m¨‡ì we‡kl cvi`wk©Zvi wfwË‡Z

cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK eë ’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK ¯ Íi †_‡K m‡e©v”P ¯ Íi ch©š Í wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î †kªô‡Z¡i Rb¨

wbi‡cÿfv‡e cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi eë ’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

9. Kvh©Ki mgš^‡qi eë ’v MÖnY (Taking effective measures for co-ordination): cÖv_wgK, †K› ªxq I RvZxq ch©v‡qi mgevq msMVbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ges mgev‡qi wewfbœ `ßi, mgevq

wefvM I mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Afve mgev‡qi Dbœq‡b GKwU eo Aš Íivq| GRb¨

Gme †ÿ‡Î myôz I Kvh©Ki mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g mgev‡qi weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e|

10. mnR k‡Z© FY`vb (Providing credit with simple terms & condition): g~ja‡bi ¯íZv mgevq mwgwZMy‡jv mPj ivLvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU eo evav| mgev‡qi m¤cÖmvi‡Y miKvi

mnR k‡Z© FY w`‡q G mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i|

11. miKvwi mn‡hvwMZv e„w× (Increasing government co-operation): G †m±‡ii

Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avw_©K I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv I mn‡hvwMZv Av‡iv e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

G e¨vcv‡i ’vbxq miKvi, cj øx Dbœqb I mgevq welqK gš¿Yvjq Kvh©Ki I ev¯ ÍewfwËK c`‡ÿc MÖnY

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

12. MwZkxj Z_¨ eë ’v (Dynamic information system): mgevq m¤ú‡K© mvaviY

RbMY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Ki‡Z n‡j G m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi eë ’vI _vKv ìKvi| G Kvi‡Y wewfbœ

cÖKvi cÖKvkbv, gy ªY I Zvi h_vh_ weZiYmn mKj Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi eë ’v myôz I MwZkxj n‡Z n‡e|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z DcwiD³ eë ’v `ªæZ MÖnY Ki‡Z

n‡e| GRb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wefvMmg~n‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| mgev‡qi DrcwË nIqv wewfbœ

mgm¨v wbim‡b miKvi I RbMY‡K ZvB GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i †h‡Z n‡e|

Kg©cÎ-2

evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v¸‡jv we‡kølYc~e©K Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ Ki|

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127

6.10 mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mdj nevi Kvwnbx

Success History Through Co-operative Society

Lvw`Rv †eMg Zvi w`bgRyi Ges m¤ú`nxb wcZvgvZvi GKgvÎ Kb¨v| †m Zvi evev-gvi •Zwi gvwUi N‡i

eo n‡q‡Q| gvÎ 11 eQi eq‡m GKRb †eKvi †Q‡ji mv‡_ Zvi we‡q nq| Avi weevwnZ Rxeb †evSvi

Av‡MB wZwb ymšÍv‡bi Rbbx nb| Rxe‡bi G mgq G‡m wZwb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb wZwb Zvi ¯vgx Ges

ymšÍvb Zvi evev-gvi msmv‡i †evSv ¯iƒc wVK GB mgq wZwb ÒwbRaviv gwnjv mgevq mwgwZÓ bv‡g

GKwU mgevq mwgwZi bvg ïb‡jb †hwU wQj gqgbwms‡ni nvjyqvNv‡Ui Ôevsjv‡`k †ijI‡qÕ (B.R) Gi

Aaxb| c‡i wZwb G mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨ n‡jb| cÖ_‡g wZwb mgevq mwgwZ n‡Z 1000 UvKv FY

wb‡jb Ges F‡Yi eëmv ïiæ Ki‡jb| FY µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †h gybvdv n‡jv Zv w`‡q wZwb Zvi

•`bw›`b LiP wgUv‡bvi cvkvcvwk F‡Yi 1g wKw Íi UvKv cwi‡kva K‡ib| Zvici n‡Z DÏxcbvi gva¨‡g

Zvi msmvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb| Gfv‡e wZwb 1992 †_‡K 2006 mvj ch©šÍ †gvU 68000 UvKv FY MÖnY

K‡ib Ges y» Drcv`bKvix Mvfx jvjb-cvjb K‡ib| wZwb y» Drcv`bKvix Mvfx µq K‡i GKwU

†WBwi dvg© Ges GKwU †cvjwUª dvg© ’vcb K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b Zvi Lvgv‡i AvUwU Miæ i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 2wU

we‡`wk Mvfx Ges 6wU gvSvwi mvB‡Ri Mvfx i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †m Mvfx n‡Z cÖwZw`b 30 wjUvi ya cvq

hvi eZ©gvb evRvig~j¨ 750 UvKv| G w`‡q wZwb Lvgv‡ii me LiP Ges Zv‡ì •`bw›`b LiP wgUv‡bvi

ci 300 UvKv mÂq K‡ib| wZwb GKwU †cvjwUª dvg© M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb †hLv‡b 20wU nuvm Ges 325 wU

gyiwM jvjb cvjb K‡ib| †cvjwUª dvg© n‡Z wZwb •`bw›`b Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi ci Aewkó wWg evRv‡i wewµ

K‡ib| Zvi †gvU •`bw›`b Rgv UvKv w`‡q ’vbxq ÔaivÕ evRv‡ii wbK‡U 26 kZvsk Rwg µq K‡ib hvi

eZ©gvb evRvig~j¨ 3,00,000 (wZb jvL) UvKv| ÔaivÕ evRv‡i wZwb GKwU KxUbvkK Jly‡ai †`vKvi

w`‡q‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb Zvi evwo‡Z GKwU Avav cvKv Ni w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi ¯vgx eZ©gv‡b UªvK Pvjvb|

Zvi wb‡Ri Ges Zvi ¯vgxi Av‡q eZ©gv‡b Zvi msmvi Lye fv‡jvfv‡e Pj‡Q| GLb wZwb A‡bK ¯”Qj|

†Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì ¯‥z‡j cvVv‡”Q| Zvi e„× evev-gvi I †`Lvïbv Ki‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb Zvi mgv‡R Ges

MÖv‡g GKRb m¤§vwbZ e¨w³| wZwb Ab¨ gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ AbyKiYxq| eZ©gv‡b wZwb LyeB myLx Ges GRb¨

wZwb mgevq mwgwZi cÖwZ K…ZÁ|


1| ÿz ª Drcv Kiv wb‡R‡ì ¯v_© iÿvi R‡b¨ †h mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i Zv‡K Kx ai‡bi mgevq mwgwZ e‡j|

K. †fv³v mgevq L. Drcv`K mgevq

M. cÖv_wgK mgevq N. RvZxq mgevq

2| Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZi D`vniY−

i. `y» mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW ii. ÿz`ª mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW iii. ZuvwZ mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?


M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii


128

3| mgevq mwgwZ KLb Kvh©vi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i?

K. D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kivi ci L. Dcwewa mgevq wefv‡M `vwLj Kivi ci

M. Kwgkbv‡ii AbygwZ ci N. wbeÜbcÎ cvevi ci

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

iscy‡ii gvnxMÄ wbevmx KwZcq AvLPvlx wg‡j GKwU msMVb MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq| Zviv ¯’vbxq

mgevq Awa`ß‡i mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎ Rgv †`q| Z‡e

`xN© wZbgvm AwZevwnZ n‡jI D³ msNVb wbeÜb nqwb| GgZve¯’vq welqwU m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z

PvB‡j wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm †_‡K Dcwewai wKQz mgm¨vi K_v ejv nq|

4| DÏxc‡K †Kvb ai‡bi mwgwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kiv nq?

K. K…lK L. Drcv`K

M. †ckvRxex N. kÖgRxex

5| wbeÜb KZ…©K msMVbwU wbeÜb bv Kivi Rb¨ †h KviY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, G m¤ú‡K© GLb

D‡`¨v³v‡ì KiYxq Kx?

K. cybivq Dcwewa cÖ ‘Z L. wbeÜb QvovB Kvh©vi¤¢

M. Dcwewai ms‡kvab N. msMVb MV‡bi cwiKíbv evwZj

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| Uv½vB‡ji fzqvcyi _vbvi 70 Rb ZvuZx wg‡j Zv‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ GKwU mgevq

mwgwZ MVb K‡i| 2012 mvj ch©š Í Zv‡ì AwR©Z gybvdvi cwigvY wQj wb¤œiƒc:

eQi 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

gybvdv(UvKv) 25,000 /= 32,000 /= 28,000 /= 25,000 /= 30,000 /=

Zviv b~¨bZg nv‡i Znwej msiÿY K‡i| 2013 mv‡j Zviv GKwU bZzb ZuvZ emv‡Z PvB‡Q hvi Rb¨

25,000 /= UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb| ZuvZ emv‡bvi Rb¨ Zviv Zv‡ì mwÂwZ Znwej eënvi Ki‡Z PvB‡Q|

K. mgevq Dcwewa Kx?

L. µq mgevq mwgwZ ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. mvsMVwbK wePv‡i DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi mgevq msMVb e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zywg wK g‡b Ki ZuvZ †Kbvi mgy`q A_© mwÂwZ Znwej eënvi K‡i †Kbv m¤¢e? hyw³mn DËi vI|

2| Kzwgjøvi wbgmv‡ii meRx Drcv`Kiv cv‡ki evRv‡i meRx weµq K‡i| G‡Z Zviv †Zgb `vg cvq

bv| †ewk meRx evRv‡i G‡j weµq Kivq `y¯‥i n‡q c‡o| ZvB Zviv GKUv mgevq mwgwZ Movi

wm×vš Í wbj| GB mwgwZ‡Z UvKv Rwg‡q Zviv GKUv wgwb UªvK wKb‡jv| Uªv‡K mgevqx‡ì gvj

GK‡Î wb‡q e‡ov evRv‡i weµq K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ mgevq Kg©KZ©v civgk© w`‡jb, Zviv XvKvq

wb‡Riv GKUv †`vKvb Ly‡j †mLv‡b meRx weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| GK mg‡q Zviv ZvB Ki‡jv|

K. mgev‡qi g~jgš¿ Kx?

L. †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. DÏxc‡Ki meRx Drcv`Kiv D‡Ïk¨ wePv‡i †Kvb ai‡bi mgevq M‡o Zz‡j‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. XvKvq meRxi †`vKvb †Lvjvq mgevqx‡ì Avq evo‡e-Gi e³‡eï h_v_©Zv we‡k ølY Ki| www.fa

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mßg Aa¨vq

ivóªxq eëmvq

STATE ENTERPRISE

e¨w³¯vZš¿ëv` ev Lywkg‡Zv Pj‡Z †`qvi bxwZi Kvi‡Y abev`x mgv‡R ab‣el‡gï m„wó nq I ivóªxq

wbqš¿Y wkw_j n‡q c‡o| ZvB G Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i mgvRZvwš¿K ev wgkÖ A_©bxwZ M‡o Zz‡j

Kj¨vYKi ivóª cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK †`‡kB ivóªxq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev−

• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv|

• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n|

• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨mg~n|

• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi myweav I Amyweav|

• evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq eëmvqmg~n|

• evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv|

• evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Ae`vb|

• miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vixZ¡wfwËK eëmvq cwiPvjbvi aviYv|


130

7.01 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of the State Enterprise

ivóª ev miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvax‡b MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ eëmvq‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M ev

miKvwi cÖ‡Póvq bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| Avevi, Dcw ’Z †Kv‡bv †emiKvwi eëmvq

cÖwZôvb‡K ivóªvqË ev RvZxqKiY K‡i iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Y Avbv nq| mvaviYZ †`‡ki wkívqb,

Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, m¤ú`mg~‡ni mylg eÈb cÖf…wZi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges KZK¸‡jv RbKj¨vYg~jK

†ÿ‡Î ivóªxq eëmvq ’vcb Kiv nq| ZvQvov, †`kiÿv I wbivcËvi Rb¨ A ¿cvwZi wbg©vY wk‡íi Ici

c~Y© wbqš¿Y ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi Giƒc †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|

7.02 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨

Features Of State Enterpirse

†h eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Ges †`‡ki miKv‡ii Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq †m

eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gvwjKvbv _v‡K iv‡óªi nv‡Z| †mB

wn‡m‡e mvaviY e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb eëmv‡qi †P‡q G ai‡bi msMV‡bi wKQz evowZ •ewkó¨ _v‡K|

wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv we‡k ølY Kiv n‡jv−

• MVb cÖYvjx (Mode of fromation): ivóªxq eëmvq g~jZ miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb K‡i

miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq| ivóªcwZi we‡kl Av‡`‡k ev †`‡ki AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j

A_ev †emiKvwi eëmvq RvZxqKiY Kivi gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmvq msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|

• gvwjKvbv (Ownership): ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gvwjK n‡jv miKvi ev RbMY| Gi mKj m¤ú`

iv‡óªi Ges Gi Kg©Pvixiv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e iv‡óªi Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Aek¨ Giƒc

eëmvq miKvwi I †emiKvwi †h․_ gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i|

• g~jab (Capital): miKvi Giƒc eëmv‡qi gvwjK nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡KB Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi

ms ’vb Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ miKvi wbR¯ †KvlvMvi †_‡K A_ev cÖ‡qvR‡b † wk-we‡ wk wewfbœ Drm †_‡K

FY msMÖn K‡i Gi g~jab msMÖn K‡i|

• D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives): ivóªxq msMV‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b bq| ZviciI wewfbœ

Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g G eëmvq gybvdv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| G gybvdv miKvwi †KvlvMv‡i Rgv

nq A_ev Rb¯^v‡_© e¨q Kiv nq|

• AvBbMZ gh©v`v (Legal status): ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb eëmvq K…wÎg I ¯Zš¿ mËvi AwaKvix|

we‡kl AvBb Øviv MwVZ e‡j Gi GKwU c„_K AvBbMZ gh©v`v i‡q‡Q|

• RbKj¨vb mvab (Public Welfare): gybvdv e„w× †Kv‡bv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq|

Rb‡mev I RbKj¨vYB Gi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| we‡kl we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ivóªxq eëmvq MwVZ nq

Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GK‡PwUqv KZ…©Z¡ †fvM K‡i _v‡K|

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• ¯vqËkvmb (Autonomy): ivóªxq eëmvq msMVb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix| d‡j G eëmvq

wPiš Íb Aw Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix| we‡kl AvBb ev Aa¨v‡`k e‡j ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Aemvb NUv‡bv hvq|

• MY-•KwdqZ (Public accountability): G eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`

miKvi‡K Revew`wnZv Ki‡Z nq|

Kg©cÎ-1

aviYv I •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i evsjv‡`‡k G eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv wPwýZ Ki|

• • • • • • • • • •

7.03 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨

Objectives of State Enterprise

mgvRZvwš¿K A_© eë¯’vq ivóªxq Kviev‡ii cÖPjb †ewk| abZvwš¿K A_© eë¯’vq ivóªxq

eëmvq cÖvq †ÿ‡ÎB e¨_© nq| ivóªxq eëmvq D‡Ïk¨MZ w`K †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmv‡qi †P‡q

wfbœ| Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b bq| we‡kl wKQz

D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G eëmvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|

• RbKj¨vY (Public Welfare): RbKj¨vY‡K cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e ùvo Kwi‡q ivóªxq

eëmvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| eëmvwqK Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g gybvdv AwR©Z n‡jI †m gybvdv

Avevi RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡YB LiP Kiv nq|

• wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿv (Maintenance of Secrecy & Security): we‡kl wKQz

Lv‡Zi †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv LyeB Riæwi| †hgb-cÖwZiÿv LvZ, †bvU Bmy¨ BZ¨vw`| Avi

wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿvi wbwi‡L H ai‡bi LvZ¸‡jv miKvwi gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq|

• GK‡PwUqv eëmvq †iva (Prevention of monopoly business): GK‡PwUqv eëmvq

cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ gvwjKMY hv‡Z mgv‡R Aïf cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib ev

†¯^”QvPvix nIqvi my‡hvM bv cvb Zv †iv‡ai D‡Ï‡kÏ A‡bK mgq e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb

cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk ivóªxq eëmvq M‡o †Zvjv nq|


132

• ªæZ wkívqb (Rapid industrialisation): ªæZ wkívq‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM, cyuwR I SzuwK

MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv D‡`¨v³v‡ì gv‡S _vK‡Z nq| A_P Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni eëmvqx‡ì

gv‡S Gi Afve _vKvq wkívqb e¨vnZ nq| ZvB miKvi mivmwi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i †`‡k ªæZ

wkívq‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôv K‡i|

• Avg`vwb I ißvwb wbqš¿Y (Control of import and export): †`‡ki Avg`vwb I

ißvwbi Dci Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eRvq ivLvi D‡Ï‡kÏ wKQz wKQz evwYwR¨K miKvwi gvwjKvbvq MVb

I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k wU.wm.we. Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU D`vniY|

• RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): miKvwi gvwjKvbvq wkí-evwYR¨

cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j cyuwRMZ myweavi Kvi‡Y Gi ªæZ Dbœqb N‡U| Z`ycwi Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi Ki

ev ivR¯ duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZv bv _vKvq mn‡RB RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq|

• fvix I †g․wjK wkí cÖwZôv (Establishing basic and heavy industries ): g~jab

ms ’v‡bi mxgve×Zv, AwaK SuywK Ges g~jab cÖZ¨veZ ©‡b ev gybvdv cÖvwß‡Z wej‡¤i Kvi‡Y

e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †g․wjK I fvix wk‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvb bv| A_P wk‡íi

eywbqv` m„wói j‡ÿ¨ Giƒc Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| ZvB Gai‡bi wkí cÖwZôvi j‡ÿÏ

ivóªxq eëmvq MVb Kiv nq|

• ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †flR I ÿwZKviK cY¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of essential drug, herbal and harmful products): ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †flR I ÿwZKviK c‡Yï Drcv`b I e›Ub †emiKvwi

Lv‡Z Ac©Y Ki‡j Zvi Aceënv‡ii m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| †hgb-Rxeb iÿvKvix Ilya, Avwdg,

g` BZ¨vw`| ZvB hv‡Z Gme c‡Yï Ab¨vq Drcv`b I eÈb n‡Z bv cv‡i Z¾b¨ ivóªxq

gvwjKvbvq Giƒc c‡Yï eëmvq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, ivóªxqKiYK…Z A_ev ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ †h mKj wkí ev evwYwR¨K

cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKvbv, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e miKvwi AvIZvax‡b _v‡K Zv‡K

ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| gybvdv AR©b G eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq; g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv RbKj¨vY|

7.04 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi myweav

Advantages of State Enterprise ivóªxq eëmvq g~jZ miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb K‡i miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq ivóªcwZi we‡kl

Av‡`‡k ev †`‡ki AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j A_ev †emiKvwi eëmvq RvZxqKiY Kivi

gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmvq msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|

wb‡gœ G eëmv‡qi myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi (Social justice): ivóªxq eëmvq mgv‡Ri wKQzmsL¨K e¨w³i nv‡Z m¤ú`

†K›`ªxf~Z nIqvi cÖeYZv eÜ K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi fv‡M¨bœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb wbwðZ

K‡i mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv K‡i|

2. RbKj¨vY mvab (Public welfare): Giƒc eëmvq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B g~jZ MwVZ I

cwiPvwjZ nq| RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ LvZ; †hgb-Iqvmv, †ijI‡q, WvK I Zvi BZ¨vwì g‡Zv

wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avgv‡ì †`‡k G eëmvq RbM‡Yi A‡kl DcKvi mvab K‡i|

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3. AwaK Kg©ms ’vb (More employment): G eëmvq kÖwgK-Kg©x‡ì †kvlY bv K‡i eis

Zv‡ì cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi g‡š¿ DØy× n‡q bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb I G‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq

msL¨K †jvK wb‡qvM K‡i AwaK Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|

4. mylg wkívqb (Balanced industrialization): ivóªxq eëmvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki

mKj AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| G Qvov †`‡k hv‡Z fvimvg¨c~Y© A_©vr mKj

ai‡bi wk‡íi Dbœqb N‡U Zvi cÖwZI bRi †`qv nq| d‡j †`‡ki mylg wkívqb N‡U|

5. Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgZv weavb (Balancing between demand and supply): G‡ÿ‡Î

†K›`ªxf~Z cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g wkí msµvš Í Kvh©vewj we‡klZ Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi g‡a¨ h_vh_

mgš^q I fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLv hvq| d‡j ¯^í ev AwaK Drcv`‡bi m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq|

6. GK‡PwUqv cÖfve †iva (Resisting monopoly influence): e¨w³gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨

GK‡PwUqv cÖfve m„wói Amr cÖeYZv jÿYxq| GRb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq bvbvb ai‡bi Ac‡K․kj

MÖnY K‡i RbMY‡K ÿwZMÖ Í K‡i| ivóªxq eëmvq cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g Zv eÜ Kiv hvq|

7. `ybx©wZ I AcPq †iva (Resisting corruption and wastage): e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaK

gybvdvi Avkvq A‡bK mgq bvbv ai‡bi `yb©xwZi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| Ki duvwK †`qvi

cÖeYZvq †fv‡M| hv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î N‡U bv| GQvov G eëmvq fvimvg¨nxb

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †iva K‡i AcPq n«vm Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

8. eëmv-evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of business): †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡Rï Dci miKv‡ii

cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y

_vKv Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vsK, exgv BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i miKvi †`‡ki

A_© eë ’v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|

9. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì mØënvi (Best utilization of natural resources): †emiKvwi

Lv‡Z †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †Q‡o †`qv n‡j e¨w³¯^v_© we‡ePbvq Zvi Aceënv‡ii

m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi Kiv n‡j †`‡ki mKj

gvbyl Gi mydj cvq|

10. g›`vRwbZ msKU †iva (Resisting problem relating to recession): A_©‣bwZK g›`vi

mgq †`‡ki †`‡ki †emiKvwi Lv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| we‡klZ Kj-KviLvbv eÜ

n‡q hvIqvi †eKvi mgm¨v cÖKU nq| Drcv`b eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j evRv‡i c‡Yï Zxeª msKU

†`Lv hvq| wKš‘ ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb eëmvq G ai‡bi msKU m„wó K‡i bv|

11. M‡elYv I Dbœqb (Research and development): ivóªxq eëmvq e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z

M‡o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ fv‡jv _vKvq G‡ÿ‡Î M‡elYv I Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM †ewk _v‡K|

DbœZ cÖhyw³i eënvi K‡i G eëmvq mn‡RB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|


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7.05 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Amyweav Disadvantages of State Enterprise

gybvdv e„w× †Kv‡bv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq| Rb‡mev I RbKj¨vYB Gi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| we‡kl

we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ivóªxq eëmvq MwVZ nq Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GK‡PwUqv KZ…©Z¡ †fvM

K‡i _v‡K|Gi d‡j wKQz Amyweav †`Lv †`q wb‡gœ ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Amyweav mg~n Av‡ivPbv Kiv n‡jv: 1. ¯vfvweK A_©‣bwZK weKv‡k evav (Hindrance towards normal economic

development): mivmwi gvwjKvbvq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j †emiKvwi

D‡`¨v³vMY wbiærmvwnZ nq| G‡Z †`‡ki Kvh©Kix Kvievwi cwi‡ek wecbœ nq I ¯^vfvweK

A_©‣bwZK weKvk evavMÖ Í nq|

2. ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Amyweav (Problem of taking quick decision): h_vmg‡q h_vh_

wm×vš Í MÖnY I Zvi ev Íevq‡bi Dci eëmvq mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| wKš Íy ivóªxq eëmv‡q

AvgjvZvwš¿K eë ’vcbvi Kvi‡Y mKj wel‡q `xN©m~ÎZvi m„wó nq| hv wm×všÍ MÖnY‡K wejw¤Z I

AKvh©Ki K‡i|

3. jvjwdZvi †`․ivZ¥¨ (Suffering of red tapisim): ivóªxq eëmv‡qi eë ’vcK I

Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ AvgjvZvwš¿K gvbwmKZv we`¨gvb _vKvq aiveuvav wbqg-Kvby‡bi wbM‡o me KvR

MwÐe× n‡q c‡o| G‡Z jvjwdZvi †`․iv‡Z¥ï m„wó nq| A_©vr mKj Kv‡Ri MwZ AZ¨šÍ axi I

gš’i n‡q _v‡K|

4. AjvfRbK ms ’v (Unprofitable organisation): Giƒc eëmvq AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î

AjvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges miKvwi mvnv‡h¨ wU‡K _v‡K| AbeiZ †jvKmv‡bi d‡j

Giæc eëmvq m¤ú‡K© Rbg‡b Lvivc aviYv R‡b¥ Ges RvwZi Rb¨ Zv †evSv n‡q ùvovq|

5. bgbxqZvi Afve (Lack of flexibility): Giƒc eëmvq miKvwi wbqg-bxwZi †eovRv‡j

Ave× _v‡K weavq cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©bkxj Kvievwi Ae ’vi mv‡_ m½wZ weav‡b e¨_© nq| d‡j Zv

†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

6. `ybx©wZ I ¯bRbcÖxwZ (Corruption and nepotism): mvaviYfv‡e G eëmv‡q

KZ©ve¨w³‡ì Avjv`v †Kvb ¯v_© bv _vKvq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨vq c‡_ ¯v_©wmw×i e¨vcK cÖeYZv

jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| d‡j Gi Af¨š Í‡i `ybx©wZ evmv euv‡a| G Qvov Giƒc eëmvq miKvwi Avgjv I

ivR‣bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ì AvZ¥xq †cvl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cwiYZ nq|

7. bxwZi Nb Nb cwieZ©b (Frequent change of policies): miKvwi cÖkvm‡bi b¨vq Gi

cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM©‡KI Nb Nb e`wj Kiv nq| d‡j wbe©vnx e`‡ji mv‡_ bxwZiI

cwieZ©b N‡U| G Qvov miKvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_I Gi bxwZ‡Z A‡bK cwieZ©b nq| Avi

Giƒc bxwZi cwieZ©b eëmv‡qi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ K‡i|

8. †MvcbxqZv cÖKvk (Expressing secrecy): AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j Giƒc eëmvq

cÖwZwôZ nq weavq msm‡` Gi Kvh©µg wb‡q †LvjvLywj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| G Qvov gš¿Yvj‡qi

Aaxb miKvwi wefvMxq msMV‡bi KvR wb‡qI mivmwi Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j eëmvq

†MvcbxqZv cÖKvk n‡q c‡o|

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9. we‡jv‡ci Amyweav (Problem in dissolution): miKvwi cÖwZôvb weavq Gi we‡jv‡ci

wm×vš Í MÖn‡Y msm‡` I Rbmvavi‡Y¨ bvbvb K_v D‡V| kÖwgK-Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK

Av‡›`vj‡bi m„wó nq| G‡Z miKvi Rbmg_©‡bi welq we‡ePbv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×vš Í wb‡Z cv‡i

bv| d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡ÎI Gi we‡jvc Kiv hvq bv|

Kg©cÎ-2

ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv, •ewkó¨ I D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølY K‡i D³ eëmv‡qi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv †ei Ki|

ivóªxq eëmv‡qi myweav / mej w`K ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Amyweav / ~e©j w`K|

• • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

7.06 evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq eëmvq

State Enterprises of Bangladesh

evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW© (BTTB): evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW©, WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU ¯vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| GwU

1971 mv‡j cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|

evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb

†evW© g~jZ j¨vÛ‡dvb †mev

cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GwUi †mev

kni AÂj, Dckni Ges

Avš ÍR©vwZKfv‡e we Í…Z| hwÌ

miKvi †emiKvwi †ÿ‡Î

†Uwj‡dv‡bi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb

K‡i‡Q Z_vwc j¨vÛ‡dv‡bi

†ÿ‡Î GwU GL‡bv GK‡PwUqv cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i P‡j‡Q| GwU kyay j¨vÛ †dv‡bi †mevB cÖ`vb K‡i

_v‡K Zv bq, GwU Avgv‡ì 64 †Rjvq B›Uvi‡bU †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|


136

1998 mv‡j GKwU Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g GwU‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡Z iƒcvš Íi Kiv

nq| MÖvnK‡ì AviI DbœZ †mev cÖ`vb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ 2004 mv‡j Ò†UwjUKÓ bv‡gi Avjv`v

GKwU †Kv¤úvwb †Lv‡j †hwU eZ©gv‡b †gvevBj †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| †UwjUK n‡”Q †`‡ki

GKgvÎ cvewjK †gvevBj Acv‡iUi| 2012 mv‡j †UwjUK 3G cÖhyw³ hy³ K‡i †gvevBj

†ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| G cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b †gvevBj MÖvnKiv K_v ejvi

mv‡_ mv‡_ hvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Q Zvi QweI †`L‡Z cvi‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ †Uwjwfkb

P¨v‡b‡ji AbyôvbI †`L‡Z cv‡”Q| Av‡iv bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ hy³ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Zvi I

†Uwj‡dvb †evW© cÖwZwbqZ KvR Ki‡Q|

evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms ’v (BRTC):

evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms ’v (weAviwUwm) GKwU ivóªvqË cwienb ms ’v| GwU 1961 mv‡ji 4 †deªæqvwi

1961 mv‡ji 7bs miKvwi Aa¨v‡`k Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ nq| 1971 mv‡ji ¯vaxbZvi ci GwU eZ©gvb bvg

avib K‡i|

weAviwUwm †hvMv‡hvM gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU Avav ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| GwUi MfwY©sewWi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨

i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM gš¿x, †hvMv‡hvM mwPe, cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjK Ges Ab¨vb¨ Awdmvi hv‡ì Øviv miKvi

KZ…©K GKRb †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vPb Kiv nq|

weAviwUwm hvÎx‡mev Ges cY¨ cwienb †mev `y‡UvB cÖ`vb K‡i| weAviwUwm wZbwU Avš ÍR©vwZK evmiæU

i‡q‡Q; G¸‡jv n‡”Q XvKv-KjKvZv, XvKv-AvMiZjv I XvKv-wkwj¸wo| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ GwU PUªMÖvg,

e¸ov, Kzwgjøv, cvebv, iscyi, ewikvj, wm‡jU, XvKv evm wW‡cv †_‡K AvšÍt‡Rjv evm †mev w`‡q _v‡K|

eZ©gv‡b XvKvi hvbhU wbim‡b weAviwUwm ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| cÖwZwbqZ weAviwUwmi en‡i

bZyb bZzb evm †hvM n‡”Q| Rvbyqvwi 2012 mvj ch©š Í weAviwUwmi †gvU ev‡mi msL¨v wQj 1116wU|

cieZ©x‡Z 2012 mv‡j Av‡iv wKQy †`vZvjv evm Avg`vwb Kiv nq| weAviwUwmi me‡P‡q AvaywbK

ms‡hvRb n‡”Q AvwU©Kz‡j‡UW ev †Rvov evm †hwU 2013 mv‡j D‡™¢vab Kiv nq| wewfbœ Drme ev

Abyôv‡bi mgq weAviwUwm †¯úkvj mvwf©m Pvjy K‡i; †hgb C` †¯úkvj mvwf©m|

evm QvovI cY¨ cwien‡bi myweavi Rb¨ weAviwUwm UªvK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| weAviwUwm mvaviYZ

wewfbœ miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi Lv`¨, mvi, KvMR Ges Rxeb iÿvKvix Jla cwien‡bi eë ’v K‡i _v‡K|

ZvQvov wewfbœ `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Îvb cwien‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 171 wU UªvK weAviwUwm

en‡i i‡q‡Q|

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evm I UªvK †mev QvovI weAviwUwm PvjK‡ì‡K cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë ’v K‡i _v‡K| GwUi cÖavb PvjK

cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Aew ’Z MvwRcy‡ii Rq‡ècyi| GQvovI XvKv, PUªMÖvg, e¸ov, Lyjbv, wSbvB`v‡nI

cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Ges mvwf©wms †m›Uvi i‡q‡Q| weAviwUwmi cÖavb IqvK©kc XvKvi †ZRMuvI G Aew ’Z|

evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms ’v

Bangladesh Sugar and food Industry Corporation

evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v (BSFIC) GKK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq c‡njv RyjvB

1976 mv‡j| GwU 1972 mv‡ji 26 gvP© ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‡`k 1972 Gi 26 bs AW©v‡ii wfwË‡Z

`ywU cÖwZôvb h_v evsjv‡`k wPwbKj wgj K‡c©v‡ikb (BSMC) Ges evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ Ges mnvqK

wkí K‡c©v‡ikb (BFAIC) GwKf~Z n‡q cÖwZwôZ nq| evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v Lv`¨

gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU cÖwZôvb| GwUi mvaviY cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewj Ò†evW© Ae wW‡i±imÓ Gi gva¨‡g

cwiPvwjZ nq| Ò†evW© Ae wW‡i±imÓ G _v‡K GKRb †Pqvig¨vb Ges 5 Rb cwiPvjK hvi g‡a¨

_v‡K GKRb A_©vqb, GKRb wecYb, GKRb Drcv`b I cÖ‡K․kjx, GKRb cwiKíbv I Dbœqb

Ges GKRb AvL Dbœqb I M‡elYv|

jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ (Goal & Objective) • wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g DbœZgv‡bi wPwb Drcv`b Kiv|

• wPwbKj¸‡jvi mÿgZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wPwbi Drcv`b e„w× K‡i •e‡`wkK g~`ªv iÿv Kiv|

• `ÿ wecY‡bi gva¨‡g ’vbxq evRv‡i wPwbi `vg w ’wZkxj ivLv|

• wPwb‡Z AvZ¥-wbf©ikxjZv AR©b Kivi j‡ÿ¨ eZ©gvb wPwbKj¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w× Kiv Ges bZzb

wPwbKj ¯’vcb Kiv|

evsjv‡`k wPwb I wkí ms ’vi Aax‡b wPwbKj ¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:

µwgK cÖwZôv‡bi bvg Ae¯’vb

1 cÂMo wPwbKj wj. cÂMo

2 †LZveMÄ wPwbKj wj. †LZveMÄ, w`bvRcyi

3 VvKziMuv wPwbKj wj. VvKziMuv

4 k¨vgcyi wPwbKj wj. k¨vgcyi, iscyi

5 RqcyinvU wPwbKj wj. RqcyinvU

6 bv‡Uvi wPwbKj wj. bv‡Uvi

7 DËie½ wPwbKj wj. †Mvcvjcyi, bv‡Uvi

8 ivRkvnx wPwbKj wj. ivRkvnx

9 Kzwóqv wPwbKj wj. Kzwóqv

10 †gveviKMÄ wPwbKj wj. wSbvB`n

11 †Kiæ GÛ †Kv¤úvwb wj. `k©bv, PzqvWv½v

12 dwi`cyi wPwbKj wj. gayLvwj, dwi`cyi

13 cvebv wPwbKj wj. cvebv

14 wSj-evsjv wPwbKj wj. †ÌqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi

15 iscyi wPwbKj wj. gwngvMÄ, MvBevÜv


138

Iqvmv Wasa-Water and Swearage Authority

cvwb mieivn Ges b`©gv eë ’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ GKwU Avav

¯vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| 1963 mv‡j Iqvmv cÖwZwôZ nq| ’vbxq

miKvi I cjøx Dbœqb gš¿bvj‡qi Aax‡b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i

_v‡K|

evsjv‡`k imvqb wkí ms¯’v (BCIC)

evsjv‡`‡k ivmvqwbK wk‡íi Dbœqb I weKvk mva‡b BCIC AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

1972 mv‡j BCIC cÖwZwôZ nq| Z‡e †m mgq GwU (1) evsjv‡`k mvi,

imvqb I †flR wkí ms ’v (2) evsjv‡`k KvMR †evW© (3) evsjv‡`k

†UbvwiR K‡c©v‡ikb G wZbwU ms ’vq wef³ wQj| cieZ©x‡Z G wZbwU

ms ’v‡K GKwÎZ K‡i BCIC cÖwZôv Kiv nq| BCIC evsjv‡`‡ki

Pvgov wkí, KvMR wkí, †flR †c‡Uªvwjqvg, ivmvqwbK mvi cÖf„wZ wel‡q

M‡elYv, gv‡bvbœqb, msiÿY, evRviRvZKiY BZ¨vw` Kvh©vewj cvjb K‡i

_v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Gi Aax‡b 30wU wkí BDwbU i‡q‡Q| we‡`‡ki mv‡_I G ms ’vi ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k

wkí gš¿bvj‡qi Aax‡b BCIC cwiPvwjZ nq|

evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb (BPC)

cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i jxjvfywg evsjv‡`‡k ch©Ub wkí GKwU we‡kl ’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| ch©Ub

wk‡íi DbœZ cÖmvi I weKv‡k miKvi 1977 mv‡j evsjv‡`k

ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb MVb K‡i‡Q|

G K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖavb jÿ¨ I Kg©m~wP n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki

cÖvK…wZK AvKl©Yxq ’vb mg~n wPwýZ Kiv Ges cÖK…wZ †cÖwgK

ch©UK‡ì Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ †m¸‡jvi ms¯‥vi, Dbœqb,

mg‡qvc‡hvMx †hvMv‡hvM I wbivcËv BZ¨vwì eë¯’v Kiv|

ch©UK‡ì AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ cyw ÍKv, †cv÷vi, ¯úUmg~‡ni

cwiwPwZg~jK n¨vÛwej, cwÎKvq weÁvcb BZ¨vw` cÖKvk

Kivi eë ’v K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ XvKvq Gi †K›`ªxq `ßi cÖwZwôZ n‡jI K·evRvi,

ivOvgvwU, Kywgjøv, iscyi, wm‡jU wewfbœ ’v‡b Gi kvLv †K›`ª ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯úU

¸‡jv‡Z AwfRvZ †nv‡Uj, †i‡ Íviv I µxov‡K›`ªI ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ik‡bi D‡`¨v‡M|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ch©Ub ¯úU¸‡jv n‡jv K·evRvi, KzqvKvUv, my›ìeb, Rvdjs, ivOvgvwU,

wm‡jU, ev‡MinvU, Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ, w`bvRcyi|

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WvK †hvMv‡hvM (Postal Communication) gvbe mf¨Zvi GK we‡kl Ae`vb n‡”Q WvK eë ’v| cÖwZwU †`‡kB WvK eë ’v Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k WvK

wefvM MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM

gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU AZ¨š Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM| Gi kvLv evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g-

M‡Ä me©Î Qwo‡q Av‡Q| e ‘Z evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM Zvi cÖvq 8000

†cv÷ Awd‡mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Avcvgi Rbmvavi‡bi Aweivg †mev K‡i

hv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi ivRavbxi mv‡_ mKj †Rjv mì Ges

†Rjv m`‡ii mv‡_ mKj _vbv m`‡i WvK †hvMv‡hvM Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi

eë ’v wb‡q‡Qb| G Rb¨ XvKv †_‡K mKj †Rjv mì I †Rjv mì

†_‡K _vbv m`‡i mivmwi †gBj e¨vM cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g b~b¨Zg mg‡q

WvK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi eë ’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM †ekwKQz mvwf©m ev †mev cÖ`vb K‡i:

1. mvaviY wPwV: evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM 3 UvKv wd wb‡q mvaviY wPwV evsjv‡`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡š Íi

cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †c u․‡Q †`q|

2. cv‡m©j: cv‡m©‡ji gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cwigv‡ci cY¨ GK ’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ’v‡b cvVv‡bv hvq|

cv‡m©j †iwRw÷ªK…Z Ges wegv Kiv hvq|

3. gvwb AW©vi: gvwb AW©v‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡k-we‡`‡k †h‡Kv‡bv ’v‡b UvKv †cÖiY Kiv hvq| †`‡ki

wewfbœ ’v‡b PvKwiRxwe‡ì Rb¨ GwU LyeB mvnvh¨Kvix|

4. †cv÷vj AW©vi: A_© n ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ WvK wefv‡M †cv÷vj AW©vi weµq Ges fvOv‡bvi eë ’v i‡q‡Q|

5. †UwjMÖvd: WvK wefv‡Mi cyivZb GKwU †mev n‡”Q †UwjMÖvd| eZ©gv‡b Aek †UwjMÖvd eënvi Kg n‡q _v‡K|

6. WvKNi mÂqcÎ: WvK Ni mÂqc‡Îi gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki UvKv wbw ©ó †gqv‡ì wfwË‡Z Rgv †i‡L my`

cÖ`vb K‡i|

7. ÷¨v¤ú: Rwg, d¬¨vU, †`vKvb µq-weµq, Pzw³ BZ¨vw` Kv‡R `wjj wjL‡b ÷¨v¤ú eëüZ nq,

WvK wefvM GwU weµq K‡i _v‡K|

8. cÖvBReÛ µq-weµq: wewfbœ Dcnvi Ges wbw`©ó mgqv‡š Í Wª-Gi gva¨‡g RbmvaviY‡K mÂqx

g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ WvK wefv‡M cÖvBReÛ µq I weµ‡qi eë ’v Av‡Q|

evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q (BR)

evsjv‡`‡ki †ijc‡_i cwigvY Aí n‡jI Zv G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z AZ¨š Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i| †ijc_ †`‡ki cÖavi kni,

e›ì, evwYR¨ I wkí †K‡›`ªi m‡½

†`‡ki cÖZ¨š Í AÂ‡ji ms‡hvM iÿv

K‡i| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡qi BwZnvm

AZ¨š Í c~ivZb| GwUi hvÎv ïiæ nq

15B b‡f¤î 1862 mv‡j| †ijI‡q

GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| GwU

evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q gš¿bvj‡qi Aaxb| Avi †Uªb cwiPvjbvi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb gnvcwiPvjK|


140

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wZb ai‡bi †ijc_ Pvjy Av‡Q| c_¸‡jv n‡”Q-wgUvi‡MR †ijc_, eªW‡MR †ijc_

I Wz‡qj‡MR †ijc_| hgybv b`xi c~e©vs‡k wgUvi‡MR I Wz‡qj‡MR Ges cwðgvs‡k eªW‡MR †ijc_

Pvjy Av‡Q| hgybv †mZz Pvjyi c~‡e© †ijc‡_i •`N©¨ wQj 2768 wK.wg.| eZ©gv‡b †ijc‡_i •`N©¨ 2855

wK.wg. Ges cÖvq 34,168 Rb Kg©iZ Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 660 wK.wg. eªW‡MR (†ewkifvM cwðgvÂj),

1830 wK.wg. wgUvi‡MR (†ewkifvM †K›`ªxq Ges c~ev©Â‡j Aew ’Z) Ges 365 wK.wg. Wz‡qj †MR|

1998 mv‡j hgybv †mZz Pvjy nIqvi ci c~‡e© wew”Qbœ c~e©-cwðg AÂ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nq|

DbœZ †mev cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ †ijc_‡K `ywU AÂ‡j fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-c~e©vÂj Ges cwðg AÂj|

`ywU AÂ‡j `yRb eë¯’vcK _v‡Kb whwb gnvcwiPvj‡Ki wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb| cÖ‡Z¨K AÂ‡j `ywU

IqvK©mc Av‡Q; GKwU cvnvoZjx Ges Ab¨wU •mq`cy‡i Aew¯’Z| †ijI‡qi wbR¯^ cÖwkÿ‡YiI

eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨

mvUj †Uªb †mev †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hvÎx †mev Ges cY¨ cwien‡bi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| GZ †mev

cÖ`vb Kivi c‡iI †ij GL‡bv jvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b iƒcvš Íi n‡Z cv‡i bvB| GL‡bv miKvi‡K G

Lv‡Z fZ©~Kx w`‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †ijc_ eûwea mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| evsjv‡`k

†ijI‡qi cÖavb mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡jv; µzwUc~Y© eë¯’vcbv, µzwUc~Y© ms‡KZ c×wZ, BwÄb I ewMi

AcÖZyjZv, BwÄb WªvBfvi msKU, IqvMb ¯^íZv, `yN©Ubv, †ijI‡q w¯ øcvi, †ijI‡q cv_‡ii

Ach©vßZv, `yb©xwZ BZ¨vw`|

Z‡e Avkvi K_v eZ©gv‡b miKvi G Lv‡Z we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| wKQz wKQz †ijc_ †h¸‡jv eÜ

wQj Zv ms¯‥v‡ii eë ’v K‡i‡Q| bZzb jvBb ’vc‡bi c`‡ÿc wb‡q‡Q| m¤úªwZ fviZ †_‡K bZzb

†KvP Avg`vwb K‡i‡Q Ges RvBKvi mv‡_ †g‡Uªv †i‡ji Pzw³ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤úvw`Z n‡j evsjv‡`k

†ijI‡q Zvi mgm¨v A‡bKvs‡k mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

7.07 evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv

Appropriateness of State Business in Bangladesh

†h eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Ges †`‡ki miKv‡ii Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq †m eëmvq

cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

• ivóªxq eëmvq mgv‡Ri wKQzmsL¨K e¨w³i nv‡Z m¤ú` †K›`ªxf~Z nIqvi cÖeYZv eÜ K‡i Ges

RbM‡Yi fv‡M¨bœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb wbwðZ K‡i mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv K‡i|

• G eëmvq kÖwgK-Kg©x‡ì †kvlY bv K‡i eis Zv‡ì cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi g‡š¿ DØy×

n‡q bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb I G‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K †jvK wb‡qvM K‡i AwaK

Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|

• e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaK gybvdvi Avkvq A‡bK mgq bvbv ai‡bi `yb©xwZi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| Ki

duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZvq †fv‡M| hv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î N‡U bv| GQvov G eëmvq fvimvg¨nxb

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †iva K‡i AcPq n«vm Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

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• †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡Rï Dci miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi

DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vsK, exgv BZ¨vw`

cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i miKvi †`‡ki A_© eë ’v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• ivóªxq eëmvq e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z M‡o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ fv‡jv _vKvq G‡ÿ‡Î

M‡elYv I Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM †ewk _v‡K| DbœZ cÖhyw³i eënvi K‡i G eëmvq mn‡RB Dbœqb

wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• Giƒc eëmvq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B g~jZ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ LvZ;

†hgb-Iqvmv, †ijI‡q, WvK I Zvi BZ¨vwì g‡Zv wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avgv‡ì †`‡k

G eëmvq RbM‡Yi A‡kl DcKvi mvab K‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq G eëmvq

cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi h_v_Zv i‡q‡Q|

7.08 evsjv‡`‡k Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Ae`vb

Contribution of State Enterprise in Social Economic Development of Bangladesh

mgvRZvwš¿K A_© eë ’vq ivóªxq Kviev‡ii cÖPjb †ewk| abZvwš¿K A_© eë ’vq ivóªxq eëmvq cÖvq

†ÿ‡ÎB e¨_© nq| Zvi c‡iI ivóªxq eëmvq †`‡ki wkívqb I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb, Kg©ms ’vb

,m¤ú`mg~‡ni mØënvi I mylg e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î Awcwimxg Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| ivóªxq eëmvq wb‡¤œv³fv‡e

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|

• cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì mØënvi (Best utilization of natural resources): †emiKvwi

Lv‡Z †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †Q‡o †`qv n‡j e¨w³¯^v_© we‡ePbvq Zvi Aceënv‡ii

m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi Kiv n‡j †`‡ki

mKj gvbyl Gi mydj cvq|

• RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): miKvwi gvwjKvbvq wkí-evwYR¨

cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j cyuwRMZ myweavi Kvi‡Y Gi ªæZ Dbœqb N‡U| Z`ycwi Giæc cÖwZôv‡bi Ki

ev ivR¯ duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZv bv _vKvq mn‡RB RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq|

• A_©‣bwZK eë ’vi cwieZ©b (Change of economic system): e¨w³¯vZš¿ëv` ev

Lywkg‡Zv Pj‡Z †`qvi bxwZi Kvi‡Y abev`x mgv‡R ab‣el‡gï m„wó nq I ivóªxq wbqš¿Y wkw_j

n‡q c‡o| ZvB G Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i mvgvRZvwš¿K ev wgkÖ A_©bxwZ M‡o Zz‡j Kj¨vYKi ivóª

cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK †`‡kB ivóªxq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|

• eëmvq-evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of business): †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡Rï Dci miKv‡ii

cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv

Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e wKQz evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g miKvi G‡ÿ‡Î h_vh_ wbqš¿Y

eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|


142

• Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creating of employment opportunity): †`‡k AwaK

Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó I †eKviZ¡ n«v‡mi cÖ‡Póv‡ZI A‡bK mgq ivóªxq eëmvq M‡o †Zvjv

nq| M.C. Sukla G m¤ú‡K©B e‡j‡Qb Òivóªxq gvwjKvbvq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K wkí cÖwZwôZ

n‡j Gi gva¨‡g e¨vcK wewb‡qvM Kg©m~wP `xN©‡gqv‡` MÖnY Kiv hvq| hv †`‡ki Kg©ms ’v‡bi

†ÿ‡Î AwbwðZ Ae¯’v Gov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|Ó

• M‡elYv I D™¢veb (Research and development): †fv³vi µgea©gvb Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi

Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq bZzb bZzb c‡Yï| Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb M‡elYvi| M‡elYvg~jK KvR

memgq e¨qeûj| miKvi wbqwš¿Z †Kv‡bv eëmvq cÖwZôvb mn‡RB evRvi M‡elYv I bZzb cY¨

D™¢veb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

miKvix †emiKvix Askx`vixZ¡ wfwËK eëmv Public Private Partnership Business

miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK eëmvq (PPP) evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ bZzb bq| beŸB `k‡Ki

gvSvgvwS‡Z cÖvq 50 wU cÖKí GB eëmv‡qi

gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq hvi g‡a¨ wQj

†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, e›ì wbg©vY Ges AeKvVv‡gv

Dbœqb| miKviI Zv‡ì ev‡RU cwiKíbvq

miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK

eëmv‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|

miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK (PPP) eëmv ej‡Z †Kvb miKvwi †mev ev

†emiKvwi eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hwU

A_©vqb I cwiKíbv K‡i miKvi Ges GK

ev GKvwaK cÖvB‡fU eëmvq c ÖwZôvb| miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK eëmvq ej‡Z eySvq

cvewjK KZ…©cÿ Ges cÖvB‡fU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU Pzw³ †hLv‡b †emiKvwi cÿ †Kvb cvewjK

†mev †`q ev cÖK‡íi hveZxq Avw_©K Ges KvwiMix SuywK enb K‡i| wKQz wKQy miKvix †emiKvix

Askx`vwiZ¡ wfwËK eëmv‡q †mev eënv‡ii e¨q ïa~gvÎ Gi eënviKvixiv enb K‡i †Kvb Ki

cÖ`vbKvix enb K‡i bv| Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡ eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii mv‡_ Pzw³

Abyhvqx g~jab wewb‡qvM †emiKvwi cÿ enb K‡i Ges †mev mieiv‡ni e¨q m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK miKvi

enb K‡i| A‡bK mgq miKvi †emiKvwi wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K DØyØ Kivi Rb¨ GKKvjxb Aby`vb

cÖ`vb K‡i g~jab fZ©~Kx wnmv‡e| Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î miKvi gybvdv RvZxq fZ©yKx cÖ`vb K‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i

_v‡K| gybvdv RvZxq fZ©yKx ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mgq Ki myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| miKvi 2021 mv‡ji

g‡a¨ GDP Gi jÿ gvÎv wba©viY K‡i‡Q 8% − 10%|

Qwe: hvÎvevox d¬vBIfvi|

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ivóªxq eëmvq

143

G jÿ AR©‡bi Rb¨ miKvi kw³ Drcv`b, R¡vjvwb, e›ì, †hvMv‡hvM, Lvevi cvwb, eR© eë ’vcbv,

wkÿv I ¯v ’¨ †ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvMKvix LyuR‡Q| KviY G cÖKí¸‡jv AZ¨waK e¨qeûj| G¸‡jv miKv‡ii

GKvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| ZvB miKvwi-†emiKvwiwfwËK (PPP) eëmvq cÖ‡qvRb|


1| RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ eëmvq msMV‡bi bvg Kx?

K. †Kv¤úvwb L. mgevq mwgwZ

M. ivóªxq eëmvq N. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmvq

2| ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g †kÖwY •elg¨ `yixf~Z n‡Z cv‡i−

i. m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub K‡i

ii. AÂ‡ji mylg Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g

iii. Kg©ms ’v‡bi eë ’v K‡i




evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q `xN©w`b a‡i †jvKmvb w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| G K_v ïbvi ci Rxe‡bi g‡b cÖkœ

Rv‡M †jvKmvb n‡j G eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kivi ìKvi Kx? G e¨cv‡i †m Zvi eo fvB‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j

†m e‡j G eëmvq †jvKmvb Ki‡jI mvaviY RbM‡Yi A‡bK Kj¨vY K‡i|

3| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb?

K. GKgvwjKvbv L. ivóªxq

M. Askx`vwi N. †h․_ g~jabx

4| †jvKmvb n‡jI G eëmvq RbKj¨vY K‡i−

i. m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub K‡i

ii. Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i

iii. RbM‡Yi Ki e„w× K‡i




144

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| kvnvbv ev‡m K‡i DËiv †_‡K gwZwSj hv‡”Q| nVvr K‡i †m jÿ¨ Kij ev‡mi g‡a¨ †jLv

ÒGwU Avcbvi m¤ú`, ZvB GwU iÿYv‡eÿ‡bi `vwqZ¡I AvcbviÓ| kvnvbv AevK n‡q

fve‡Z jvM‡jv GwU µ‡qi Rb¨ †Zv †m †Kv‡bv UvKv †`qwb, Zvn‡j GwU Zvi m¤ú` n‡jv

wKfv‡e? Avi GwUi iÿYv‡eÿbI †m wKfv‡e Ki‡e?

K. evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?

L. miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vixZ¡ wfwËK eëmvq ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ evmwU †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvq msMV‡bi Aš Íf©y³? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÒGwU Avcbvi m¤ú` GwU iÿYv‡eÿ‡bi `vwqZ¡I AvcbviÓ−evm KZ…©c‡ÿi G Dw³i mv‡_

Zywg Kx GKgZ? K_vwUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki|

2| eëmvq-evwYR¨ mvaviYfv‡e miKvwi I †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvi wbqš¿bvax‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡q

_v‡K| wKšÍy RbM‡Yi Kj¨vYmvab I ¯v_© msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki miKvi‡K

eëmvqx Kvh©Kjv‡c RwoZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Gme eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k

moK cwienb ms ’v, evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW©, evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡cv©‡ikb, evsjv‡`k

†ijI‡q BZ¨vw`| GQvovI †`‡ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi j‡ÿ wKQz wKQz eëmvq i‡q‡Q hv miKvix

Ges †emiKvix gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|

K. Iqvmv KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?

L. WvK‡hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. DÏxc‡K RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib Zv−e¨vL v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K miKvix I †emiKvix gvwjKvbv †h eëmvq M‡o D‡V‡Q †m eëmv‡qi aiY wKiyc?

Bnv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Kx ai‡Yi f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv we‡k ølY Ki|

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Aóg Aa¨vq

eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K

LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS

eëmvwqK cÖ‡qvR‡b iwPZ AvBb‡KB GK K_vq eëmvq AvBb e‡j| eëmvq nj cY¨ Drcv`bI e›Ub

mswkøó Kvh©vewji mgwó| cY¨ Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx cÖK…Z †fvMKvixi wbKU †c․uQv‡bv

ch©šÍ bvbvwea cÖZ¨ÿ I mn‡hvMx Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| eZ©gvb RwUj eëmv-evwY‡Rï

RM‡Z G mKj Kvh©vewji mwVK cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ mywbw`ó AvBb AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB AvB‡bi †h

Ask Giƒc cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ M„nxZ nq Zv‡K eëmvwqK AvBb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|


• eëmv‡qi wewfbœ AvBbMZw`Kmg~n|

• †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© AvB‡bi aviYv|

• †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© Gi myweav|

• †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© †iwRw÷ª Kivi c×wZ|

• KwcivBU AvB‡bi aviYv|

• KwcivBU wbeÜb Kivi c×wZ|

• KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiYwZ|

• wegvi aviYv I ¸iæZ¡mg~n|

• eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b wegv Kivi cÖwµqv|

• eëmvq I cwi‡ek AvB‡bi m¤ú‡K© aviYv|

• eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi KviY I djvdj|

• eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek ~lY‡iv‡a KiYxq|

• AvB Gm I (ISO) aviYv I ¸iæZ¡mg~n|

• we Gm wU AvB aviYv I Kvh©vewjmg~n|


146

8.01 eëmv‡qi wewfbœ AvBbMZ w`K

Legeal Aspects of Business

eZ©gv‡b gvbe mf¨Zvq †h mKj KvR m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ eëmvq msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj AZ¨šÍ

¸iæZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gv‡b Gi e¨vcKZv Ggb ch©v‡q †cu․‡Q‡Q †h, mgMÖ wek¦B †h‡bv AvR GKK evRv‡i cwiYZ

n‡q‡Q| eëmvq †jb‡`b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb e¨wZ‡i‡K e¨vsK, wegv, cwienY wkí, weÁvcwb

ms ’v BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki cÖPwjZ gy ªvi evB‡iI †PK, wej, ûwÛ, cÖZ¨qcÎ (L.C)

BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi n ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ wj‡ji eënvi Pj‡Q| G mKj Kvh©µ‡gi myôz cwiPvjbv, wbqš¿Y I

GZ`msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbim‡bi Rb¨ eëmvq AvB‡bi Avek¨KZv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ cÿmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi †jb‡`b

myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbv I GZ`msµvš Í RwUjZv wbi‡mi Rb¨ †`‡ki mve©‡f․g ivR‣bwZK KZ…©cÿ KZ©„K

M„nxZ I cÖhy³ AvBb‡K eëmvq AvBb e‡j|

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eëmvq D‡`¨vM wel‡qi GKRb wkÿ‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M cvV¨cy ÍKwU iwPZ nq Ges wZwb

GwU evRviRvZ K‡ib| GB wel‡qi wkÿv_x©iv eBwU nv‡Z cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv KiwQj| d‡j 3q

ms¯‥i‡Y Qvcv‡bv eBwU 8000 Kwc AwZ ¯í mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewµ n‡q hvq| 4_© ms¯‥i‡Y †jLK 4000

Kwc eB Qvwc‡q evRv‡i Qv‡ob wKš‘ eBwUi weµq AvKw¯§Kfv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq| †LuvR wb‡q †`Lv †Mj,

evRv‡i bKj eB G‡m †M‡Q hvi `vg A‡cÿvK…Z Kg| eBwUi †jLK DcvqvšÍi bv †`‡L wbKUeZx© _vbvq

†M‡jb| _vbv KZ©©cÿ eBwUi KwcivBU wbewÜZ Av‡Q wKbv Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb| hwÌ wbeÜ‡bi

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© †jLK AeMZ wQ‡jb, wKš‘ G wel‡qi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q KwcivBU Kiv †_‡K

weiZ wQ‡jb| _vbv KZ…©cÿ G K_v †R‡b †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AcviM e‡j ytL cÖKvk K‡i| cwiYv‡g

†jLK Avw_©Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ Í n‡jb Ges cieZx©‡Z eBwU cybtcÖKv‡ki AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡jb|

Dc‡ivD³ MíwU cvV K‡i †Zvgiv Kx eyS‡j?

†jLK hw` KwcivBU mswkøó KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q eBwUi KwcivBU wbeÜb K‡i ivL‡Zb nvn‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv ÿwZi

m¤§yLxb n‡Zb bv| eëmvq D‡` v³v‡ì wKQz eyw×e„wËK m¤ú` _v‡K †hgb KwcivBU, †c‡U›U, †UªWgvK© BZ vw`|

G¸‡jv eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi M‡elYvi dmj Ges e¨mv‡qi AwZg~jëvb m¤ú`| Gme m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ me

†`‡kB AvBbMZ wewa weavb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖv_wgK Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| AvBb-

Kvbyb m¤ú‡K© aviYv eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ mgm v †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

8.02 †c‡U›U I †UªWgvK© AvBb

Patent and Trademark Act

†c‡U›U AvBb (Patent Act): †c‡U›U kãwU Avm‡Q Patent †_‡K hvi A_©-†Lvjv wPwV (Open letter) †c‡U›U ej‡Z Ggb wKQz we‡kl AwaKv‡ii

mgwó‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b mve©‡f․g †Kvb †`k †Kvb e¨w³‡K

†Kvb wKQz Avwe®‥v‡ii ev D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, hv‡Z

RbMb D³ Avwe®‥vi / D™¢veb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

D™¢veb ej‡Z †Kvb cb¨ ev cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq hv we‡kl †Kvb

cÖhyw³MZ mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i| †c‡U›U †K ejv nq eyw×e„wËK m¤úwË (Intelectual Property)| www.fa

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147

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b we`¨gvb †c‡U›U AvBb n‡jv 1911 mv‡ji †c‡U›U G¨vÛ wWRvBb G¨v± (P & A)

Ges †c‡U›U G¨vÛ wWRvBb iæjm| GKwU D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ †c‡U›U G wb‡gœv³ •ewkó¨¸‡jv _vKv DwPr|

i. D™¢veb Aek¨B Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z n‡e| ii. D™¢ve‡bi aib Aek¨B Awfbe ev Ac~e© wew`Z n‡Z n‡e| iii. GwU Aek¨B D™¢veb †K․kjZvi dj n‡Z n‡e|

iv. GwUi Aek¨B Dc‡hvwMZv (Utility) _vK‡Z n‡e| v. GwU AvBb ev •bwZKZvwe‡ivax n‡e bv|

P&A KZ…©K †c‡U›U ïaygvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvifz³ GjvKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki

eZ©gvb †c‡U›U, TRIPS c×wZ Pzw³i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bq|

†UªWgvK© AvBb (Trademark Law):

†UªWgvK© n‡”Q `„wó‡MvPi cÖZxK †hwU †Kvb c‡Yï Mv‡q jvMv‡bv _v‡K; hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv c‡Yï DrcwË

m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡bv ev cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì cY¨ ev †mev‡K Avjv`v Kiv| mvavibZ †Kvb kã,

mvRm¾vi bKkv ev †j‡ej †UªWgvK© Gi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó

†UªWgvK© eënvi Ki‡j ïaygvÎ wZwbB H †UªWgvK© eënvi Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡ib|

evsjv‡`‡k 2009 mv‡ji †UªWgvK© AvBb cÖPwjZ| G AvB‡bi 2(23) avivq wPý (Mark) ej‡Z †evSvq

†Kvb mvRmv¾vi bKkv, eªvÛ, †j‡ewjs, wUwKU, bvg, ¯vÿi, kã, eY©, msL¨v ev G‡ì mgwšZ iƒc|

GB AvB‡bi 2(8) avivq †UªWgvK©‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q:

K. †Kvb eënviKvixi ev †Kvb wP‡ýi gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi wPwýZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h †iwRw÷ªK…Z

eëmvwqK wPý ev †Kvb cÖZxK c‡Y¨ eënvi Kiv nq|

L. †Kvb †mevi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cÖZxK †hwUi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv eënviKvix ev gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi

wPwýZ Kiv|

AvaywbK †UªWgv‡K©i 4wU KvR| h_v−

1. GwU cY¨ Ges Gi DrcwË wPwýZ K‡i| A_©vr GUv Øviv mn‡RB Drcv bKvix cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

2. GwU ¸Y AcwieZ©bxq-Gi wbðqZv †`q|

3. GwU c‡Yï weÁvcb †`q|

4. GwU c‡Yï fveg~wZ© Zy‡j a‡i|

DËg †UªWgv‡K©i •ewkó¨

1. hw` cÖZxKwU †Kvb kã nq Zvn‡j GwU Aek¨B mn‡R D”PviY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|

2. GwU Aek¨B mn‡R evbvb Kiv hvq A_ev cov hvq|

3. GwU eY©bvg~jK n‡e bv eis ¸‡Yi cÖ Ívebv _vK‡e|

4. GwU mswÿß n‡e|

5. GwU mn‡R `„wó‡MvPi n‡e|

6. GwU †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi mKj cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~iY K‡i|

7. †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi †h cÖZxK¸‡jv eënvi Kiv wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv eënvi bv Kiv|


148

8.03 †c‡U›U I †UªWgvK© AvB‡bi myweav

Benefits of Patent and Trademark Law

†c‡U›U AvB‡bi myweav (Benefits of Patent Law):

GKwU †c‡U›U D™¢vebKvix‡K mvg_© †`q / AwaKvi †`q AvBbMZ eë ’v wb‡Z hw` †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb c~e©

AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kvb Avwe®‥vi ev D™¢veb bKj, Drcv`b, wewµ ev Avg`vwb Ki‡j| †c‡U›U wb‡RB

Ab¨‡ì‡K Zvi D™¢veb aŸs‡mi †Póvi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| GwU wb‡R eÜ bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j D™¢vebKvix

wb‡RB Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g AvBbMZ eë ’v wb‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AvBbMZ eë ’v †bIqv e¨qeûj| G‡Z

civgk©K wb‡qvM w`‡Z nq| AvBbx jovB G wRZ‡j Aek¨ hveZxq e¨‡qi A_© †diZ cv‡e|

†c‡U›U Av‡iv wKQz myweav cÖ`vb K‡i h_v−

* D™¢veb Ges eyw×`xß m¤úwË wewµi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|

* †Kvb e¨w³‡K Avwe®‥v‡ii jvB‡mÝ †Ìqv hvq wKš‘ mKj AvB. wc (IP) AwaKvi we`¨gvb

D™¢vebKvixi wbKUB _v‡K|

* D™¢ve‡bi wfwË‡Z †Kvb eë ’v Avi¤¢ Kivi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|

* †c‡U›U †_‡K RbMYI DcK…Z nq|

* †c‡U›U Gi Kvi‡Y Avgiv DbœZ gv‡bi cb¨ †c‡q _vwK|

* hw` †KD D™¢ve‡bi †c‡U›U bv K‡i Zvn‡j †h †KD H D™¢veb eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wewµ Ki‡Z

cv‡i| †c‡U›U D™¢vebKvix‡K Gi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

†UªWgvK© AvB‡bi myweav Benefits of Trade Mark Act

†UªWgv‡K©i AwaKvi †fvM Kivi Rb¨ †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªkb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| wKš‘ hw` †UªWgvK© AvBb

Abyhvqx †iwR‡÷ªkbK…Z nq Zvn‡j †mwU wb‡¤œv³ myweav¸‡jv †c‡q _v‡K−

• GwU RbM‡Yi wbKU †bvwUk wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges gvwjKvbv wPwýZ K‡i|

• GwU •ea I AvBbMZfv‡e gvwjKvbv wPwýZ K‡i Ges wek¦e¨vcx c‡Yï cwiwPwZ Zz‡j a‡i|

• hw` †Kvb cÖwZôvb GKUvbv 5eQi †Kvb †UªWgvK© eënvi K‡i Zvn‡j GwU AKv‡Uï gh©v`v jvf

K‡i| Zvn‡j †KD Awf‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †h H †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi †UªWgvK©

eënvi Ki‡Q|

• hw` †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb Zvi †UªWgvK©, Ò†UªWgvK© AvBbÓ Abyhvqx †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i Zvn‡j Ab¨ †Kvb

†Kv¤úvwb GUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avi †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb MÖnY Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvBbMZ

eë ’v †bIqv hv‡e|

• †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi myweav A‡bK G‡Z c‡Yï gv‡K©U f¨vjy A‡bK †e‡o hvq|

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8.04 †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© †iwRw÷ª Kivi c×wZ

The Registration Method of Patent and Trademark

†c‡U›U †iwR‡÷ªkb c×wZ: hw` †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb †c‡U›U †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K wb‡gœv³

c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|

1. Av‡e`b (Application): †c‡U›U Gi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³ GKK fv‡e ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_

†h․_fv‡e Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡e`bwU Aek¨B wba©vwiZ d‡g© •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wba©vwiZ

wbqgKvbyb †g‡b †c‡U›U Awd‡m Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvixi GKwU

†NvlYvcÎ _vK‡Z n‡e †h wZwb wb‡RB D³ welqe ‘ D™¢vebKvix| Avi hw` †h․_ Av‡e`bKvix nq

Zvn‡j Av‡e`bKvixi g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKRb‡K †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡e D™¢ve‡bi `vex mZ¨|

2. welqe ‘ m¤ú‡K© cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv/mywbw`©ó KiY (Full Description): D™¢vebxq e ‘ m¤ú‡K©

cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D™¢ve‡bi aib Ges GwU wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e Zv wbiæcb Ki‡Z

n‡e| mywbw`©ó KiY Avi¤¢ n‡e wk‡ivbv‡gi (Title) Gi gva¨‡g Avi mywbw`©ó KiY †kl n‡e

Avwe®‥v‡ii `vex m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ NUbv, gZvgZ wel‡q wee„wZi gva¨‡g bKkv ev A¼b, Av‡e`b M„nxZ

nIqvi Av‡M †h‡Kvb mgq Rgv †Ìqv hvh Z‡e Uªvwms †ccvi wcÖ›U Kivi c~‡e©B A¼b

(Drawing) wU Rgv †Ìqv fvj|

3. Kb‡fbk‡b we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex (Consider in Convention): evsjv‡`k c¨vwim

Kb‡fbkb (The paris convention for the protection of industrial property of march 20, 1883) Gi GKwU m`m¨ †`k| †Kvb welq †c‡U›U †c‡Z we‡ewPZ n‡Z n‡j m`m¨ †`‡ki

g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g whwb Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb Zvi Av‡e`‡bi GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e|

PCT Av‡e`bKvixi KvQ †_‡K we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vexi

†ÿ‡Î Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvix‡K we‡`kx †c‡U›U Gi mvwU©dvBW Kwc Aek¨B Rgv w`‡Z n‡e hvi

wfwË‡Z wZwb we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex †ck Ki‡eb|

4. Av‡e`‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY (Filing Requirement): †c‡U›U Gi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kivi

mgq wb‡gœv³ DcKiY¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e:

K. D™¢vebKvixi bvg (Av‡e`bKvix)

L. Av‡e`bKvixi wVKvbv I RvZxqZv

M. mywbw`©ó Ki‡Yi `yB Kwc Ges Uªvwms †ccv‡ii Dci WªBs (Av‡jvK wP‡Î) GK Kwc|

N. GmvBb‡g›U Gi 1 Kwc AvBbMZ `wjj (hw` _v‡K)

O. cvIqvi Ae GUwb© (dig-31)

P. we‡`kx †c‡U›U Gi mZ¨vwqZ Kwc (we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vexi †ÿ‡Î)

5. Av‡e`b MÖn‡Yi weÁvcb cÖ`vb (Advertisement on Acceptane of application):

hLb †Kvb Av‡e`b MÖnb Kiv nq ZLb wbqš¿Kvix‡K Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvix‡K †bvwUk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z

nq Ges RbM‡bi AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ WªBsmn weÁvcb w`‡Z nq|


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hw` †Kvb c‡ÿi †c‡U›U m¤ú‡K© †Kvb AvcwË _v‡K Zvn‡j Av‡e`b MÖn‡bi weÁvcb

†Ìqvi Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ c¨v‡U›U Awd‡m †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e| we‡ivaxZv Kivi Rb¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvb Aek¨B Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. †c‡U›U Gi ¯ËvwaKvi cÖvwß (Getting Patent certificate): hw` †Kvb AvcwË bv Av‡m

Zvn‡j †c‡U›U KZ…©cÿ wmjmn wbeÜb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Gi Uvg©wU Gi ZvwiL n‡Z 16 eQi _v‡K

Ges c‡bi eQi ch©š Í 4 eQi Aš Íi Aš Íi bevqb Ki‡Z nq|

8.05 KwcivBU Kx? KwcivBU AvB‡bi avibv

What is Copyright? Concept of Copyright Law

Bs‡iRx Copy Right kãwUi A_© †Kvb GKwU we‡kl avibvi cÖKvk ev Z_¨ eënv‡ii

wbqš¿YKvix we‡kl wKQz AwaKv‡ii mgwó| GwU AvB‡bi avibv| mvavibZ †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi

GB avibvi ev¯Íevqb K‡i| KwcivBU ej‡Z †Kvb Kv‡Ri g~j m„wóKZ©vi †mB KvRwUi Dci

GKK, Abb¨ AwaKvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq| KwcivBU mvavibZ GKwU mxwgZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Kvh©Ki

nq| H †gqv‡ì ci KvRwU cvewjK †Wv‡gB‡bi Aš ÍM©Z n‡q hvq|

m„wókxj gvbyl `yai‡bi m¤ú` wb‡q Rxebhvcb K‡i; cÖ_gZ e¯‘MZ m¤ú`, RvqMv-Rwg, Mvwo-

evwo, UvKv-cqmv, eëmvq-evwYR¨, wkí-KviLvbv BZ¨vw` I bvbv iKg cÖvZ¨wnK eënvh© `ªe¨vw`

Ges wØZxqZ KwcivBU ev Intellectual Property Gi AvIZvq Av‡Q mvwnZ¨Kg©, bvU¨Kg©,

wkíKg©, d‡UvMÖvd, fv®‥h©Kg©, m¤úªPvi Kg© BZ¨vw`|

gvby‡li e ‘MZ m¤ú` gvwjK e¨wZZ Ab¨ †KD cÖK…Z gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva Qvov †fvM ev

eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Copy Right kãwU we‡kølY Ki‡j A_© `vovq Copy Kivi AwaKvi| A_©vr

mKj ai‡bi m„wókxj Kg©B, K‡g©i kÖóv ev iPwqZvi AbygwZ Qvov Kwc Kiv, Abyev` Kiv, Dc‡hvMx

Kiv, iƒcvš Íi Kiv ev Awf‡hvRb Kiv Zv evwYwR¨K ev e¨w³MZ †h ch©v‡qB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv KwcivBU

avibv, Avš ÍR©vwZK AvBb, Avš ÍR©vwZK Pzw³, †`kxq AvBb, •bwZKZv I BwZevPK‡ev‡ai Pig cwicš’x|

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b KwcivBU AvBb 2000 cÖPwjZ|

8.06 KwcivBU wbeÜb Kivi c×wZ

Registration Method of Copyright

†Kvb K‡g©i cÖ‡YZv, cÖKvkK ev KwcivB‡Ui ¯^Z¡vwaKvix ev Dnv‡Z ¯^v_© Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³

KwcivB‡Ui †iwRóv‡i Kg©wUi weeiY Aš Íf©~³ Kievi Rb¨ †iwRóv‡ii wbKU wba©vwiZ d‡g© Ges

wba©vwiZ wd mn‡hv‡M ìLv¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| www.fa

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KwcivBU wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Av‡e`b dg© wZb cÖ‡ ’ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e Ges wbeÜb eB‡Z AšÍf©~³

KwcivBU weeiY cwieZ©‡bi welq wbeÜ‡bi cÖwZwU Av‡e`b dg© wZb cÖ‡ ’ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| GKwU

wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ GKwU dg© c~iY K‡i Zvi mv‡_ D³ Kv‡Ri weeiwYmn wbw`©ó wd Rgv

w`‡Z n‡e| wbeÜb wewai AvIZvq Av‡e`bKvix‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi Kv‡Ri KwcivBU ¯‡Z¡i mv‡_

¯v_©mswkøó wbeÜb Awd‡mi mKj e¨w³i wbKU Av‡e`bc‡Îi Kwc †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

wbeÜb Awd‡mi †iwRóªvi mvavibZ Av‡e`b cÖvwßi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri weeiYmg~n wbeÜb eB‡q

Aš Íf©~³ K‡ib| Z‡e wbeÜb AvB‡bi Dc-wewa (4) Gi Aaxb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ ‡iwRóªvi hw` H

wbeÜ‡bi wel‡q †Kvb AvcwË cvb, A_ev hw` Av‡e`‡b ewY©Z weei‡Yi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© mš‘ó n‡Z bv

cv‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb ïay Dchy³ weeiYmg~n wbeÜb eB‡Z Aš Íf©~³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avevi wbeÜb

AvB‡bi aviv 58 Abyhvqx, †iwR÷ªvi wbR D‡`¨v‡M A_ev ¯v_©mswkøó †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡e`‡bi

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, wbeÜb ewn‡Z ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ms‡kvwaZ ev cwieZ©xZ Ask

mswkøó mKj‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb|

cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h †Kvb e¨w³ wbw`©ó wd cÖ`vb K‡i †iwRóªvi Awdm n‡Z †iwRóªv‡ii Aby‡gv`‡bi

gva¨‡g wbeÜb eB‡Z iwÿZ weeiYvwì m~wPmg~n ev Askwe‡k‡li Kwc msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

8.07 KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiYwZ

Consequences of Violatiing Copyright

(aviv 82) KwcivBU ev Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi j•NbRwbZ Aciva:

1. †h e¨w³, Pjw”PÎ e¨wZ‡i‡K, †Kvb K‡g©i KwcivBU ev GB AvB‡bi aviv 23 Gi Aaxb

Awc©Z AwaKvi e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb AwaKvi B”QvK…Zfv‡e j•Nb K‡ib ev Ki‡Z mnvqZv

K‡ib, wZwb AbyaŸ© Pvi ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`Û Ges AbyaŸ© `yB jÿ

UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b cÂvk nvRvi UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `Ûbxq n‡eb:

Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Bnv Av`vj‡Z mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, j•NbwU eëmvwqK ev evwYwR¨K

Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ msNwUZ nq bvB, †mB †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ Qq gv‡mi Kg †gqv‡ì

Kviv`Ð Ges 50,000 UvKvi Kg cwigvY Rwigvbvi `Ð Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

2. †h e¨w³ Pjw”P‡Îi KwcivB‡Ui AwaKvi ev GB AvB‡b ewY©Z Ab¨ †Kvb AwaKvi B”QvK…Zfv‡e

j•Nb K‡ib ev Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡ib, wZwb Ab~a© cuvP ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK ermi †gqv‡ì

Kviv`Ð Ges Ab~a© cuvP jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `wÛZ n‡eb|

(aviv 83) wØZxq ev cieZ©x Aciv‡ai ewa©Z kvw Í:

†h e¨w³ aviv 82 Gi Aax‡b `wÐZ n‡q cybivq Abyiƒc †Kvb Aciv‡a `wÐZ n‡j wZwb wØZxq ev

cieZ©x cÖ‡Z¨K Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Ab~a© wZb ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq gv‡mi Kviv`Ð Ges Ab~a© wZb jÿ

UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKv A_©`‡Ð `Ðbxq n‡eb|


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Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Bnv Av`vj‡Zi mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, aviv 82 Gi Dc-aviv (1) G ewY©Z

j•NbwU eëmvwqK Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ msNwUZ nq bvB, †mB †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ Qq gv‡mi

Kg †gqv‡ì Kviv`Ð Ges 1 jÿ UvKvi Kg cwigvY Rwigvbvi `Ð Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Av‡iv kZ© _v‡K †h, GB avivi D‡Ïk¨ c~iYK‡í GB AvBb cÖewZ©Z nIqvi c~‡e© cÖ`Ë †Kvb kvw Í‡K

Avg‡j †bqv n‡e bv|

(aviv 84) Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc cÖKvk, eënvi, BZ¨vwì Aciva:

hw` †Kvb e¨w³−

K. †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc Abywjwc K‡i ‡h †Kvb gva¨‡g cÖKvk, weµq ev GKvwaK

Kwc weZiY K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~a© Pvi ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`‡Ð Ges Ab~a©

Pvi jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `ÐYxq n‡eb;

L. Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb jw•NZ Kwc eënvi K‡ib, Zvnv nB‡j wZwb Ab~aÿ © wZb ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq

gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`‡Ð A_ev Ab~aÿ© Ab~aÿ© wZb jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_© `‡Ð

`wÐZ n‡eb:

Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Av`vj‡Zi mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq ‡h, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgwU eëmvwqK ev

ewYwR¨K Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ jw•NZ nq bvB, Zvnv n‡j Ab~¨b wZb gvm †gqv‡ì

Kviv`‡Ð Ges Ab~¨b cuwPk nvRvi UvKvi A_©`Ð Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e|

(aviv 85) AwaKvi j•NbKvix Abywjwc •Zwi Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †cøU `L‡j ivLv:

†Kvb e¨w³, whwb B”QvK…Zfv‡e KwcivBU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb K‡g©i AwaKvi j•NbKvix Abywjwc •Zwi

Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb †cøU •Zwi K‡ib ev `L‡j iv‡Lb, ev KwcivB‡Ui gvwj‡Ki m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K

B”QvK…Zfv‡e Ges Zvnvi e¨w³MZ jv‡fi Rb¨ Hiƒc †Kvb K‡g©i Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤úv`‡bi KviY NUvb,

Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~a© yB erm‡ii Kviv`Ð ev AbyaŸ© cÂvk nvRvi UvKv A_©`‡Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð `Ðbxq n‡eb|

8.08 wegvi aviYv

Concept of Insurance

gvbyl m„wói †miv Rxe Avevi giYkxj| ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ci‡Z ci‡Z i‡q‡Q AwbðqZvi

nvZQvwb| gvby‡li mf¨Zvi weKvk cÖRb¥ †_‡K

cÖR‡b¥ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖevwnZ nq| ZvB †m c„w_ex

‡_‡K P‡j †M‡jI Zvi Kg© Avi Ae`vb †kªôZ¡

eRvq iv‡L fwel¨‡Zi c„w_exi Kv‡Q| GRb¨ †m

Zvi c„w_ex‡K evm‡hvM¨ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|

gvby‡li Rb¨, eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ gvwjK fve‡Z

nq| eZ©gvb Avi fwel¨‡Zi mv‡_ Av‡ó c„‡ô Rwo‡q

Av‡Q SzuwK| eëmv‡qi RM‡Z m„ó Gme SzuwK, ÿwZ,

k~Y¨Zv‡K c~i‡Y wKQy eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb hviv wegv cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ, Zviv KvR K‡i _v‡K wegv

Pzw³i gva¨‡g m¤úK© •Zix K‡i| wegvKvix I wegvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì SzuwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨

wbw`©ó cÖwZ`v‡bi wecix‡Z †h Pzw³MZ m¤úK© •Zix nq Zv‡K wegv Pzw³ e‡j| www.fa

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GK mgq mgy‡ ª PjvPjKvix bvweKiv G welq wb‡qB fve‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj| yN©Ubv, So, R‡jv”Q¡vm ev

Ab¨‡Kvbfv‡e gvbyl AvnZ ev wbnZ n‡j ev m¤ú` webó n‡j Zvi ÿwZ c~i‡Yi †K․kj wn‡m‡eB wegvi

Avwef©ve| MÖvnK‡ì Pvwn`v I welqe Íy wewfbœZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wegvi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq|

†hgb: Rxebwegv, †b․-wegv, AwMœ wegv, `yN©Ubv wegv, km¨wegv, ißvwbwegv BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e wegv e¨w³

ev cÖwZôv‡bi m¤¢ve¨ mvwe©K AwaK ÿwZi SzuwK n‡Z gyw³ †`q|

wegv eë ’vi Avw` BwZnvm Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi gZ Lye ¯^”Q bq| wegv eë ’vi G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi BwZnvm

†_‡K Rvbv hvq me©cÖ_g †b․-wegv †_‡K wegvi cÖPjb ïiæ| cieZ©x‡Z AwMœwegv I Rxebwegvi cÖPjb

nq| Avevi cÖvPxbKv‡j f~-ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j we‡kl K‡i BZvwj‡K †K›`ª K‡i PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z

BD‡iv‡c eëmvq evwY‡Rï D™¢e nq Ges G‡K wN‡iB wegv eë ’vi †Mvov cËb nq e‡j A‡b‡Ki

aviYv| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K wewea wegvi Kvh©Kg cwijwÿZ nq|

wegv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb

Essential Elements of Insurance Contract

wegvMÖnxZv GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv` Aš Íi wbw`©ó cwigvY wcÖwgqvg wegvKvix‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Z m¤§Z nq|

Aciw`‡K wegvKvix I wegvMÖnxZv‡K D³ wcÖwgqvg h_vwbq‡g cÖvwß mv‡c‡ÿ wbw ©ó SuywK †_‡K ÿwZc~iY

cÖ`v‡b eva¨ _v‡K| wegvPyw³ MV‡bi Rb¨ wKQy Acwinvh© Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb, †h mKj Dcv`vb Qvov wegv

Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq bv †mme Dcv`vbmg~n‡K GK‡Î wegv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb e‡j|

wb‡P GB Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jv D‡j øL Kiv n‡jv−

K. AvBbMZ Dcv`vb Legal Elements

1. cÿ (Party): wegv Pzw³‡Z `ywU cÿ _vK‡e| GKcÿ n‡e wegvKvix (Insurer) Acicÿ n‡e

wegv MÖnxZv (Policy Holder) wegvKvix n‡”Q BwÝI‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwb wegv MÖnxZv n‡”Q Kvógvi|

2. cÖ Íve I ¯xK…wZ (Offer and accceptances): GK cÿ KZ©„K AvBbMZ cÖ¯Íve Ges Aci

cÿ KZ©„K AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g wegv Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| wbw`©ó dig c~ib K‡i cÖ¯Íve

Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges wegv †Kv¤úvwb Dnv MÖnY Kivi gva¨‡g Pzw³ Kvh©Ki nq| myZivs †`Lv

hvq cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ wegv Pyw³i g~j Dcv`vb|

3. AvBbMZ m¤úK© (Legal Relation Ship): Pzw³i d‡j †h m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq Zv‡K AvBbMZ

m¤úK© e‡j| †h †Kn G m¤úK© f½ Ki‡j, ÿwZMÖ ’ cÿ AvB‡bi e‡j ÿwZc~iY `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i|

4. Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv (Capacity): 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv Abyhvqx wegv

MªnxZvi Pzw&³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| bvevjK, †`Dwjqv, weK…Z gw Í®‥ e¨w³ Pzw&³

m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨ b‡n|


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5. •ea cÖwZ`vb I D‡Ïk¨ (Lawful consider and objects): wegv Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨ I

cÖwZ`vb Aek¨B •ea n‡Z n‡e| A‣ea eëmv ev cY¨ Avg`vwb-ißvwbi †ÿ‡Î Pzw³ I

cÖwZ`vb wVK _vK‡jI Pzw³ •ea n‡e bv|

6. wbw`©óZv (Certainty): wegv Pzw³i 29 aviv Abymv‡i †Kvb m¤§wZi welqe Íy mywbw`©ó bv n‡j Zv

evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e cwjwmi †gqv`, wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi, mgq, wegvi AsK, `vex cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ

mywbw`©ófv‡e D‡jL _vK‡Z n‡e|

7. wjwLZ Pzw³ (Written contract): Pzw³ †g․wLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ BZ¨vw` iKg n‡Z cv‡i,

wKšÍy wegv Pzw³ Aek¨B wjwLZ n‡Z n‡e|

L. we‡kl Dcv`vb Special Elements

1. wegv‡hvM¨ ¯v_© (Insurable Interest) : wegvi welqe Íy‡Z wegv MÖnxZvi †h ¯^v_© _v‡K Zv‡K

wegv‡hvM¨ ¯v_© e‡j| wegv Pzw³‡Z Aek¨B wegv‡hvM¨ ¯v_© _vK‡Z n‡e|

2. wcÖwgqvg (Premium): wegvKvix cÖwZôvb SzuwK MÖnY K‡i, wegvK…Z Rvb-gv‡ji ÿwZ n‡j

ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z wegvKvix eva¨, ZvB wegv MÖnxZv‡K SzuwKi Rb¨ avh©K…Z wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z n‡e|

3. cÖZ¨ÿ KviY (Causa proxima): wK wK Kvi‡Y ÿwZ n‡j, ÿwZc~iY cvIqv hv‡e Zv ÔwegvÕ

Pzw³‡Z my¯úófv‡e D‡j øL _vK‡Z n‡e| Gi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y ÿwZ n‡j wegvKvix ÿwZc~iY

w`‡Z eva¨ b‡n| Pink ebve Fleming GK weL¨vZ gvgjvi weeiY n‡Z Rvbv hvq, GKwU RvnvR

msNl© ev av°vRwbZ Kvi‡Y ÿwZi Rb¨ wegv Kiv n‡qwQj| RvnvRwU av°v †j‡M P‡i AvUKv c‡o

Ges G‡Z evwnZ Kgjv cu‡P bó n‡q hvq| ÿwZc~iY gvgjvq ejv nq av°vRwbZ Kvi‡Y m¤ú‡ì

ÿwZ nq wb wej‡¤i Rb¨ ÿwZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB ÿwZMÖ ’ cÿ ÿwZc~iY †c‡Z cv‡i bv|

4. Avw_©K ÿwZc~iY (Propotional compensation): exgvPzw³ ÿwZc~i‡Yi Pzw³| we‡klZ

†b․exgv I AwMœ wegvi Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î wegvK…Z cwiw ’wZ ev NUbvi Kvi‡Y welqe¯ Íy ÿwZMÖ Í n‡j

wegvKvix ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨| wKš Íy wegvK…Z e¯ Íy ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv n‡j wegv †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb ÿwZc~iY

w`‡e bv| Avevi wegvK…Z welqe¯ Íy hZUzKz ÿwZ n‡e wegvKvix ZZUzKz ÿwZB c~iY Ki‡e Z‡e

Rxeb wegv‡K ÿwZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nq bv|

5. wek¦v‡mi m¤úK© (Faithful relation): wegvKvix I wegv MÖnxZvi g‡a¨ cig wek¦v‡mi

m¤úK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Dfq cÿ †Kvb cÖKvi Z_¨ †Mvcb Ki‡eb bv| Z_¨ †Mvcb cÖZviYv

wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i Ges ÿwZc~iY bvI cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i,ZvB ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ wek¦vm

wegv Pzw³i GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

6. cÖwZ ’vcb (Subrogation): wegv †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb Wyeš Í Rvnv‡Ri m¤ú~Y© ÿwZc~iY cÖ`vb Ki‡j,

H Wyeš Í Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK wegv †Kv¤úvwb n‡e| wegvMÖnxZv Avi gvwjK _vK‡e bv| GUv gvwjKvbvi

cÖwZ ’vcb ev ¯’jvwfwl³KiY|

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7. g‡bvbqb (Nomination): Rxeb wegvq wegvK…Z e¨w³i AeZ©gv‡b †K wegv `vwe ev ¯Z¡ MÖnY

Ki‡e, Zv Pzw³i mgq wVK Ki‡Z nq| wegvK…‡Zi AeZ©gv‡b myweav cÖvc‡Ki bvg Aš Íf©y³ Kiv‡K

g‡bvbqb ejv nq| g‡bvbxZ e¨w³B wegvMÖwnZvi AeZ©gv‡b `vwe MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

8. AwaKvi Ac©Y (Assignment): wegv Pzw³‡Z wegvMÖwnZv wegvc‡Îi ¯Z¡ ev gvwjKvbv †h KvD‡K

n Ívš Íi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Rxeb wegv I †b․-wegvq G KvRwU mnR n‡jI AwMœwegv I `yN©Ubv wegvi

†ÿ‡Î wegvKvixi AbygwZ ev c~e© kZ© Qvov AwaKvi Ac©Y Kiv hvq bv|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wegv Pzw³‡Z e¨³ ev Ae¨³ Dcv`vb ev kZ©¸‡jv G‡K mvaviY Pzw³ n‡Z c„_K mËv

w`‡q‡Q| Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Acwinvh©Zv Ggbfv‡e cÖgvwYZ †h, †Kv‡bvwUB ev` w`‡q wegv Pzw³ m¤úbœ nq bv|

evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡

Importance of Insurance in Bangladesh

evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯‡ívbœZ †`k| GLv‡b gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤úwËi SzuwK DbœZ wek¦ A‡cÿv A‡bK

†ewk| ZvB exgvi ¸iæZ¡ †h GLv‡b AZ¨waK Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|

evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. g~jab MVb I wewb‡qvM e„w× (Formation of capital and increase of investment):

exgv †Kv¤úvwbmg~n wcÖwgqvg wn‡m‡e †h UvKv msMÖn K‡i Zv G‡`‡ki RvZxq g~jab MV‡b

¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| Giƒc g~jab wewfbœ Lv‡Z `xN©‡gqv‡` wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡j †`‡ki

mvgwMÖK Drcv`‡bi cwigvb e„w× cvq|

2. mÂq e„w× (Increase of savings): G‡`‡ki gvby‡li gv_vwcQy Avq AZ¨š Í mxwgZ nIqvq

mÂ‡qi nvi Kg| Rxeb exgv G‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| exgvMÖnxZv G‡ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó

mgqv‡š Í exgv wKw¯Í cwi‡kva K‡i hv †_‡K eva¨Zvg~jK mÂ‡qi m„wó nq| d‡j e¨w³K I RvZxq

mÂ‡qi cwigvb e„w× cvq|

3. SuywKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv n«vm (Reduce of hindrance of risk): eëmvq RM‡Z cY¨

Drcv`b I eÈ‡b bvbvb ai‡bi Sz uwK jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avgv‡ì †`k AbyboeZ weavq

Giƒc Sz uwKi gvÎv AviI †ewk| †b․, AwMœ, `yN©Ubv BZ¨vw` exgvi myev‡ ` Avgv‡ì

eëmvqxMY wbwðZ I ¯^v”Q›`¨gq Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

4. RvZxq m¤ú` iÿv (Maintenance of national wealth): exgv m¤úwËi wec‡ÿ

ïaygvÎ Avw_©K wbivcËvB eë¯’v K‡i bv †mB mv‡_ mnvq-m¤ú` hv‡Z `yN©Ubvi wkKvi bv

nq Z¾bÏ wewfbœ wbivcËvgyjK eë¯’v MÖn‡Y mevB‡K DØy× K‡i| G‡Z RvZxq m¤ú‡ì

wbivcËv wbwðZ nq|


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5. m‡PZbZv e„w× (Increase of awarness): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbyl AwaKvskB AwkwÿZ

nIqvi Kvi‡Y fwelr Rxeb Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î KiYxq eë ’v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bq| exgv eëmvq

wewfbœgyLx cÖPvi eë ’v I Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g e¨vcK MYm‡PZbZvi m„wó K‡i| hv mgvR Dbœq‡b

f~wgKv iv‡L|

6. Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Increase of employment facilities): exgv eëmvq G‡`‡ki

wkí-evwY‡R¨ A_©ms ’vb K‡i Gi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| G‡Z cÖPzi †jv‡Ki Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM

m„wó nq|

GQvov Giƒc eëmv‡q cÖZ¨ÿfv‡eI cÖPzi †jvK KvR cvq| hv †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v

mgvav‡b f~wgKv iv‡L|

7. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb (Economic development): exgv eëmvq m¤¢ve¨ SzuwKi wec‡ÿ

wbivcËv eë ’v wbwðZ K‡i †`‡ki K…wl I wkí-evwY‡Rï wewfbœ LvZ‡K mnvqZv K‡i| exgvi

AvIZvq †`‡ki Af¨š Í‡i wewfbœ SzuwKc~Y© wkí-evwYR¨ cÖwZôvbI M‡o I‡V| G‡Z †`‡ki

A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ nq|

8. mvgvwRK ¯w¯Í cÖwZôv (Brings social security): exgv gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤úwËi SzuwK

Kwg‡q mvgvwRK ¯^w¯ Í wdwi‡q Av‡b| hv mgv‡Ri gvbyl¸‡jv‡K Dboeq‡b †cÖiYv †hvMvq|

Avgv‡ì †`‡kI exgv e¨w³ Rxe‡b Ges mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Dbœqb I ¯^w¯Í cÖwZôv Ki‡Z

mÿg n‡q‡Q|

9. RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi cÖZ¨ÿ

Ae`vb RvZxq Drcv`b we‡ePbvq gvÎ 0.37% n‡jI mvwe©K wePv‡i Zv Kg bq| G‡Z Kg©iZ

Rbkw³ Ges Gi A_©vq‡b cÖwZwôZ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Rbkw³i Avq RvZxq Avq e„w×‡Z

f~wgKv iv‡L|

10. A`„k¨ ißvwb Avq e„w× (Increasing invisible export): exgv eëmvq †`‡ki A`„k¨ ißvwb

Avq e„w×‡ZI f~wgKv iv‡L| Avgv‡ì ißvwbK…Z cY¨ †cÖi‡Y Zv †`kxq exgv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡Z

exgv Kiv nq| hvi LiP we‡`wk Avg`vwbKviK cÖ`vb K‡i| hv cY¨g~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q A`„k¨

ißvwb Avq evovq|

Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, exgv eëmvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡ZB ïay bq e¨w³ I mvgvwRK

Rxe‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

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8.09 eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b wegv Kivi cÖwµqv

Process of Formation of Insurance for Business

wegv n‡”Q GKwU Pzw³| GB Pzw³ wegvKvix I wegvMÖwnZvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z nq| wegv Pyw³ KZ¸‡jv

avivevwnK c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| wb‡gœœ c`‡ÿc mg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:

1. cÖv_wgK AvbyôvwbKZv (Primary formalities): wegvKvix cÖwZôvb wegv Pzw³ Kievi Rb¨

RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bvbvfv‡e cÖPvi K‡ib| cÖPvi Pvjvevi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj wegv cÖwZwbwa RbM‡Yi

N‡i N‡i wM‡q wegvi mydj eY©bv K‡i| Gi d‡j AvMÖnvwš^Z e¨w³eM© wegv Lyjevi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb|

2. cª Íve cÖ`vb (Making proposal): †h e¨w³ wegvcÎ Ki‡Z B”QyK Ggb e¨w³‡K me©cÖ_g

†Kv¤úvwbi Awdm n‡Z A_ev †Kvb wegv cÖwZwbwai KvQ †_‡K webv g~‡j¨ cÖ Ívebv cÎ (Proposal form) msMÖn Ki‡Z ev wb‡Z nq| msM„nxZ digwU c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g wegv Awd‡m Rgv w`‡jB cÖ Íve

`vb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|

3. cÖ Ívebv cÎ we‡ePbv (Consideration of Proposal): c~iY Kiv cÖ Ívebv cÎ wegv Awd‡m

Rgv †Ìqvi ci wegvKvix D³ cÖ Ívebv c‡Î wegv MÖnxZv KZ…©K †`q DËimg~n h_vh_ I wbf©~j wKbv Zv

cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i †`‡Lb| G welq¸‡jv wegvc‡Îi cÖv_wgK g~j¨ I †gqv‡ì mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv nq|

Gi ci cÖ ÍvewU †Kgb ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Zv wbY©q Kiv nq| hw` cÖ`Ë Z_¨vw` h_v_© I mZ¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ

nq Z‡eB wegvKvix SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z m¤§Z nq Ges cieZ©x c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|

4. wegv cÖwZwbwa‡ì wi‡cvU© msMÖn (Collection of reports from insurance agent): wegv cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g hw` wegvcÎ mieivn Kiv nq †m †ÿ‡Î wegv cÖwZwbwai cªwZ‡e`b †ck

Ki‡Z nq|

5. cÖ Íve wbe©vPb (Selection of proposal): cÖ ÍveKvixi Av‡e`bcÎ, Ab¨vb¨ wi‡cvU©mg~n Ges

cÖ‡qvRbxq I msMÖn‡hvM¨ mKj KvMRcÎ wegv Awd‡m G‡m †cu․Q‡j Zv cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klÁMY

cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i cÖ Íve wbe©vPb K‡ib |

6. cÖ Íve MÖnY (Accceptance of proposal): cÖ Íve wbe©vP‡bi ci cÖ Íve MÖnY Kivi wm×vš Í

†bqv nq Ges cÖ Íve MÖnY Z_v ¯xK…wZcÎ w`‡q Rvwb‡q †`qv nq|

7. wegvcÎ cÖ`vb (Issuance of insurance policy): me wKQz wVKVvK _vK‡j wegvKvix

wegvMÖnxZvi `vwe cwi‡kva K‡i †`q| DcwiD³ c`‡ÿc mg~n Rxeb wegv Pzw³ m¤úv`b cÖwµqv

avivevwnKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Pzw³ m¤úv`b cÖwµqvi ¯v_©KZv wegvKvix I wegv MÖwnZv mZZvi

Dci wbf©i K‡i|


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8.10 eëmvq I cwi‡ek AvB‡bi m¤ú‡K© aviYv

Concept of Business and Envrionment Law

wek¦ cwi‡e‡ki ªæZ AebwZ n‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k MZ K‡qK `k‡K G AebwZ n‡q‡Q AviI ªæZ| evsjv‡`‡k

1995 mv‡j eëmvq cwi‡ek AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rbwe‡ùviY, ebvÂ‡ji Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I

cwienb wbqš¿Y eë ’vi Afv‡ei ìæY †`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡ek GK RwUj Ae ’vi w`‡K †cu․Qv‡Z hv‡”Q|

ZvQvov 1997 mv‡ji cwi‡ek I eb msiÿY AvBb Abyhvqx nvmcvZvj wkÿv cÖwZôvb Ges miKvi wba©vwiZ

wKQz cÖwZôvb †_‡K 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ bxie GjvKv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| Gme RvqMvq †gvUi Mvwoi nY© evRv‡bv ev

gvBwKs Kiv m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| Giæc RvqMvq Mvwoi nY© ev jvDW w¯úKv‡ii gva¨‡g kã ~lYKvixi K‡Vvi

kvw Íi weavb _vKv ìKvi| KviLvbv ev wkí ms ’v KZ©„K ewR©Z kã Drcv`bKvix hš¿cvwZ A‡cÿv DbœZ

cÖhyw³ m¤úbœ Ges Kg kã Drcv`bKvix hš¿cvwZ w`‡q kã wbqš¿b Kiv hvq| Gme hš¿cvwZ‡K kã Acwievnx

e ¿ w`‡q †X‡K kã ~lY Kgv‡bv hvq|

ZvQvov miKvi †`‡ki cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yj j‡ÿ¨, cwi‡ek msiÿY †kÖwY wej 2002 Ges cwi‡ek

Av`vjZ (ms‡Kvjb) wej 2002 bv‡g `ywU AvBb cvm K‡i‡Q|

8.11 eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY I djvdj

The Pollution Created by Business and its Results

kã `~lY (Sound Polution)

µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq evowZ hvbevnb I Ab¨vb¨ KjKviLvbv| Gme Mvwo

KjKviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z †avqv cwi‡ek‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e `~wlZ K‡i| kã `~lY cwi‡e‡ki `~l‡Yi

Ab¨Zg KviY| KviLvbv I Mvwo †Nvov QvovI gvBK, jvDW w¯úKvi, †iwWI, wUwf cÖK…wZi AvIqvR

kã `~l‡Yi m„wó K‡i| G‡Z K‡i gvby‡li kªeY kw³ †jvc cvq| i³Pvc e„w× cvq, KLbI †`Lv hvq

gvbwmK wech©q| GQvov KjKviLvbv Av‡k cv‡ki ’vqx evwm›`v‡ì wkï mš Ívbiv Kg †ewk ewai n‡Z

†`Lv hvq|

evqy `~lY I Zvi djvdj (Air Polution & its Effect)

Avgv‡ì cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Ab¨Zg m¤¢vi n‡jv evqy| †mB evq y AvR `~wlZ n‡”Q wek¦Ry‡o| evqy

`~l‡Yi g~‡j Av‡Q KjKviLvbv, †gvUi Mvwo, †Uªb, NievwoI eëmv evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi DËvc

m„wói hš¿cvwZ Ges bvbv AveR©bv| eëmv cÖwZôv‡b Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb A_©vr †Zj, Kqjv BZ¨vw`

cywo‡q Kve©b-WvB A·vBW evZv‡m Qwo‡q †Ìqv †K¬v‡ivd¬z z‡ivwg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW, Av‡jvK

ivmvqwbK †avqvkv BZ¨vw` me¸‡jv evqy `~l‡Yi cÖavb DcKiY| www.fa

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wewfbœ A·vBW evZv‡mi Rjxq ev‡®úi m‡½ wg‡k •Zwi K‡i mvjdvi Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi A¤ø| GB A¤ø

c‡i wb‡P †b‡g G‡m cvwb I gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k hvq| GiB bvg ÔGwmW †iBbÕ A¤ø el©Y|

evqy ~l‡Yi Dr‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q B‡Ui fvUv, mvi Kvi Lvbv, wPwb, KvMR, cvU I e ¿ KviLvbv, myZvKj,

Pvgov wkí, †cvkvK wkí, we¯‥zU •Zwii KviLvbv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, wMÖj I

ìRv-Rvbvjv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, IqvK© kc BZ¨vw`| Drm †_‡K cÖPzi

cwigv‡Y †avqv, ev®ú, M¨vm I aywjKYv BZ¨vw` evZv‡m wg‡k †auvqv m„wó K‡i| d‡j cwi‡ek ~wlZ nq|

evqy `~l‡bi d‡j k¦vmKô, nvcvwb, `xN© ’vqx dzmdzm K¨vÝvi GRvZxq `yl‡Yi dj|

cvwb `~lY I Zvi djvdj Water Polution & Its Effect

eZ©gv‡b wkí I †c․i eR©¨ b`x I Rjvkq‡K `ywlZ K‡i‡Q| cwi‡ek Awa`ßi D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h

PÆMÖv‡g wUGmwc mvi KviLvbv †_‡K mvjwdDwiK I dmdwiK GwmW Ges P›`ª‡Nvbvi KY©dzwj KvM‡Ri

wgj, wm‡jU KvMR wgj, `k©bvi †Kiy A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb, Lyjbvi wkcBqvW©I gvQ cÖwµqvKiY KviLvbv,

XvKvi Awjw¤úK I Kv‡`wiqv †U·UvBj wgjm jÿ jÿ †Mjb Zij eR©¨ cvk¦eZx© b`x I Rjvk‡q

wb‡ÿc K‡i cvwb `~lY NUv‡”Q| b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q mg„× Rbc` kni cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q AvaywbK

PUKj, KvcoKj, wPwbKj, KvM‡Ri Kj, †flR †Zj BZ¨vw`| GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR©bv

cÖwZwbqZ cvwb `ywlZ Ki‡Q|

ªæZ wkívqb wewfbœ †`‡ki cvwb mieiv‡ni Ges AveR©bv wb‡ÿ‡ci mgm¨v‡K µgk RwUj K‡i

Zzj‡Q| Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv w`‡”Q M„nKv‡h© eëüZ †bvsiv cvwb‡K †kvab K‡i cybivq

Zv eënvi †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| wKš‘ cÖwikÖ yZKiY eë ’vq mvgvb¨ Zg ÎæwU _vK‡j G

†_‡K jÿ jÿ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¸iæZi iK‡gi msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|

gvwU ~lY I Zvi djvdj (Soil Polution & Effect)

g„wËKv I gvwU f~Z¡‡Ki Dcwifv‡Mi GKwU cvZjv AveiY| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y g„wËKv `~lY N‡U †hgb−f~wg

ÿq, evqy cÖevn m„wó, MvQKvUv, eb DRvo, Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ev wbqwgZ ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi Kiv

BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gvwUi ¸bMZ gvb bó n‡q hvq d‡j gvwU `~lY N‡U|

GQvov KxUbvkK eënv‡i Avgv‡ì gvwU `~wlZ n‡”Q| evowZ dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ dmj‡K KxU

cZ‡½i AvµgY †_‡K iÿv Kivi ZvwM‡` †h ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` I mvi eënvi Kiv nq, Zv gvwUi Ici

weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j gvwU `~wlZ n‡q _v‡K|


160

8.12 eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek `~lY‡iv‡a KiYxq cÖwZKvi

Prevent Environment Pollution by Business Organization

cwi‡ek `~lY †iva Kivi Rb¨ mvivwek¦ m‡PZb n‡q D‡V‡Q| cwi‡ek `yl‡Yi d‡j we‡k¦i wewfbœ ’v‡b

wei”c cÖwZwµqv †`Lv wM‡qwQj Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ylY †iva Kivi cÖ‡Póv P‡j| ZvB cwi‡ek `ylY

cÖwZ‡iva Kievi Rb¨ †MvUv wek¦evmx‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| AbwZwej‡¤ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e cÖK…wZi

fvimvg¨ iÿvq h_v_© Dcvq|

†h me hš¿ ev Mvwo †_‡K ÿwZKi †auvqv ev M¨vm‡ei nq Zvi eënvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk

weKí kw³i eënvi eë ’v †hgb cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, †m․ikw³ cÖK…wZ wbf©i h‡š¿i eënvi e„w× cwi‡ek‡K

A‡cÿvK…Z ¯vfvweK ivL‡Z n‡e| wbwe©Pv‡i hv‡Z MvQ KuvUv‡bv nq †mw`‡K cy‡iv wek¦evmx‡K bRi w`‡Z

n‡e Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi ev e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M ebvqb ev e„ÿ †ivcb‡K mvgvwRK Av‡›`vj‡b

cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki cwie‡Z© •Re mv‡ii eënvi e„w× cwi‡e‡ki my ’Zv iÿv mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|

8.13 AvBGmI ISO

AvBGmI (ISO) Gi c~Y© A_© n‡”Q International Organization for Standardization (Avš ÍR©vwZK gvb Dbœqb ms ’v)| GwU

we‡k¦i gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

GwU GKwU ¯vaxb, †emiKvix cÖwZôvb

†hwU cÖvq 162 †`‡ki RvZxq gvb Dbœqb

KwgwU (National Standard bodies) Øviv MwVZ| GwU 1947

mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m cÖwZwôZ nq|

GwUi mì `ßi †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨v‡Û

Aew ’Z| eZ©gv‡b GB cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ 162wU †`k Ges cÖvq 3368 KvwiMix †evW© (Technical body) gvb Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i| Gi mì `ß‡i cÖvq 150 Rb †jvK c~Y©Kvjxb Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| ISO eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©`ÿZv e„w× K‡i| ISO Gi Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k c‡Yï ¸Yv¸b m¤ú‡K©

wbwðZ nq, hvi Kvi‡b Avš ÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †h evav Av‡Q Zv `~i nq| ISO me©‡ÿ‡ÎB Avš ÍR©vwZK

gvb eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Lv`¨ wbivcËv †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi, K…wl †_‡K ¯v ’¨‡mev ISO

me©‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b cÖfve we Ívi K‡i‡Q|

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161

AvBGmI Gi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of ISO)

Avš ÍR©vwZK eëmvq evwYR¨ Ges A_ ©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b AvBGmI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

AvBGmI ïaygvÎ MÖvnK‡ì‡K DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ mieiv‡ni wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i bv; GwU AvšÍR©vwZK

evwY‡Rï evav `~i K‡i eëmvq evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ AvBGmI Gi ¸iæZ¡

mswÿßfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−

• AvBGmI (ISO) wbwðZ K‡i †h cY¨ ev †mev wbivc`, wek¦ Í Ges fvj gv‡bi| Gi d‡j MÖvnKiv

eyS‡Z cv‡i cY¨wU wbivc`| hvi Kvi‡Y MÖvnKiv †fRvj c‡Yï nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvq|

• eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î AvBGmI GKwU †K․kjMZ hš¿ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| AvBGmI Gi Kvi‡Y

eëmv‡qi †gvU e¨q n«vm cvq| AvBGmI Gi Kvi‡Y eëmvq-cÖwZôv‡bi AcPq Ges fzj µzwU n«vm

cvq Ges Drcv`b ÿgZv e„w× cvq|

• AvBGmI eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K bZzb bZzb gv‡K©‡U XzK‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki

Rb¨ mylg evRvi (Playing field) ‣Zwi K‡i| hvi Kvi‡Y Dbœqbkxj †`k I mgfv‡e bZyb bZzb

evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• AvBGmI, gy³ Ges b¨vh¨ wek¦ eëmvq m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

• †µZv mš‘wó Ges †µZv a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

• wbixÿvi cwigvb Kgvq|

• Bnv Kg©x‡ì †cÖlbv, m‡PZbZv Ges •bwZKZv e„w× K‡i|

• GwU eëmv‡qi gybvdv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

• AcPq †iva K‡i Ges Drcv`b e„w× K‡i|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡b Ges Avš ÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ AvBGmI

¸iæZ¡ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

8.14 evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb

Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution

ZrKvjxb cvwK Ívb miKvi †`kxq cY¨-mvgMÖxi gvb cixÿvi Rb¨ 1956 mv‡j XvKvq Ô †m›Uªvj †Uw÷s

j¨ve‡iUwiRÕ cÖwZôv K‡i| cieZx©‡Z 1963 mv‡j

Chamber of Commerce & Industries Gi

D‡`¨v‡M Zv Standard Institution G iæcvš ÍwiZ nq

Ges ¯vaxbZvi ci 1971 mv‡j Bangladesh Standards Institution bvg aviY K‡i| cieZx©‡Z

1985 mv‡j ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZi Av‡`k bs 37 e‡j

``The Bangladesh Standards & Testing Institution” bvg w`‡q K‡c©v‡iU ewW‡Z iƒcvš Íi Kiv nq| GB cÖwZôvb †`wkq Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb

wVK †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨š ÍixY Ges •e‡`wkK evRvi a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|


162

ZvQvov A`ëwa G cÖwZôvbwU †`wkq Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb wbqš¿Y I cixÿvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKvI †i‡L P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k GwUB GKgvÎ gvb wbaviYx cÖwZôvb| GB cÖwZôvb †`‡k Drcvw`Z

†h †Kv‡bv cY¨, c×wZ ev †mevi gvb wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| 1989 mv‡j Special Regulatory Order Gi AvIZvq miKvwi Aby‡gv`‡bi ci †Kv‡bv c‡Yï Rb¨ BSTI Gi Aby‡gv`b I c‡Y¨

BSTI mxj cÖ`vb‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq|

wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î RvZxq gvb wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î we.Gm.wU.AvB G ch©š Í 6wU wWwfkbvj KvDwÝj MVb

K‡i‡Q| G ¸‡jv n‡jv−

1. K…wl I Lv`¨;

2. †KwgK¨vjm

3. B‡jKUªwb·

4. cvU I e ¿

5. wewìs I wewìs miÄvgvw`

Dc‡iv³ 6wU wWwfkb Avevi 70wU †mKkbvj KwgwU MVb K‡i wZb gvm ci ci ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cÖwZ

gv‡m mfv K‡i Ges wewfbœ gvb •Zwi K‡i _v‡K|

evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi D‡Ïk¨

Objectives of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution

evsjv‡`‡k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDU Gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb‡¤œ †Ìqv nj−

1. cY¨-`ªe¨ I cÖwµqvi mv‡_ m¤úK ©hy³ wba©vwiZ gvb •Zwi Kiv|

2. RvZxq I Avš ÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q G mKj gv‡bi eënvi wbwðZ Kiv|

3. wkí I evwY‡R¨ cÖwgZKiY I gvb wbqš¿‡Yi DbœwZ mvab Kiv|

4. c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡b Drcv`K I eënviKvix‡ì cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ’vcb Kiv|

5. cY¨-`ªe¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbwPý (Brand) wbeÜ‡bi eë ’v Kiv|

evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi Kvh©vewj

Functions of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution

evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi Kvh©vewj wb‡gœœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1. †`‡ki Af¨š ÍixY I Avš ÍRv©wZKfv‡e KuvPvgvj,cY¨, KvVv‡gv Ges †mevi gvb, AvKvi-AvK…wZ

wba©viY Ges RbM‡Yi Kv‡R Zv‡ì mvaviY MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wVKKiY|

2. c‡Yï •`N©¨, IRb, cwigvY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi gvb wVK Kiv Ges miKv‡ii Kv‡Q G wel‡q

mycvwik Kiv|

3. c‡Yï gvb Dbœqb,gvb wbqš¿Y Ges wkí I evwY‡Rï †ÿÎ mnRxKiY|

4. cY¨, cb¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqv Ges Kvh©µg cwi`k©b, cixÿY BZ¨vw` eë ’vKiY| www.fa

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5. ’vbxq †fv³v, Avg`vwbKviK ev ißvwbKviK‡ì Rb¨ cY¨, KuvPvgvj Ges †mevi gvb m¤ú‡K©

mb`cÎ cÖ`vb|

6. KuvPvgvj, cY¨, Kvh©vewji gvb Ges Kvh©cÖwµqvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`K I †fv³v‡ì g‡a¨

m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb NUv‡bvi eë ’v Kiv, hv‡Z Drcv`‡bi cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi AcPq n«vm cvq|

7. evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvW© †¯úwmwd‡KkÝ (Bangladesh Standard Specifications) KZ…©K

wba©vwiZ cY¨ ev Kvh©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© wba©vwiZ cš’vmg~‡ni ev Íevqb Ges cÖPvi|

8. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Ab¨‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb KZ…©K wba©vwiZ ev Avš ÍR©vwZK ms ’v KZ…©K wba©viZ

cY¨ gvb cixÿvKiY, MÖnY Ges cwiwPwZKiY|

9. G‡`kxq c‡Yï gvb wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb c‡Yï Dci gvb wPý (Standard Mark) cÖ`vb| G

gvb wPý Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark

wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|

10. c~‡e© cÖ`Ë gvb wPý bevqb, mvgwqK evwZj ev ’vqxfv‡e evwZjKiY|

11. BSTI KZ…©K cÖ`Ë gvb wPý m¤wjZ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ’vb cwi`k©b, bgybv msMÖn, cixÿY Ges

cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbMZ eë ’v MÖnY|

12. BSTI Gi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© KvR K‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,ms¯’v, ev

Avš ÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb‡K mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|


1| KviLvbv AvBb KZ mv‡ji?

K. 1925 L. 1932

M. 1961 N. 1965

2. †c‡U›U ej‡Z wb‡¤œi †KvbwU‡K †evSvq?

K. we‡kl AwaKv‡ii mgwó‡K L. mvRm¾vi bKkv‡K

M. †gavmËv‡K N. SuywK I AwbðqZv wbimbK‡í


Z †Kv¤úvwb GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb| Zv‡ì Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb Avš ÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯xK…wZ

†c‡Z Pvq| G Rb¨ Zviv Avš ÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯xK…Z GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi mb` †bqvi †Póv Pvjv‡”Q|

hviv c‡Yï gvb I †mev m¤ú‡K© mb` cÖ`vb K‡i|

3| DÏxc‡K Avš ÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯xK…Z ej‡Z †Kvb cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

K. ISO L. BSTI M. BIMSTEC N. ASEAN


164

4| Z †Kv¤úvwbi cY¨wU Avš ÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯xK…Z n‡j wb‡¤œi †Kvb myweav¸‡jv cv‡e?

i. MÖvnK mš‘wó AR©b

ii. bZzb bZzb evRv‡i cÖ‡ek

iii. gybvdv e„w×



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| Aveyj Lv‡qi GKRb M‡elK| wZwb M‡elYv K‡i †m․ikw³ PvwjZ we`y¨r mieivn hš¿ Avwe®‥vi

K‡ib Ges Zv evRviRvZ K‡ib| Zvi GB hš¿wU ’vbxq MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf

K‡i| wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb Zvi G hš¿ bKj K‡i evRviRvZ Kiv

ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ wZwb H †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡iI AvBbMZ †Kvb eë ’v wb‡Z cv‡ibwb|

K. wegv Kx?

L. ISO m¤ú‡K© aviYv `vI?

M. Aveyj Lv‡q‡ii we`y¨r mieivn hš¿wU †Kvb ai‡bi m¤ú‡ì Aš Íf©~³? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Aveyj Lv‡qi †Kvb AvBwb mnvqZv bv cvIqvi KviY we‡kølY Ki|

2| cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ e¨vcK ggZ¡‡eva †_‡K wg. AvRv` Ô÷vi Mv‡g©›UmÕ-Gi GKRb Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e

cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ AwMœwegv Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z Pvb| wegv †Kv¤úvbx Zvi cÖ¯ ÍvewU cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|

Ae‡k‡l Zvi Aby‡iv‡a Mv‡g©›Um gvwjK 1 †KvwU UvKvi AwMwœegv K‡ib| AwMœKv‡Û 20 jÿ

UvKvi gvjvgvj ÿwZM Í nq| D³ UvKv ÿwZc~i‡Yi ci ÿwZM Í gvjvgvj weµq K‡i 50 nvRvi

UvKv cvIqv hvq Ges D³ UvKvi gvwjKvbv wb‡q Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ we‡iva †`Lv †`q|

K. g~j¨vwqZ wegvcÎ Kx?

L. AvRxeb wegvcÎ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. wegv Pzw³i †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Afv‡e wg. AvRv` D³ cÖwZôv‡bi wegv Ki‡Z e¨_© nb Zv e¨vL¨v

Ki|

N. wegv Pzw³i Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K weµqK…Z gvjvgv‡ji cÖvcK †K n‡eb? Zv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K

we‡kølY Ki|

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beg Aa¨vq

eëmvq mnvqK †mev ASSISTANCE SERVICE OF BUSINESS

eëmvq eZ©gv‡b Ab¨Zg †ckv wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| Z‡e eëmvq cÖwZôvb †h †Kv‡bv ai‡YiB †nvK bv

†Kb Zvi MVb, cwiPvjbv I Dbœqb †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³i c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ e¨w³ ev

cÖwZôv‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ mn‡hvwMZv| Avevi GmKj mvnvh¨ n‡Z cv‡i-Avw_©K, gvbwmK, cÖ‡K․kjMZ,

AvBbMZ, cÖPviMZ, AwfÁZvj× BZ¨vw`| G mKj mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv GKRb eëmvwq‡K A_ev

D‡`¨v³v‡K GKw`‡K †hgb bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î Drmvn †hvMvq †Zgwb cieZx©‡Z be¨ cÖwZwôZ

eëmvq‡K cwiPvjbv Ges Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| ZvB †h †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Giƒc mvnvh¨-

mn‡hvwMZv AZ¨šÍ Riæix|


• mnvqK †mevi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f`|

• evsjv‡`k ÿ z`ª I KzwUi wkí ms ’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

• GmGgB dvB‡Ûkb (SME) †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

• †emiKvwi ms ’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

• wkí I ewYK mwgwZ Ges wewRGgBG †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

• ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

• eëmv‡q mnvqZv`vbKvwi AvÂwjK I Avš ÍR©vwZK ms ’vmg~n|


166

9.01 mnvqK †mevi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f`

Concept of Assistance Service and its Type

†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKw`‡K †hgb wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb bZzb D‡`¨v³v

m„wó I Zv a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| G

cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvI avivevwnKfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| A_©vr

wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb GK‡Î c‡o bv, G¸‡jvi GKwU c~iY n‡j

Av‡iKwUi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| cÖ‡qvR‡bi aib Abyhvqx wk‡ív‡`¨vM mvnvh¨‡K †gvUvgywU wZb fv‡M fvM

Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wk‡ív‡`¨vM mnvqZv‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

K. DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv

Stimulation assistance

DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv ej‡Z GKRb m¤¢vebvgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K wkí ’vc‡b Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡Z mÿg

Ggb ai‡bi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv I Kg© ZrciZv‡K eySvq|

1. gvby‡li gv‡S D‡`¨v³vm~jf ¯ú„nv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk‡ív‡`¨vMg~jK wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii

eë ’vKiY|

2. wk‡ív‡`¨vMg~jK ev wewb‡qvM my‡hvM-myweavi cwiKwíZ cÖPviYv|

3. weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³v mbv³KiY|

4. bZzb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|

5. cY¨ wbe©vPb Ges cÖKí cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYq‡b D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ I w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb|

6. KvwiMwi I A_©‣bwZK Z_¨ Ges cY¨ weµqRwbZ Kvh©vewj †_‡K cÖvß gybvdvi cwigvY Rvbv‡bvi

eë ’vKiY|

7. ’vbxqfv‡e Dchy³ bZzb cY¨ Ges Drcv`b cÖwµqvi D‡b¥‡li eë ’vKiY|

8. wkí‡`¨vMg~jK civgk© Ges wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b cÖwkÿY cÖvß ’vbxq civgk©K‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi

Dcw ’wZ wbwðZKiY|

9. wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq †dvivg MV‡bi eë ’vKiY|

wk‡ív‡`¨vM mnvqZv

DÏxcbvg~jK mg_©bg~jK msi¶Yg~jK

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eëmvq mnvqK †mev

167

L. mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv

Supporting assistance

†h mKj mvnvh¨-mnvqZv m¤¢vebvgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K wkí cÖwZôvb ’vcb Ges cwiPvjbvq mÿg

K‡i †Zv‡j Zv‡ì‡KB mvgwMÖKfv‡e mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv e‡j|

wb‡gœ mg_©bg~jK mnvqZvmg~‡ni eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−

1. eëmvq ev wkí cÖwZôv‡bi wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq myweav cÖ`vb|

2. eëmv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©vq‡bi eë¯’vKiY|

3. f~wg, `vjvb, kw³ I cvwb m¤ú` cÖvwßi eë ’v Kiv|

4. hš¿cvwZ wbe©vPb Ges msMÖ‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb|

5. y®úÖvc¨ KuvPvgvj msMÖ‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv `vb|

6. Avg`vwb jvB‡mÝmn Ab¨vb¨ jvB‡mÝ cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv `vb|

7. Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY myweavw` cÖ`vb Kiv|

8. Ki †iqvZ ev Ab¨vb¨ fZ©ywK cÖ`vb|

9. eë¯’vcKxq civgk© cÖ`v‡bi eë ’vKiY|

10. cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv|

M. msiÿYg~jK mnvqZv

Sustaining Assistance

wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b msiÿYg~jK mnvqZvmg~n GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K eëmv‡qi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n

KvwU‡q mdjfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkí ’vc‡bi ci wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv

I mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| msiÿYg~jK mnvqZvmg~‡ni gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³v Gme cÖwZeÜKZv I mgm¨vw`

`~i Ki‡Z mÿg nb| wb‡gœ msiÿYg~jK mnvqZvmg~‡ni eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−

1. KviLvbv AvaywbKxKi‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

2. c‡Yï •ewPÎKiY, KviLvbvi m¤úªmviY I weKí c‡Yï Drcv`‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

3. cÖK…Z FY I my` cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w×Ki‡Y mnvqZv|

4. mgm¨v wPwýZKiY I wkíxq cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb|

5. Drcv`b cÖwZôvb msµvš Í AvBbvbyM bxwZ cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvR‡b we`¨gvb bxwZi cwieZ©b|

6. c‡Yï ¸Yv¸Y cixÿv Ges †mevi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

7. cÖ‡qvRb wfwËK mvaviY myweavw` cÖ`vb †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv|


168

9.02 mnvqK †mevi Drm

Sources of Assistance Service

c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡kI eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY I ’vc‡b mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ miKvwi-

†emiKvwi cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q Ges eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Q| H mKj cÖwZôvb

†`‡k eëmvq ev wkí ’vc‡b D‡`¨vM MÖnY, wkí ’vcb I cY¨-`ª‡eï MÖn‡Y mnvqK wewfbœ w`K D‡j øL

Kiv n‡q‡Q hv A‡b‡Ki Rb¨ Aby‡cÖiYvg~jK n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-

evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I K ywUi wkí ms ’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv−

evsjv‡`k ÿ z`ª I KzwUi wkí ms ’v (wewmK) †`‡k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí

Dbœqb I weKv‡k wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi cÖwZôvb| G ms ’vi cÖavb KvR

n‡jv G wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© civgk© vb|

G ms ’vi Ab¨vb¨ Kg©¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:

1. wkí msµvš Í Z_¨mieivn

2. D‡`¨v³v kbv³KiY,

3. mvnvh¨g~jK †mev

4. wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb

5. cÖKí wbe©vPb

6. cÖKí g~j¨vqb

7. m¤¢ve¨Zv cixÿv

8. FY eë ’vcbv I ZË¡veavb

9. wkí BDwbU Aby‡gv`b cÖKí ev Íevqb

10. AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb

11. eë ’vcbv I `ÿZv Dbœqb

12. cY¨ wWRvBb

13. †cÖv‡UvUvBc Dbœqb I Zvi weZiY

14. KuvPvgvj mieiv‡n mvnvh¨

15. Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi wecY‡b mnvqZv

16. DcwVKv`vwii eë ’v Kiv

17. M‡elYv I Dbœqb

18. h‡_vchy³ Drcv`b cÖwµqv wba©viY I gvb wbqš¿Y

19. c‡Yï evRvi mgxÿv

20. ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Dci cÖKvkbv cÖf…wZ|

†ÿÎ we‡k‡l G ms¯’v evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~‡ni mv‡_ †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖ‡qvRbxq F‡Yi eë¯’v

K‡i _v‡K| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì Kv‡Q ms¯’vi mvnvh¨mg~n †cu․‡Q †`qvi Rb¨ G ms¯’v †`‡ki

wewfbœ ¯’v‡b kvLv ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|

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169

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistance from Commercial Bank

†`‡ki PviwU ivóªvqË evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (†mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iƒcvjx e¨vsK) Ges evsjv‡`k K…wl

e¨vsK mviv †`‡k weivRgvb Zv‡ì kvLv¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wkí I eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb

K‡i Avm‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wbweo kÖgNb I Kg©ms¯’vbg~Lx A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi,

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|

eëmvq ev cÖK‡íi aib Abyhvqx FYmxgv me©wbgœ 50 nvRvi †_‡K m‡e©v”P 10 †KvwU UvKv| F‡Yi

†gqv` eëmvq ev cÖK‡íi Dci wbf©i K‡i wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e PjwZ g~ja‡bi †ÿ‡Î 1 ermi Ges

†gqvw` F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 3−7 eQi ch©š Í we‡ewPZ nq|

G mKj †ÿ‡Î FY cÖvwßi †hvM¨Zv wbgœiƒc:

• FYcÖv_x© D‡`¨v³v‡K b~¨bZg 2 eQ‡ii eëmvwqK AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e|

• D‡`¨v³v‡K my ’, wkwÿZ Ges eqm 18 †_‡K 60 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ n‡Z n‡e|

• FY‡Ljvcx, †`Dwjqv, Db¥v` I Roeyw×m¤úbœ e¨w³ F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|

• D‡`¨v³v‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|

• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv n‡e|


170

GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb SME Foundation

ÿ z`ª I gvSvix wkí weKv‡k Ges gvb Dbœq‡b GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i

_v‡K| ÿ z`ª Ges gvSvix wkí D‡`¨v³v Ges we‡kl K‡i bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ GwU mswk øó wel‡q

wewfbœ cÖwkÿYg~jK Kg©myPx Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki ÿ z`ª Ges gvSvix wkí hv‡Z †`‡ki `vwi`ªZv

wbim‡b Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eo Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb cÖ‡qvRbxq

c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb GKwU ¯^vaxb Ges AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb| GwU evwYR¨ gš¿bvjq †_‡K †iwR‡÷ªkb

cvq 12 b‡f¤î 2006 mv‡j Ges 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx R‡q›U ÷K †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K

†iwR‡÷ªkb cvq| Avi GwU AvbyôvwbK fv‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 2007 mv‡ji 30 †g|

GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb n‡Z cÖvß mnvqZvmg~n

Assistances from SME Foundation

evsjv‡`‡ki ÿ z`ª I KzwUi wkí Dbœq‡b GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ

GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZvmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GmGgB cwjwm‡K ev Íevqb Kiv;

GmGgB dvD‡Ûk‡bi mnR cwjwm¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z miKv‡ii wefbœ gš¿Yvjq Ges

G‡RwÝ‡K Aby‡iva Kiv;

ÿ z`ª I gvSvix wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î eëmvwqK mv‡cvU© cÖ`vb Kiv;

bZzb GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Ges MvBW jvBb cÖ`vb Kiv;

wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì wewfbœ †gqv`x F‡Yi

eë ’v Kiv;

GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì `ÿZv Avbq‡b wewfbœ cÖwkÿY Kg©m~Px Av‡qvRb Kiv; www.fa

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GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì Zv‡ì cÖ ‘ZK…Z cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y mnvqZv Kiv;

bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖ_g mvwi‡Z wb‡q Avmv Ges Zv‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i

GmGgB eëmv‡q AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv;

bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì GmGgB eëmv‡q wewfbœ F‡Yi eë ’v Kiv;

GmGgB eëmv‡q Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU mn wbZ¨bZzb cÖhyw³i mw¤§jb NUv‡bv;

GmGgB eëmv‡q we‡`kx D‡`¨v³v‡ì AvK…ó Kiv|

†emiKvix ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistances from Private Organization D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi †¯”Qv‡mex mvnvh¨ ms ’v¸‡jvi f~wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Z‡e G ms ’v¸‡jv

g~jZ MÖvgxY weËnxb‡ì D‡`¨vMx nevi e¨vcv‡i mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b K‡qKwU

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms ’vi Kvh©µg eY©bv Kiv n‡”Q−

MÖvgxY e¨vsK

Grameen Bank

ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ MÖvgxY fywgnxb I `yt¯’ Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Avw_©K FY`vbKvix GKwU we‡klvwqZ

Avw_©K cÖwZôvb| G e¨vsK †Kv‡bviƒc RvgvbZ QvovB FY cÖ`vb K‡i| G e¨wZµgag©x e¨vs‡Ki

cÖwZôvZv n‡jb kvwš Í‡Z †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi weRqx W. gynv¤§` BDbym| MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g

wZwb ïaygvÎ wb‡RB GB cyi®‥vi cvbwb Z uvi cÖwZwôZ GB e¨vsKwUI GKB m¤§v‡b f~wlZ n‡q‡Q

Ges †mB mv‡_ e‡q G‡b‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ weij m¤§vb| kvwš Í‡Z †bv‡ej weRqx MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki

hvÎv ïiæ 1976 mv‡j PUªMÖvg †Rjvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖKíÕ wn‡m‡e| †Rveiv cÖK‡íi

mvd‡jï Kvi‡Y 1979 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m Uv½vBj †Rjv‡Z G c ÖKí ewa©Z Kiv nq| 1983

mv‡ji 2 A‡±vei miKvi MÖvgxY e¨vsK Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i G cÖKí‡K ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ bv‡g GKwU

¯^Zš¿ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e iƒc`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GwU GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ we‡kl A_©jwMœKvix cÖwZôvvb

wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| G e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKvbv 93 kZvsk f~wgnxb‡ì nv‡Z, Aewkó 7 kZvs‡ki

gvwjK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi|


172

2007 mv‡ji 31 gvP© Zvwi‡L MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj 50 †KvwU UvKv Ges

cwi‡kvwaZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj 31.8 †KvwU UvKv|

MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv I eë ’vcbv msµvšÍ bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K 13 m`m¨wewkó cwiPvjKgÛjx|

cwiPvjKgÛjxi mfvcwZ, eë ’vcbv cwiPvjK I 2 Rb m`m¨ miKvi KZ…©K wbhy³ nb| Aewkó 9 Rb

m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb f~wgnxb †kqvi gvwjKMY KZ…©K| 2007 mv‡ji 31 gvP© Zvwi‡L XvKv, PUªMÖvg,

Uv½vBj, iscyi, cUzqvLvjx, e¸ov, wm‡jU, iRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, gqgbwmsn, bvivqYMÄ,

Lyjbv, †bvqvLvjx †gvU 15wU †Rvb-G MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki †gvU 2400wU kvLv Awdm wQj| 2006 mv‡ji

wW‡m¤i ch©šÍ 74,462wU MÖv‡g G e¨vsK Zv‡ì Kvh©µg m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i‡Q|

MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj:

MÖvgxY e¨vsK mvaviYZ wb‡gœœv³ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K−

1. weËnxb I `yt ’ bvix I cyiæl‡ì msMwVZ K‡i MÖæc-dv‡Ûi gva¨‡g mÂq m„wó Kiv|

2. G e¨vsK ` yt¯’ I `wi ª bvix I cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ webv Rvgvb‡Z FY`vb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e G

F‡Yi 80% gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨ ewÈZ nq|

3. Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e G e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv FY Av`vq Kiv|

G e¨vsK m`m¨‡ì M„n wbg©vY, grm Pvl, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi •Zwi, KzwUi wkí cÖf…wZ cÖKí •Zwi‡Z

mvnvh¨ I A_©vqb K‡i|

eª¨vK

Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee

eª¨vK me©e„nr †emiKvwi mvnvh¨ ms ’v| ¯vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j ÎvY I cybe©vm‡bi Kvh©µg nv‡Z

wb‡q ms ’vwU ’vwcZ nq| wKš‘ Gici †_‡K `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY I `wi`ª RbMY‡K ÿgZvq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G

ms ’v wewfbœ Kg©m~wP ev Íevqb Ki‡Q|

D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ eª¨vK †h Kvh©µg¸‡jv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q−

ÿ z`ª wkí Dbœqb Kvh©µg:

Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kvco eybb, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, AvmevecÎ, •Zj Drcv`b, ¸o, `wo, euvk I

†e‡Zi mvgMÖx •Zwi, avb fvbv cÖf…wZ| www.fa

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173

mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvb Dbœqb:

G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq f~wgnxb †jvK‡ì‡K cÖKí cÖYqb, ev Íevqb, eë ’vcbv, wecYb cÖf…wZ

Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g msMwVZ Kiv nq| †hgb, BU •Zwi cÖKí|

Drcv`b †K›`ª Dbœqb:

AvaywbK wWRvBb I cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g MÖvgxY wkíRvZ mvgMÖxi gvb Dbœqb I Drcv`b e„w× Kiv nq|

HwZn¨MZ Kviæwk‡íi Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wmé, Rvg`vwb, bKwkKuv_v cÖf…wZ|

wkí I ewYK mwgwZ

Chembar of Commerce and Industry

ewYK mfv †Kvb wbw`©ó kni, AÂj ev †`‡ki eëmvqx, wkícwZ, †ckvRxwe cÖf…wZ †kÖYxi

cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix GKwU AevwYwR¨K Hw”QK msMVb|

GwU mxgve× `vqwewkó †h․_g~jabx †Kv¤úvbx

wn‡m‡e wbewÜZ| †Kv¤úvbx AvB‡b wbewÜZ n‡jI

ewYK mfv cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †Kvb wkí I evwYwR¨K

Kvh©µg m¤úv`b K‡i bv| Z‡e †`‡ki wkí I

evwYwR¨K Kvh©µ‡gi myôz m¤úv`b, m¤úªmviY I

Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

wb‡gœ †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡Rï mvgwM ÖK Dbœqb Ges m¤úªmvi‡Y ewYK mfvi

¸iæZ¡/cÖ‡qvRYxqZv/ f~wgKv cÖ`Ë nB‡jv−

1. wkíbxwZ I evwYR¨bxwZ cÖYq‡b mnvqZv;

2. eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb;

3. Kvievwi msev`, Z_¨ I civgk© `vb;

4. MVbg~jK eëmvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I mn‡hvwMZvi D‡b¥l;

5. cY¨ I †mevi gv‡bvbœqb;

6. gvbe m¤ú‡ì Dbœqb;

7. we‡iva wb®úwË;

8. cÖfe‡jL Bmy¨;

9. evRvi m¤úªmviY;

10. eëmvq Z_¨ m¤úwK©Z cwÎKv I mvgwqKx cÖKvk|


174

wewRGgBG †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistance from BGMEA

BGMEA-Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †`‡k •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ ‘Z I ißvwb K‡i †`‡k •e‡`wkK gy ªvi

µgea©gvb Avq I cÖe„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ Gi m`m¨‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv I w`K-wb‡`k©bv

cÖ`vb| G j‡ÿ¨ wewRGgBG •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ ‘ZKviK, ißvwbKviK I Avg`vwbKviK‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU

Nwbô I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmvq cwi‡ek m„wói cÖqvm Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q Ges miKvwi wewfbœ

bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©fv‡e •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ ‘ZKviK I ißvwiKviK‡ì‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q

Avm‡Q| wb‡gœ wewRGgBG KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv−

1. we‡`kx †µZv, eëmvq msN Ges ewYK mfvmg~‡ni mv‡_ wewfbœ Pzw³ m¤úv`b I Dbœqb|

2. Avš ÍR©vwZK evRv‡i †cvlv‡Ki evwYR¨ Ges evwYR¨ †gjvmg~n Z`viwK Kiv| hy³ivóª Ges

BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ Ab-jvBb WvUv †mvm© †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Kw¤úDUvi

†bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨vewj wewfbœ c‡ÿi gv‡S weZiY Kiv|

3. •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ ‘ZKvix, •Zwi †cvlvK Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ wkí Ges •Zwi †cvlvK

ißvwb‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wewfbœ wkí, †Kv¤úvbx Ges dvg©mg~‡ni Avš Ítmn‡hvwMZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|

4. Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ e¨w³ Ges Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó cÿmg~‡ni gv‡S mvabZv I

m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ Pjgvb eëmvq welqK wewfbœ †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi Av‡jvPbv Kiv|

5. gvwK©b hy³ivóª I KvbvWvi mv‡_ †KvUv wba©viY Ges msiÿ‡Y miKvwi cÖ‡Póv‡K mnvqZv Kiv|

6. wewfbœ Mv‡g©›Um wkí KviLvbv KZ…©K Avg vwbK…Z AvUKvcov gRyZ Kvco ’vbxq evRv‡i weµ‡q mvnvh¨ Kiv|

7. †cvlvK •Zwi KviLvbvmg~‡n m¤¢ve¨ AwMœKvÛ wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ wbivcËv Kg©m~Px MÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|

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175

ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistance from Export Promotion Bureau

evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k ißvbx Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi ¸iæZ¡ ev f~wgKv Acwimxg| G ms ’v †`‡ki

kxl© ’vbxq eëmvq mnvqK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ißvwb Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Af¨š ÍixY I Avš ÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fv‡e mnvqK n‡q _v‡K| wb‡gœ ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi ¸iæZ¡ ev f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

K. Af¨š ÍixY †ÿ‡Î ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi f~wgKv:

1. ißvwb‡hvM¨ DØ„Ë m„wói Rb¨ Af¨š ÍixY Drcv`b e„w×‡Z Drmvn cÖ`vb I mn‡hvwMZv `vb|

2. ißvwb c‡Yï e¨vcK Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ wkíKviLvbv ¯’vc‡b mn‡hvwMZv Ges cÖvmw½K c‡Yï

Drcv`bKvix‡ì ¯v_© iÿv‡_© miKvwi bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb|

3. ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï mywbw`©ó gvb I ¸Yv¸Y eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K

civgk© I mnvqZv `vb|

4. ißvwb c‡Yï gvb wba©viY †kÖYxweb¨vm, wWRvBb, †gvowKKiY BZ¨vw` Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv `vb|

5. ¯í cyuwRi ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K ißvwb FY I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb|

6. ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï DbœZ cwienb I wkwcs myweav cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv|

7. ißvwb c‡Yï Drcv`K, ißvwbKviK I ißvwb Kg©KZ©v‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë ’v Kiv|

L. AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi f~wgKv:

1. we‡`‡k evwYwR¨K cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY, evRvi AbymÜvb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g ißvwb evRvi Dbœqb I

m¤úmviY|

2. evsjv‡`kx ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï Rb¨ fvj kZ© wba©viY|

3. ÿ z`ª ißvwbKvi‡K‡ì Rb¨ evwYwR¨K åg‡Yi eë ’vKiY|

4. wewfbœ †`‡ki wkí I evwYR¨ †gjv Ges cÖ`k©bx‡Z AskMÖnY|

5. we‡`‡k evsjv‡`k wgkbmg~n cÖ`k©b I weµq‡K›`ª †Lvjv I cwiPvjbv Kiv|


176

6. ißvwb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avš ÍR©vwZK †dviv‡gi mnvqZv MÖnY|

7. we‡k¦i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kni¸‡jv‡Z evwYR¨ †K›`ª †Lvjv|

8. we‡`‡k m¤¢ve¨ evRvi GjvKvq evsjv‡`kxq ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï weeiY, cÖKvkbv, cÖPviYv, cY¨

MvBW BZ¨vw` mieivn †`qv|

9. ißvwbKviK I ißvwb Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K we‡`‡k cÖwkÿY, Avš ÍR©vwZK †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg

BZ¨vw`‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM `vb BZ¨vw`|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki ivßvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`b, †`‡ki ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ evRvi Dbœqb

I m¤úªmviY Ges •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î ißvwb ey¨‡iv AZ¨š Í Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|

9.03 eëmv‡q mnvqZv`vbKvix AvÂwjK I AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’v

The Regional and International Organization for Assisting Business

mvcUv (Sapta)

`wÿY Gkxq mvZwU †`k †hgb, evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK Ívb, †bcvj, f~Uvb, kÖxj¼v I gvjØx‡ci g‡a¨

AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ MwVZ mv‡K©i (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation-SAARC) Aax‡b GKwU evwYR¨ Pyw³|

mvcUv g~jZ `wÿY Gkxq G mvZwU †`‡ki g‡a¨

AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z eëmvq I evwYwR¨K mn‡hvwMZv

e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k ev

AÂ‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ wewfbœ Pzw³ ev ms ’v †hgb:

bvdUv, I‡cK, BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqb, b¨v‡Uv, BZ¨vwì

g‡ZvB mvK©f~³ †`kmg~n wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K mn‡hvwMZv e„w× I m¤úªmvi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ `wÿY Gkxq

AMÖvwaKvi wfwËK evwYR¨ Pzw³-mvcUv (South Asian Preferental Trade Agreement) m¤úv`b K‡i| 1985 mv‡j XvKvq AbywôZ cÖ_g mvK© kxl© m‡¤§j‡bi ci †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ

m‡¤§j‡b GZ` AÂ‡ji †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Avš ÍtevwYR¨ e„w× msµvš Í bvbv Av‡jvPbv nq| cieZx©‡Z

kÖxjsKvi ivRavbx Kj‡¤v‡Z mv‡K©i lô m‡¤§j‡b mvcUv Pzw³i cÖv_wgK wm×vš Í M„nxZ nq| 1993

mv‡j XvKvq mv‡K©i mßg m‡¤§j‡b mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ïé welqK wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZvi

AcmviY, Avš Ít‡`kxq evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb wewawb‡la Ges m‡e©vcwi ïé †iqv‡Zi gva¨‡g evwYR¨

D`vwiKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ mvcUv Pzw³ ¯vÿwiZ nq| cieZx©‡Z 1995 mv‡ji †g gv‡m fvi‡Zi bqv w`jøx‡Z

AbywôZ mv‡K©i Aóg m‡¤§j‡bi mvcUv Pzw³ ev Íevq‡bi wm×vš Í nq Ges 1995 mv‡ji 8B wW‡m¤î

†_‡K mvcUv Kvh©Ki nq| GPzw³ Kvh©Ki nIqvi d‡j mvK©f~³ mvZwU †`k AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z

wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ evwYR¨ e„w×, m¤úªmviY Ges GZ` j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ †`‡k we`¨gvb Avš Í: †`kxq evwYR¨

welqK ïémn wewfbœ wewa wb‡la Acmvi‡Yi eë ’v M„nxZ nq|

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mvcUvi D‡Ïk¨

Objectives of SAPTA

mvcUv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨vewj wbgœiƒc−

1. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Avš Ít †`kxq evwYR¨ ïé nvi n«vm K‡i ev †ÿÎ we‡k‡l AcmviY K‡i

GZ` AÂ‡j GKwU gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv (Free Trade Area) ’vcb Kiv| Gj‡ÿ¨ 1997 mv‡ji

†g gv‡m gvjØx‡ci ivRavbx gv‡j‡Z AbywôZ mv‡K©i beg m‡¤§j‡b mvK©f~³ †`kmg~n 2001

mv‡ji g‡a¨ G AÂ‡j Aeva I gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv cÖwZôvi wel‡q HK¨g‡Z †c․Qvq|

2. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Avš Ít†`kxq evwY‡Rï m¤úªmviY I m¤úv`‡b †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mvnvh¨

mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv|

3. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡n we`¨gvb e¨vcK evwYwR¨K •elg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †Rvi`vi Kiv|

4. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni gv‡S cY¨ PjvP‡j mKj cÖKvi wewa wb‡la AcmviY K‡i AMÖvwaKv‡ii

wfwË‡Z GK †`‡ki cY¨ Ab¨ †`‡k AbycÖ‡e‡ki eë ’v †Rvi`vi Kiv|

Avwmqvb

ASEAN

AvÂwjK, ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK wewfbœ wel‡q cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I Aeva evwYR¨ eë ’v M‡o

†Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ 1967 mv‡ji 8B AvMó `wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi

K‡qKwU †`‡ki mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m `wÿY-c~e© Gkxq ivóªmg~‡ni

ms ’v ms‡ÿ‡c Avwmqvb (Association of South East Asian Nations /ASEAN) MwVZ nq| cÖwZôvKv‡j `wÿY

c~e© Gwkqvi cuvPwU ivóª h_v, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv,

wdwjcvBb, wm½vcyi Ges _vBj¨v‡Ûi ivR‣bwZK ev ciivóª

gš¿xMY _vBj¨v‡Ûi ivRavbx e¨vsK‡K AbywôZ GK •eV‡K

Avwmqvb MV‡bi †NvlYvcÎ ¯vÿi K‡ib| GwU e¨vsKK †NvlYv

bv‡g cwiwPZ| cieZ©x‡Z e¨vsKK †NvlYvi wfwË‡Z 1976

mv‡ji 24 †deªæqvwi‡Z Avwmqvb MVb msµvš Í P~ovš Í `wjj •Zwi K‡i cuvPwU †`‡ki ivóª cÖavbMY

B‡›`v‡bwkqvi evwj‡Z D³ `wj‡j ¯vÿi K‡ib| Gici 1984 mv‡j lô m`m¨ wn‡m‡e eªæbvB, 1995

mv‡j mßg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wf‡qZbvg, 1997 mv‡j Aóg I beg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wgqvbgvi I jvIm Ges

AwZ m¤úªwZ `kg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e K‡¤^vwWqv G‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ msL¨v `k|

mvsMVwbK iƒc:

Avwmqvb Gi cÖavb Kvh© vjq B‡›`v‡bwkqvq Aew ’Z| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ iv‡óª Gi GKwU K‡i kvLv

Kvh¨©vjq i‡q‡Q| Avwmqv‡bi bxwZ wba©viY I Gi Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ mswk øó ¯vMwZK †`‡ki

ciivóªgš¿x Ges Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ iv‡óªi ¯vMwZK †`‡k wb‡qvwRZ ivóª ~ZM‡Yi mgš^‡q GKwU ÷vwÛs

KwgwU i‡q‡Q| GQvovI we‡klÁ Kg©KZ©v‡ì mgš^‡q wewfbœ KwgwU wewfbœ wel‡q KvR K‡i| we‡kl

cÖ‡qvR‡b m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni ivóª cÖavb‡ì AskMÖn‡Y kxl© •eVKI n‡q _v‡K|


178

Avwmqv‡bi D‡Ïk¨:

`wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK †ÿ‡Îi weKvk I

Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i Rb¨B g~jZ Avwmqvb MVb Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ Gi cÖavb

D‡Ïk¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1. m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni ivR‣bwZK w ’wZkxjZv AR©b, A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b, mvgvwRK AMªMwZ I

mvs¯‥…wZK weKvk mvab Kiv|

2. m`m¨f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni mb` Abyhvqx AvÂwjK kvwš Í I w ’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv|

3. wkÿv, cÖwkÿY Ges M‡elYvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× K‡i|

4. m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYR¨ e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni mgš^‡q Aeva evwYR¨ GjvKv ’vcb|

Gj‡ÿ¨ 1993 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m Avwmqvbf~³ †`kmg~n ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) MVb K‡i‡Q|

5. ’vbxq D‡`¨v³v‡ì DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges cÖZ¨ÿ •e‡`wkK wewb‡qvM AvK…ó Kivi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq

A_©‣bwZK eë ’vq miKvix n Í‡ÿ‡ci gvÎv n«vm Kivi wel‡q m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡n HK¨gZ ’vcb|

6. c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ kw³kvjx evwYR¨ ms ’v; †hgb- EU, NAFTA BZ¨vwì cÖe„w×i wel‡q

iÿYvZ¥K g‡bvfve †cvlY Kiv|

wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO)

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci wek¦e¨vcx A_©‣bwZK wech©‡qi †h m~Pbv N‡U wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i Kvi‡Y Zv Av‡iv

fqven n‡q D‡V| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci we‡k¦i

DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni A_©‣bwZK g›`ve ’vi D‡ËviY,

we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k bZzb bZyb evRvi m„wó Ges

wek¦ A_©bxwZi MwZ cÖK…wZi Dci wbqš¿Y eë¯’v

cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade ev ms‡ÿ‡c GATT cÖwZôvi Kvh©µ‡gi m~Pbv N‡U| Giƒc GKwU

cwiw ’wZ‡Z 1948 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvix wKDevi

ivRavbx nvfvbvq 23wU cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K

†`‡ki ivóª cÖavbM‡Yi GK m‡¤§j‡b GATT Gi AvbyôvwbK Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| cÖwZôvKv‡j Gi m`m¨

msL¨v 23 n‡jI cieZx©‡Z Zv e„w× †c‡q 132-G DbœxZ nq|

M¨vU Pzw³i Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj wek¦ evwYR¨ eë ’vq mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g wek¦ evwY‡R¨

MwZkxjZv wdwi‡q Avbv, we‡k¦ gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K MwZkxj K‡i †Zvjv Ges AbybœZ I Dbœqkxj

†`kmg~‡ni ißvbx evwY‡Rï cwiwa e„w× K‡i|

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1944 mv‡j †eªUb DW&m Kbdv‡i‡Ý wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd-Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ ms ’v

(AvBwUI) MV‡bi cÖ Íve Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡jI gvwK©b

Ks‡MÖ‡mi Aby‡gv`b bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y AvBwUI MV‡bi cÖ Íve ev ÍevwqZ nqwb| AvBwUI ev ÍevwqZ bv

nIqvq AvBwUI Gi cwie‡Z© 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq we‡k¦i 23wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Y AbywôZ mfvq GATT

Pzw³ ¯vÿwiZ nq| 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq AbywôZ •eVKwUB wQj GATT Gi cÖ_g mfv ev •eVK|

GATT Gi mfv ev •eVK‡K Round wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| 1947 mv‡ji †R‡bfv Round †_‡K

G ch©šÍ GATT Gi AvU Round •eVK AbywôZ nq Ges m`m¨ msL¨v 23 †_‡K 132 G DbœxZ nq|

1986 mv‡ji 20 †m‡Þ¤i †_‡K Diæ¸‡q‡Z ïiæ nq GATT-Gi me‡P‡q `xN© I AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

ivDÛ| 74wU †`‡ki evwYR¨ gš¿xiv G ivD‡Û Ask †bb| K‡qK eQi Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi ci 1994 mv‡ji

15 GwcÖj gi‡°vi ivRavbx ivev‡Z 128wU †`‡ki M¨vU Pzw³‡K Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g †kl nq Diæ¸‡q

ivDÛ| GPzw³i DËimyix wn‡m‡e 1995 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq World Trade Organisation (WTO) ev

wek¦ evwYR¨ ms ’v Ges H eQ‡ii 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K WTO Zvi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|

wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi D‡Ïk¨vewj

Objectives of WTO

GATT-Gi b¨vq wek¦ evwYR¨ ms ’vi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wewfbœ †`‡k ewntevwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivwcZ

RwUj wewa-wb‡la AcmviY c~e©K wek¦e¨vwc myôz, mvejxj I evav-weNœnxb Aeva I gy³ evwY‡Rï

m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv| g~jZ wek¦ evwYR¨ ms ’v cÖwZôvi ci GATT-Gi D‡Ïk¨vewj

AR©‡bi `vwqZ¡ WTO-Gi DciB Ac©Y Kiv nq|

wb‡gœœ WTO Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D‡Ïk¨vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1. `ÿ I Zzjbvg~jK e¨q myweavq cY¨ Drcv`b‡K wek¦e¨vcx DrmvwnZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© wek¦e¨vwc Aeva I

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv|

2. wek¦e¨vcx Aeva I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek m„wói j‡ÿ¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi

gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡k we`¨gvb U¨vwid, †KvUv I Ab¨vb¨ wewa wb‡la Acmvi‡Y Kvh©Ki eë ’v †bqvi

civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv|

3. RvZxqZv wbwe©‡k‡l †h †Kvb †`k‡K Avš ÍR©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡ek I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AskMÖn‡Y

mnvqZv Kiv|

4. wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z •e‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î A‣elg¨g~jK bxwZgvjv cÖeZ©‡b Kvh©Ki

f~wgKv ivLv| G j‡ÿ¨ Most fovoured Nation (MFN) bxwZi Abymi‡Y m`m¨ ivóªmg~n‡K

DrmvwnZ Kiv| MFN bxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv †Kvb we‡kl †`k hw` Zv‡ì †`‡k cY¨ ißvbx‡Z

Ab¨ †Kvb †`k‡K †Kvb AMÖvwaKvig~jK myweav cÖ`vb K‡i, Z‡e Zv mKj †`k‡KB †fvM Kivi

myweav cÖ`vb Kiv|

5. wek¦ e¨vcx Zzjbvg~jK e¨q myweavi wfwË‡Z cY¨ Drcv`b c~e©K Zv Aev‡a weµq K‡i wek¦e¨vwc

gvbyl‡K Zzjbvg~jK ¯í g~‡j¨ cY¨ mvgMÖx eënv‡ii my‡hvM w`‡q gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb

NUv‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|

6. wek¦ e¨vcx DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj wewfbœ †`‡k cY¨ Drcv`b e„w×‡Z mnvqZv I Kvh©Ki eë ’v MªnY

Kiv|


180

BD‡ivwcq BDwbqb European Union

BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GwU MwVZ nq| GwU we‡k¦i

me‡P‡q eo A_©‣bwZK †RvU| Gi cÖavb

D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cvi¯úwiK ¯v‡_© ïé nvi

n«v‡mi gva¨‡g c‡Yï evRvi cÖwZôv| GwU

1993 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î cÖwZwôZ nq| Gi

eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 27 Ges Zzi¯‥

G‡mvwm‡qU m`m¨ †`k| Gi mì `ßi

†ejwRqv‡gi eªv‡mjm G Aew ’Z| hwÌ

GwU 1993 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq wKš‘ GwUi

MV‡bi BwZnvm A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv| 1957

mv‡ji 25 gvP© BD‡iv‡ci 6wU †`k-d«vÝ,

†ejwRqvg, jy‡·gevM©, †b`vij¨vÛ, cwðg Rvg©vwb I BUvwji g‡a¨ †iv‡g GK Pyw³ ¯vÿwiZ nq| Pzw³

Abyhvqx 1 RvbyqvwiÕ 58, BBwm AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z weª‡Ub, †WbgvK©, Avqvij¨vÛ, †¯úb,

cZ©yMvj G ms ’vq †hvM †`q| 1 b‡f¤i 1993 mv‡j BBD bvgKiY Kiv nq| 1992 mv‡j GwU GKK

BD‡ivcxqvb evRvi cÖwZôvi jÿ¨ AR©b K‡i Ges 1999 mv‡j m`m¨f~³ †`kmg~‡n GKK gy`ªv

ÒBD‡ivÓ Pvjyi eë ’v K‡i|

BBD-Gi A½msMVb

A Eight Associate Organization of EU

1. BD‡ivcxq cvj©v‡g›U: mì `ßi ÷ªvmevM© (d«vÝ)| m`m¨ eZ©gv‡b 76, wjmeb Pzw³

Kvh©Ki n‡j m`m¨ n‡e 751|

2. KvDwÝj Ae BD‡ivc: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| m`m¨ †`‡ki ciivóªgš¿xiv Gi

cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|

3. BD‡ivcxq Kwgkb: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|

4. `¨v †KvU© Ae Rvw÷m Ae `¨v BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU : cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|

5. BD‡ivcxqvb Bb‡f÷‡g›U e¨vsK: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| GwU Kgb gv‡K©U MVb, wkí

msK‡U mvnvh¨ `vb Ges AbybœZ AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡b fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i _v‡K|

6. B‡KvbwgK GÛ †mvm¨vj KwgwU: cÖwZwbwa 222 Rb|

7. KwgwU Ae wiRbm: cÖwZwbwa 222 Rb|

8. BD‡ivcxqvb †KvU© Ae GwWUim: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| www.fa

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181

wegm‡UK BIMSTEC

wegm‡UK (BIMSTEC) GKwU A_©‣bwZK msMVb| hvi c~Y© bvg Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation| GwU 1997 mv‡ji 6B Ryb cÖwZôv

jvf K‡i| ïiæ‡Z evsjv‡`k, fviZ, kÖxjsKv I

_vBj¨vÛ wb‡q MVb Kiv nq evsjv‡`k-BwÛqv,

kÖxjsKv-_vBj¨vÛ B‡Kv‡bvwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb

(BISTEC)| 1997 mv‡ji wW‡m¤‡i wgqvbgvi

‡hvM`vb Ki‡j ÒM” hy³ n‡q BIMSTEC

bvgKiY Kiv nq| 2003 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K †bcvj

I fyUvb wegm‡U‡K †hvM`vb Ki‡j Gi mgm¨ msL¨v

†e‡o uvovq 7| 2004 mv‡ji kxl© m‡¤§j‡b Gi bvg

cwieZ©b Kiv nq| wegm‡U‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv m`m¨

†`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k, BwÛqv, _vBj¨vÛ, wgqvbgvi,

kÖxjsKv, †bcvj I fzUvb GB 7wU †`k BIMSTEC Gi m`m¨| Gi A ’vqx Kvh©¨vjq _vBj¨v‡Ûi

e¨vsK‡K| Gi ’vqx mì `ßi ’vwcZ n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKvq|

eûwbev©Pwb cÖk œ:

1| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU Kx ai‡bi cÖwµqv ?

K. GKv_©K L. mvgwqK

M. avivevwnK N. AavivevwnK

2| GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †Kgb cÖwZôvb ?

K. ¯vaxb I AjvfRbK L. ¯vaxb I jvfRbK

M. ¯vqZ¡kvwmZ I AjvfRbK N. ¯vqZ¡kvwmZ I jvfRbK

3| †h j‡ÿ¨ mvcUv Pzw³ ¯vÿwiZ nq, Zv n‡jv−

i. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ïé AcmviY

ii. Avš Ít‡`kxq evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î wewawb‡la `~ixKiY

iii. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K ‣elg¨ `~ixKiY


K. i I ii L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii


182

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi wkí cÖwZôvb mwVK I my›ìfv‡e cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi

cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB Kvi‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì mnvqZvi Rb¨ miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq wewfbœ cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv

n‡q‡Q| cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e wkí cwiPvjbvq GmKj cÖwZôvb e¨cK mnvqZv Ki‡Q|

4| †Kvb ms¯’v wkí †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i?

K. evsjv‡`k ÿ z`ª I KzwUi wkí ms ’v L. GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb

M. evsjv‡`k wkí FY ms ’v N. wek¦ evwYR¨ ms ’v

5| †`‡ki ÿ z`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi eë ’vcbv I `ÿZv Dbœq‡b wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb †KvbwU?

K. BGMEA L. SME M. BKMEA N. BISIC

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| eëmvq GKwU m„Rbkxj, RwUj I SuywKc~Y© KvR| ZvB cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq wg.dviæK eëmv‡q

Avm‡Z Pvbwb| cieZ©x‡Z Rbve Avj‡gi cÖ`Ë wkí ’vc‡b Aby‡cÖiYv, cÖhyw³MZ I A_©‣bwZK

Z_¨ mieivn civgk© †c‡q wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡i eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡jb|

cieZ©x‡Z eëmv‡qi AvaywbKxKiY, c‡Yï •ewPÎKi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K FY †bqvi wm×vš Í

†bb| wZwb fve‡Qb e¨vsK hw` cÖK…Z FY I my` cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w× KiZ Zvn‡j Zvi FY

cwi‡kva myweav n‡Zv|

K. MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôvZv †K?

L. wegm‡UK ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. wg. Avjg, wg. dviæK‡K eëmvq Kivi Rb †h Aby‡cÖiYv w ‡jb, Zv †Kvb ai‡bi mnvqZv? e vL v Ki|

N. cÖK…Z FY I my` cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w× Ki‡j Zvi c‡ÿ FY cwi‡kv‡a myweav n‡e|

wg.dviæ‡Ki GB fvebvi †h․w³KZv g~j¨vqb Ki|

2| weMZ K‡qK eQi Mv‡g©›Um wk‡í evsjv‡`k †ek GwM‡q †M‡Q| Mv‡g©›Um Lv‡Zi GB Dbœq‡bi

welqwU bR‡i Avmvq gvmy` mv‡ne mvfvi GjvKvq GKwU Mv‡g©›Um wkí ’vcb K‡ib| wZwb •Zix

†cvkvK hy³iv‡óª ißvwb K‡ib| •Zix †cvkvK ißvwb LvZ‡K DbœZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi bvbvwea

bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| GmKj mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvmy` mv‡ne Ggb GKwU

msMV‡bi m`m¨ n‡q‡Qb †mwU miKv‡ii GB bxwZgvjv ev Íevq‡b mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i

Avm‡Q| m¤úªwZ wZwb hy³iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 5wU kn‡i evwYR¨ †K›`ª †Lvjvi wPš Ív fvebv Ki‡Qb|

K. mvcUv (SAPTA) Gi c~Y© bvg Kx?

L. GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. gvmy` mv‡ne †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ n‡q‡Q-e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. hy³iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kn‡i evwYR¨ †K› ª ’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvmy` mv‡ne miKvix †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi

mn‡hvwMZv cv‡eb e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki|

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`kg Aa¨vq

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

BUSINESS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

D‡`¨vM ej‡Z bZzb wKQz ïiæ Kiv‡K eySvq| bZzb wKQz ïiæ‡Z SzuwK †hgwb †ewk _v‡K †Zgwb G‡ÿ‡Î

mKj ai‡bi cÖvwßi m¤¢vebvI _v‡K AZ¨waK| AwaK cÖvwßi cÖZ¨vkv cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl‡K bZzb

bZzb D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q| ÿ z`ª GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi cÖPj‡bi ci †_‡K AvR‡Ki w`‡b

e„n`vqZb I wek¦we Í…Z eëmv‡qi DrcwËi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q gvby‡li nvRv‡iv cÖqvm-cÖ‡Póv I D‡`¨v‡Mi

`xN© weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm|


• D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYv I µgweKvk|

• eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨ I Kvh©vewj|

• mdj D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj|

• AvZ¥we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj mbv³KiY|

• eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyK~j cwi‡ek|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms ’vb I D‡`¨v‡Mi m¤úK©|

• Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Ae`vb|

• evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mgm¨v Ges Zv `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n|

• evsjv‡`‡ki mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì mswÿß cwiwPwZ|

• evsjv‡`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì miKvi cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav|

• evsjv‡`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dbœq‡b wKQz mycvwikgvjv|


184

10.1 D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYv I µgweKvk

Evolution & Concept of Entrepreneurship

bZzb eëmvq ïiæ A_ev bZzb cY¨ aviYv, cÖhyw³ ev evRvi, D™¢veb Ges Zv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gybvdv

AR©‡bi D‡`¨vM eëmvq D‡`¨vM bv‡g cwiwPwZ| eëmvq n‡jv gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨-mvgMÖx

Drcv`b, e›Ub I Gi mv‡_ mswkøó mKj KvR| Drcv`‡bi KvR wk‡íi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| wkí gvwjK

ïaygvÎ Drcv`b ev cÖwµqvRvZKiYB K‡i bv, †m GKw`‡K KuvPvgvj, kÖg I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY µq K‡i

cY¨-mvgMÖx Drcv`b ev Ab¨w`‡K Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx evRv‡i weµq K‡i| ZvB gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨

µq, Drcv`b, weµq, cÖwµqvRvZKiYmn mswkøó †Kvb bZzb D™¢vebx wPš Ívi mdj ev Íevq‡bi

cÖqvm‡KB eëmvq D‡`¨vM ev wk‡ív‡`¨vM ejv nq|

wb‡gœœ eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYvi DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−

1. cÖvPxb hyM (Earliest period): wewfbœ mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L eëmvq D‡`¨vM

mvaviY wbq‡g bZzb MwZ jvf Ki‡jI Ôeëmvq D‡`¨vMÕ ev Ôwk‡ív‡`¨vMÕ aviYv †h cÖvPxb hy‡M

cÖwZôv jvf K‡iwb Zv wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq|

2. ga¨ hyM (Middle age): GKv`k I Øv`k kZ‡K BUvjx‡Z eëmv-evwYR¨ bZzbfv‡e weKvk jvf

K‡i| e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| wnmve-msiÿY c×wZi Dbœqb N‡U| mß`k kZ‡K G‡m BD‡iv‡c

AviI wKQz †`k eëmv‡q DbœwZ jvf Ki‡j •e‡`wkK eëmv‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| d‡j

eëmvq ev wkí-evwYR¨ A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V| Gi myev‡` eëmvq D‡`¨vM aviYv gvby‡li

g‡b ¯’vb wb‡jI Zv Av‡jvPbvi welqe ‘ nqwb|

3. AvaywbK hyM (Modern stage): AvaywbK hyM ej‡Z Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wkí wecøe ïiæi

mgmvgwqK Kvj‡K eySvq| hvwš¿K kw³i D‡b¥l G mg‡q wkí wecø‡e g~L¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| GB hvwš¿K

kw³i D™¢e wQj †mB mg‡qi GK Acwinvh© `vwe| KviY KvwqK kÖg Ges cïkw³ wbf©i Drcv`b

eë ’v eëmvq Dbœq‡bi ZrKvjxb MwZavivi mv‡_ m½wZ weav‡b mÿg wQj bv| evRv‡i c‡Yï

Pvwn`v e„w×i Zzjbvq Drcv`b e„w× bv cvIqvq bZzb bZzb eëmvq M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi

†Póv P‡j| d‡j eëmvq D‡`¨vM ev bZzb eëmvq Movi fvebv mgv‡R e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv cvq| G

†cÖwÿ‡ZB Ôeëmvq D‡`¨vMÕ ev Ôwk‡ív‡`¨vMÕ aviYv Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯Íy‡Z cwiYZ nq|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM/wk‡ív‡`¨vM Gi msÁv

Defination of Business Entrepreneurship

evsjv fvlvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z †Kvb KvR ïiæ Kiv, Kv‡Ri Av‡qvRb Kiv, bZzb fvebv Kv‡R iæcvq‡bi eë ’v

Kiv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| Bs‡iwR Èntrepreneurship’ kãwU divmx Entrepreneur’ kãwUi evsjv

cÖwZkã n‡jv D‡`¨v³v ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v whwb ev huviv wkí ev eëmvq MVb cwiPvjbvq `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Avi

wkí D‡`¨v³vi D‡`¨vMg~jK Kvh©vewji mgwó‡K wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev eëmvq D‡`¨vM e‡j| www.fa

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eëmvq D‡`¨vM

185

10.2 eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨

Features of Business Entrepreneurship

• eëmvq ’vcb msµvšÍ mKj Kg©KvÛ mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z eëmvq D‡`¨vM mnvqZv K‡i|

• eëmvq D‡ ¨vM D‡ ¨v³v‡K fwel¨Z mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ ¯xq Kg© m¤úv ‡b AvšÍwiK K‡i †Zv‡j|

• eëmvq D‡`¨vM MZvbyMwZK aviv cwinvi K‡i bZzb wPš Ív ev aviYvi D™¢veb K‡i D‡`¨v³v‡K

eªZ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

• ¯vaxbfv‡e cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zv ev¯ Íevq‡bi gvbwmK kw³B n‡jv D`¨g| D‡`¨vM

D‡`¨v³v‡K †h †Kvb cwiw ’wZ‡Z Z¡wir Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

• eëmvq D‡`¨vM gvwj‡Ki Kg©ms ’vb Gi cvkvcvwk Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ Kg©ms ’v‡bi m„wó K‡i|

• D‡`¨vM bZzb cY¨ Drcv`b ev bZzb Kg©m~wP ev¯ Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq

mKj Dcvq-DcKiY myôzfv‡e msMÖn, msnZ I h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖvwZôvwbK

mdjZv AR©‡bi mvnvh¨ K‡i|

• eëmvq D‡ ¨vM D‡ ¨v³v‡ì mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AYycÖvwYZ K‡i|

D‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj

Functions of Entrepreneur

GKUv bZzb D‡`¨vM wPš Ívi ev Íe iƒcvq‡b hv hv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi meB Ki‡Z nq|

G Kvi‡Y wZwb ¯cœ`ªóv, D™¢veK, A_©ms ’vbKvix, msMVK, †bZv, cwiPvjK I wbqš¿K| DbœZ we‡k¦

D‡`¨vM cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Kvh©Ki f~wgKv jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡jI Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Zvi

h‡_ó Afve cwijwÿZ nq| d‡j GLvbKvi D‡`¨v³v‡ì A‡bK Kó I SzuwK ¯xKvi K‡i Kvh©

m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

1. D‡`¨vM MÖnY (Taking initiative): cÖ_gZ GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³i wPšÍv-†PZbvq bZzb †Kvb

eëmvq ’vc‡bi aviYvwU Av‡m| AZtci G D‡`¨v³v ev D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ w`K wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i

wb‡R ev wb‡Riv G‡K GKwU m¤¢vebvgq I ev Íevqb‡hvM¨ D‡`¨vM wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| AZtci

wb‡RB GB D‡`¨vM‡K GwM‡q †bqvi wm×vš Í †bb|

2. aviYv D™¢veb I DbœqY (Initiating and developing idea): GKUv D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi ci

Zv iƒcvq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ aviYvi D™¢veb I Dbœqb Ki‡Z nq| GKUv grm Lvgvi

Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡j Zv †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e Kiv n‡e, wK ai‡bi gvQ Pvl Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` bvbvb

wel‡q aviYv m„wó Ges m¤¢ve¨ †LuvR-Le‡ii Av‡jv‡K Zvi Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

3. msMVb cÖwZôv (Establishing organization): cÖvwZôvwbK eëmvq D‡`¨vM ev Íevq‡bi cÖ_g

ch©v‡qB GKwU cÖwZôvb ev msMVb cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb MV‡b Pzw³cÎ Ges

†Kv¤úvwb †ejvq msN §viK I msNwewa •Zwi Kiv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi †ejvq h_vwbq‡g Zv wbeÜb K‡i

mvsMVwbK Aw ÍZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Awdm ev Kvh©vjq G ch©v‡qB Lyj‡Z nq|


186

4. SzuwK MÖnY (Risk taking): †h †Kvb bZzb D‡`¨v‡MB A‡bK †ewk SzuwK _v‡K| D‡`¨v³vMY‡KB

G SzuwK wb‡Z nq| cÖK‡íi mdjZv I wedjZv `vqI Zvi Dci e‡Z©| cÖwZôvb‡K jvfRbK

Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvIqvi c~e© ch©š Í cÖwZ c‡` c‡` bvbvb SzuwK D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB

mKj Ae ’vq wbtm‡¼v‡P SzuwK MÖnY D‡`¨v³v‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|

5. A_©ms ’vb (Financing): †h †Kvb bZzb eëmvq D‡`¨v‡M cyuwR ms¯’v‡bi welqwU LyeB

¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D‡`¨v³vMY mvg_©¨gvwdK wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K A_© ms¯’vb K‡ib,

wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| wbR¯^ e¨w³MZ B‡gR‡K Kvh©Z eÜK †i‡L wewfbœ

A_© jwMœKvix cÖwZôvb †_‡K FY †bb| msM„nxZ A‡_©i iÿYv‡eÿY, wewb‡qvM, cwiPvjbvmn

wewfbœ KvR wZwbB m¤úv`b K‡ib|

6. Kgx©ms ’vb (Staffing): bZzb D‡`¨vM‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j Drmvnx, †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ,

m¤¢vebvgqKgx© wb‡qvM`vb Acwinvh©| e¨w³MZ cQ‡›ì E‡aŸ© D‡V cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v‡_©

h‡_vchy³ Drm †Z‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbej D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡KB msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b

GKUz Av‡M †jvK wb‡qvM w`‡q Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’vc~e©K Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K

†hvM¨Kgx© msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

7. cwiPvjbv I eë ’vcbv (Directing and manageing): D‡`¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv

wPš Ív I D‡`¨v‡Mi mydj ev¯Íevq‡b cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbvq †bZ…Z¡ `vb Kiv| G

Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, DcKiYvw` msMÖnKiY, wb‡`©kbv, ZË¡veavb, mgš^q, wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`

Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| ZvB ejv nq †h, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v wb:m‡›`‡n DËg

cwiPvjK, eë¯’vcK I †bZv|

8. evRviRvZKiY (Marketing): Drcvw`Z ev msM„nxZ cb¨ hv‡Z GKRb †µZv mš‘wó

mn‡hv‡M cY¨ ev †mev msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ KivB D‡`¨v³vi evRviRvZKiYg~jK

KvR| Pvwn`v gvwdK cY¨ Drcv`b, e›Ub cÖYvjx wba©viY, g~j¨ wba©viY, †mev myweav

wbwðZKiY BZ¨vw` Gi Aš Ífz ©³|

9. †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv (Maintaining communication and relation): wewfbœ

c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv KivI D‡`¨v³vi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| GKUv

bZzb D‡`¨vM GwM‡q †bqvi †ÿ‡Î Ggwb‡ZB bvbvb mgm¨v _v‡K| ZvB Zv KvwU‡q GwM‡q

hvIqvi Rb¨ bvbvb c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv Ki‡Z nq, hv Ab¨‡ì wbKU

†_‡K mn‡hvwMZv jv‡f I KvR Av`v‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

10. Dbœqb Kg©m~wP ev Íevqb (Implimentation of developing program): GKRb

D‡`¨v³v Zvi bZzb eëmvq D‡`¨vM Kvh©Z ïb¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡ib| GRb¨ cy‡iv D‡`¨vM‡K A‡bK

mgq KZK¸‡jv ch©v‡q fvM Kiv nq| ZvB D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi KvR n‡jv GKwU ch©v‡qi mdj

cwimgvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ bZzb ch©vq ev Íevq‡b D‡`¨vMx nIqv| G‡Z mK‡ji ¯ZtùzZ© mn‡hvwMZv

I mvdj¨vR©b m¤¢e nq|

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eëmvq D‡`¨vM

187

Kg©cÎ-1

wb‡¤œi †KvbwU D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨ Ges †KvbwU D‡`¨v‡Mi KvR wPwýZKi|

1. mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv

2. Aa¨vemvq

3. D‡`¨vM MÖnY

4. D`¨g

5. djvdj cixÿv I g~j¨vqY

6. mgqvbyewZ©Zv

7. m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB

8. bZzb cY¨ D™¢veb

10.3 mdj D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj

Qualities of a Good Entrepreneur

SzuwKc~Y© I Abygvb wbf©i AwbwðZ c_hvÎvq †h D‡`¨v³v Zvi bZzb eëmvq wPš Ívi ev Íe cÖwZdjb

NwU‡q mvdj¨ AR©‡b mÿg nb Zv‡KB mdj D‡`¨v³v e‡j| mdj D‡`¨v³v wb:m‡›`‡n GKRb

m„Rbkxj D™¢veK, DËg msMVK, †hvM¨ cwiPvjK I mdj †bZv|

GKRb D‡`¨v³vi cÖavb cÖavb ¸Y¸‡jv n‡jv−

• mvdj¨vR©‡bi ¯ú„nv (Need for achievement): GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª

AvKv•Lv I Avkvev`x gb wb‡q c_ P‡j| †m Zvi D‡`¨vM cÖ‡Póv‡K Zvi wb‡Ri Rxe‡b mvdj¨

jv‡fi Dcvq ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Ges mKj cÖ‡Póvq Zvi G ¯ú„nvi cÖwZdjb N‡U|

• m„Rbkxj gvbwmKZv (Creative mentality): GKRb fvj D‡`¨v³v bZzb wKQz m„wó Kivi gZ

m„wókxj I MVbg~jK g‡bi AwaKvix nb| GQvovI bZzb m„wó wPšÍv‡K ev Í‡e iæcvwqZ Kivi Rb¨

bZzb Dcvq-c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi mvg_©¨ _vK‡Z nq|

• `~i`„wó ev cÖÁv (Foresightness): `~i`„wó ev cÖÁv GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi GKUv eo ¸Y|

Giæc ¸‡Yi Øviv wZwb m¤¢vebvi bZzb †ÿÎ wPwýZ K‡ib| fwel¨Z mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv Abygvb K‡i

mvd‡jï m¤¢vebv‡K my`„p K‡ib Ges ev Íevq‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wePÿYZvi cwiPq †`b|

• Aa¨vemvq (Punctual) Aa¨vemvq ej‡Z •ah©¨ a‡i µgvMZ †Póv Pvwj‡q hvIqv‡K eySvq|

GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi cÖ‡Póvq GKev‡iB mdj n‡eb ev µgvMZ mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡eb, GUv KLbB

cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB cÖwZUv c`‡ÿ‡c djvdj we‡ePbv c~e©K bZzb c`‡ÿ‡c GwM‡q hvIqv

D‡`¨v³vi eo ¸Y|


188

• SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv (Risk taking mentality) GKRb D‡`¨v³vi SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv

GKwU eo ¸Y| PvKwiRxwe I MZvbyMwZK eëmvqx‡ì mvaviYZ G ai‡bi gvbwmKZv _v‡K bv|

GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi mgq, kÖg I cyuwR‡K mgwš^Z K‡i Ges wewfbœ `v‡qi †evSv gv_vq wb‡q

D‡`¨vM‡K GwM‡q †bb|

• mvnm I eyw×gËv (Bravity and intallectual): SzuwKc~Y©, Abygvb wbf©i I A‡Pbv c‡_ Kvh©Z

Rxeb‡K evwR †i‡L GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi D‡`¨vM wPš Ív‡K ev Íevqb K‡ib| G Rb¨ GKRb

D‡`¨v³v‡K h‡_ó mvnmx n‡Z nq| Zvi G mvnm Aek¨B eyw×gËv Øviv mylgvgwÛZ n‡q _v‡K|

• wkÿv I AwfÁZv (Education and experience) : eZ©gvb RwUj eëmvq RM‡Z †h †Kvb

eëmvq D‡`¨vM‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ c‡ÿi ¯Z:ù~Z© ¯xK„wZ I mg_©b Acwinvh©| Avi

G‡ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³vi wkÿv I AwfÁZv Ab¨Zg ¸Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| mwVK c~e©vbygvb, Kvh©Ki

†hvMv‡hvM, h_vh_ Kvh©eë¯’v MÖnY BZ¨vwì mewKQzB GLb D‡`¨v³vi e¨w³MZ wkÿv I AwfÁZvi

Dci wbf©ikxj|

• †ckvMZ I cÖhyw³MZ Ávb (Knowledge about profession and technology):

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡M mdjZv AR©‡b D‡`¨v³vi †ckv`vwi g‡bvfve Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ckvMZ I

cÖhyw³MZ Ávb _vKv Acwinvh©| †KD hw` †U·UvBj wkí Mo‡Z Pvq Z‡e Giæc wkí mswkøó

cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb Zvi _vKv ìKvi, hv Zv‡K mwVK wm×vš Í MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

• wm×vš Í MÖn‡Yi mvg_¨© (Ability to take decision): h_vmg‡q h_vh_ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mvg_©¨

GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi eo ¸Y| †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖnY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ev Íevq‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q

nvRv‡iv wm×vš Í MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v, my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vwì h_vh_ g~j¨vqb

K‡iB G mKj wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wej¤^ ev `ye©jZv cy‡iv D‡`¨vM‡KB

ÿwZMÖ Í Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• bgbxqZv (Flexibility): bgbxqZv ej‡Z cwiewZ©Z cwiw ’wZi mv‡_ m½wZ weavb K‡i Pjvi

mvg_©¨‡K eySvq| GKRb D‡`¨v³vi wb:m‡›`‡n Giæc ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| Abygvb wbf©i ARvbv

D‡`¨v‡M bvbvb cÖwZK~jZv †`Lv †`qv LyeB ¯vfvweK| ZvB c~e© wm×vš Í Abyhvqx me©Î Pjv m¤¢e nq

bv| bgbxqZv ¸Y G‡ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v‡K ev Íe Kg©cš’v MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v †h †Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póvq cw_K„‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Zvi be

be D‡`¨vM †hgwb †`‡ki eëmvq Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L †Zgwb bZzb D‡`¨v³v m„wó‡ZI Zv

LyeB mnvqK nq| Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î Dc‡iv³ ¸YvewjB Zv‡K mdjZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

10.4 AvZ¥we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj mbv³KiY

Methods of Assessing self Entrepreneurial Qualities

eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦ eëmvq GKwU m¤§vbRbK †ckv wn‡m‡e me©Rb ¯xK…Z| Z‡e eëmvq‡K mevB †ckv

wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, eëmvq GKw`‡K †hgb SzuwKc~Y© Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb eëmv‡qi wcQ‡b

†h cwigvY, kÖg, g~jab I eyw×gËv e¨q Ki‡Z nq Zv A‡b‡KiB †bB| Z‡e eëmvq SzuwKc~Y© n‡jI G

†_‡K Avq DcvR©‡bi m¤¢vebvI mxgvnxb| ZvB †ckv wn‡m‡e eëmvq‡K MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© GKRb

eëmvqx ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv‡K A_©vr ¸Yvewj‡K wewfbœfv‡e hvPvB-evQvB Ki‡Z

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wb‡gœ GKRb D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj we‡køl‡Yi K‡qKwU c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

avc-1 : K…wZZ¡vR©b Pvwn`v:

GKRb D‡`¨v³v wbR¯ ¸Yvejxi we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †h welqwU hvPvB Ki‡eb Zv n‡jv-Zvi g‡a¨

K…wZZ¡vR©b Pvwn`v wK cwigv‡Y Av‡Q| A_©vr K…wZZ¡vR©‡bi Pvwn`v n‡jv fv‡jv wKQz Kivi AvKv•Lv, ¯xq

Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g K…wZ‡Z¡i Af¨vš ÍixY Abyf~wZ AR©b| D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ K…wZZ¡vR©‡bi Pvwn`v wK

cwigvY Av‡Q Zv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv Avek¨K|

1. †Kvb KvR m¤úv`b Kivi †ÿ‡Î Avwg e¨w³MZfv‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cQ›` Kwi wK bv?

2. Avwg wK `ÿZvi mv‡_ †Lj‡Z cQ›` Kwi, bv wK my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i _vwK?

3. wbqwš¿Z SzuwK wb‡Z cQ›` Kwi, bvwK Zvi †P‡q Kg ev †ekx SzuwK wb‡Z cQ›` Kwi?

4. †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi djvdj Rvb‡Z PvB wKbv?

5. cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§yLxb n‡j Avwg wb‡R‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z cvwi wKbv?

6. Avwg wK Kg©e¨ Í _vK‡Z PvB?

7. AvwK wK D`¨gx n‡Z cQ›` Kwi?

8. Avwg wK mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z †Póv Kwi?

Dc‡iv³ cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv‡Z hw` ÔbvÕ A‡cÿv Ônu¨vÕ †ekx nq, Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Avgvi g‡a¨

D”PgvÎvi K…wZZ¡vR©‡bi Pvwn`v we`¨gvb| G‡ÿ‡Î Avwg Ryqvwo bB; GKRb wbqwš¿Z SzuwK MÖnYKvix Ges

Ab¨vb¨ welq¸‡jv wVK _vK‡j Avgvi Rb¨ GKRb fvj D‡`¨v³v nIqv Am¤¢e bq|

avc-2: wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© wKQz gb ÍvwZ¡K cÖ‡kœi DËi I g~j¨vqb:

wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© wKQz cÖkœ •Zwi K‡i †m¸‡jvi mywPwš ÍZ DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| G cÖkœ¸‡jv n‡jv:

1. Avwg wK AweiZ evwR a‡i _vwK?

2. Avwg wK Aweivg my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i _vwK?

3. Avgvi mKj wPš Ív Ges Kíbv †Kvb eo Rq‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nq wK bv?

4. Avwg hLb nvi‡Z _vwK, ZLb wK AbeiZ †Póv Ki‡Z _vwK?

5. GKevi Rqjvf Ki‡j Avwg wK †_‡g _vK‡Z cvwi?

6. Avwg wK me wKQz †kl †Póv wn‡m‡e SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z cÖjy× nB?

GLv‡b ÔbvÕ DË‡ii †P‡q Ôn¨vÕ DËi †ewk n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Avwg Ryqvwo bB, GKRb wbqwš¿Z SzuwK

MÖnYKvix|

avc-3 mdjZvi Rb¨ `ÿZv I wb‡Ri gv‡S we`¨gvb `ye©jZv m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`b:

G‡ÿ‡Î eëmv‡q mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj `ÿZv I ¸Yvewj me‡P‡q †ekx cÖ‡qvRb

†m¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Kwi Ges G mKj `ÿZv I ¸Yvewj Avgvi g‡a¨ wK cwigvY Av‡Q

†m m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Kwi|


190

avc-4: cÖwZwôZ D‡`¨v³vi mv‡_ gZ wewbgq:

G ch©v‡q ’vbxq GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mv‡_ gZwewbgq Kwi| gZ wewbgq Kv‡j c~‡e© •ZwiK…Z

cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøwLZ cÖwZwU welq m¤ú‡K© cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e we‡kølY Kwi| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv

we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|

1. Avgvi aviYv Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi aviYvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY;

2. †h mKj wel‡q Avwg GKgZ Ges †h mKj wel‡q wØgZ †cvlY Kwi, †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Kwi;

3. †h mKj wel‡q Avgvi `ye©jZv Av‡Q, †m¸‡jv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Dchy³ Dcvq wbiæcY Kwi;

4. mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv •Zwi Kwi;

5. †Kvb we‡kl `ye©jZv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ KZ mgq jvM‡e Ges KZ LiP n‡Z Zv wbiæcY K‡i

Kvh©µg •Zwi Kwi|

avc-5: cÖwkÿY MÖnY I cÖwkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ MÖnY:

Gch©v‡q Avgiv wk‡ív‡`¨vM ¸Yvewj hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Ki wbKU n‡Z GKwU cÖkœgvjv msMÖn Kwi|

cÖkœgvjvwU g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i c‡o Avgvi GmKj ¸Y Av‡Q wKbv Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z †Póv Kwi| cieZx©‡Z

Avgvi m¤ú‡K© cÖwkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ Rvb‡Z †Póv Kwi|

wb‡gœ msM„nxZ cÖkœgvjvwUi bgybv †`qv n‡jv:

1. eëmv‡qi Rb¨ wK wK `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ ‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| eëmv‡qi

Rb¨ cÖavb wZbwU `ÿZv wK wK?

2. `ÿZvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`K eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb Zvi eY©bv|

3. m„Rbkxj nIqvi †ÿ‡Î evavmg~n wK wK?

4. wm×vš Í MÖn‡Yi mv‡_ wK wK welq mswkøó?

5. wm×vš Í MÖn‡Y wbR¯ ÿgZv Ges mvg_© g~j¨vqb| D`vniY w`‡q †`LvI eëmvq Kivi †ÿ‡Î

G `ÿZv Kvh©Kixfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

GLb Avwg Avgvi wbR¯ ¸Yvewj g~j¨vqb K‡i †`wL, G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ KZUzKz Avgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Avi

KZUzKz †kLv hv‡e| †Kvb we‡kl KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ evB‡ii we‡kl‡Ái mvnvh¨ MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb wK bv?

GmKj Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`wL Avwg wk‡ív‡`¨vM nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z wK bv?

10.5 eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyK~j cwi‡ek

Favourable Environment for Developing Business Entrepreneurship

DËg cwi‡ek wewb‡qv‡Mi c~e©kZ©| wk‡ív‡`¨vM cwi‡ek ej‡Z cwi‡e‡ki Ggb me Dcv`vb ev kw³i

mgwó‡K eySvq hv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| cwi‡e‡ki G mKj

Dcv`vb wk‡ív‡`¨vM Kvh©µg Z_v eëmvq msMV‡bi MVb, cwiPvjbv, wm×vš Í, `ÿZv, djcÖ`Zv Ges

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eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ AbyK~j cwi‡ek _vKv DwPZ−

• cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek: gvby‡li Pvicv‡k †h mKj cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v †hgb- †f․MwjK Ae ’vb, f~-

cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z, g„wËKv, Dw™¢` RMr, LwbR m¤ú`, Rb‡Mvwô BZ¨vw` Av‡Q Zv

wb‡q cÖvK…wZK ev †f․MwjK cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| c„w_exi †h †`k ev AÂj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡` hZ mg„×

†m †`k ev AÂj wkí I eëmv-evwY‡R¨ ZZ‡ewk DbœwZ K‡i‡Q|

• mvgvwRK cwi‡ek: mvgvwRK cwi‡ek wewb‡qvM cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|

gvby‡li Af¨vm, AvPvi-AvPiY, wek¦vm-Awek¦vm, cQ›`, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` Dcv`v‡bi

mgš^‡q mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡ek MwVZ nq| †Kvb AÂ‡j wk‡ív‡`¨vM M‡o DVv ev bv DVvi `vwqZ¡

H AÂ‡ji mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai DciI eZ©vq| Dbœqbkxj †`‡k gvbyl mvaviYZ fv‡M¨

wek¦vmx nq Ges Zviv †Kvb wKQzi AR©b‡K fv‡Mï cÖmbœZv Ges e¨_©Zv‡K fv‡Mï wech©q wnmv‡e g‡b

K‡i| G welqwUI wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we Ívi K‡i|

• A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek: A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z †Kvb AÂ‡ji gvby‡li Avq, mÂq, RxebvhvÎvi

gvb BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| †h †`‡ki gvby‡li Avq I mÂq †ewk †m †`‡ki gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb

DbœZgv‡bi nIqvq †mLv‡b wk‡ív‡`¨vM jvfRbK nq| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU A_©‣bwZK Kg©cÖqvm| ZvB

A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dci †`‡ki wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖ‡Póv, eëmv‡qi Dbœqb I cÖe„w×

wbf©ikxj| GK K_vq wZwbB ¯v_©K D‡`¨v³v whwb A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ PjK‡K †K․k‡j Kv‡R

jvwM‡q we`¨gvb cwiw ’wZ‡Z mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

• ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek: †`‡ki Af¨š ÍixY ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek wewb‡qvM cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvivZ¥K

cÖfve we Ívi K‡i| miKv‡ii w ’wZkxjZv, ivR‣bwZK `jmg~‡ni msL¨v, ivR‣bwZK gZv`k©, `„wófw½,

RbM‡Yi ivR‣bwZK fvebv BZ¨vwì mgš^‡q ivR‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK

cwi‡ek wkí ’vcb, cwiPvjbv I eë ’vcKxq wm×vš Í‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| AbyK~j ivR‣bwZK cÖkª‡q †Kvb

eëmvq ev wk‡ív‡`¨vM †hgb mn‡RB kÖxe„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i, †miæcfv‡e cÖwZK~j ivR‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki

g‡a¨ wbcwZZ n‡q AwZ kÖxNªB GKwU cÖwZwôZ eëmvq D‡`¨vM aŸsmI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †`‡k

wewb‡qvM‡K Drmvn †Ìqvi Rb¨ Aek¨B wewb‡qvM evÜe ivR‣bwZK Ae ’v m„wó Kiv Riæwi|

• cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek: wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `ÿZvm¤§bœ Kgx©, DbœZ

hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³| ZvB eZ©gvb wkí I evwYwR¨K Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡ki

f~wgKv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq, †h †`k weÁvb PP©v I cÖhyw³‡Z hZ‡ewk AMªmi,

wk‡ív‡`¨vM I eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Zviv ZZ †ewk AMÖMvgx|

• AvBbMZ cwi‡ek: miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ, ivR¯ bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ, Avg`vwb-ißvbx bxwZ,

evwYR¨ bxwZmn Askx`vwi AvBb, †Kv¤úvwb AvBb, mgevq AvBb, cwi‡ek msiÿY AvBb BZ¨vw`

mgš^‡q AvBbMZ cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| †`‡ki cÖwZwôZ AvBb-Kvbyb Øviv wk‡ív‡`¨vM e¨vcKfv‡e

cÖfvweZ nq| D‡`¨v³v ev eëmvq‡ì‡K ïaygvÎ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb I AvBbMZ cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©

Iqv‡Kenvj _v‡KjB Pj‡e bv eis eëmvq cwiPvjbvq G mKj AvB‡bi f~wgKv ev cÖfveB ev wK ZvI

Dcjw× Ki‡Z nq|


192

• AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ek: eZ ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M wek¦e¨vcx wewfbœ Avš ÍR©vwZK ms ’vi DÌvb,

A_©‣bwZK I eëmvwqK Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvZ¥wbf©ikxj, wØcvwÿK I eûcvwÿK evwYR¨ Pzw³, A_©‣bwZK

†RvU BZ¨vwì †cÖÿvcU wk‡ív‡`¨vM Kg©cÖqvmI †`‡ki mxgvbv †cwi‡q Avš ÍR©vwZK cwigÛ‡j we Í…wZ

jvf K‡i‡Q| ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ek Ges Z`w ’Z wewfbœ ms ’v, Pzw³, Kg©m~wP BZ¨vw` wk‡ív‡`¨vM Kg©

Ges Gi cwiPvjbv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-2

†Zvgvi GjvKvq eëmvq ’vcb I cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb †Kvb cwi‡ek Abyiƒc Ges †Kvb †Kvb

cwi‡ek cÖwZK~j i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Ki|

cwi‡ek AbyK~j / cÖwZK~j KviY

AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dcv`vb

miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv

Av_©-mvgvwRK w ’wZkxjZv

AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw ’wZ

ch©vß cyuwRi cÖvc¨Zv

cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM

Ab¨vb¨

10.6 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I D‡`¨v‡Mi m¤úK©

Relationship Between Self Employment and Entrepreneurship

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb Self employment

wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb e‡j| AviI GKUz ¯úó K‡i ejv hvq †h, wbR¯^

A_ev FY Kiv ¯^í m¤ú`, wbR¯^ wPš Ív, Ávb, eyw×gËv I `ÿZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q b~¨bZg SzuwK

wb‡q AvZ¥cÖ‡Póvq RxweKv AR©‡bi eë¯’v‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb ejv nq| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb n‡”Q gRywi

/ †eZbwfwËK PvKwii weKí †ckvi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb †ckv ej‡Z eySvq hLb

†Kv‡bv e¨w³ ¯^xq `ÿZv ev ¸Yvewji e‡j †mev `v‡bi wewbg‡q A_© DcvR©b K‡i RxweKv Pvjvq|

D`vnviY¯îƒc ejv hvq †h, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb n‡”Q hLb GKRb KvV wgw¯¿ GKwU Kv‡Vi dv‡g©

†eZ‡bi wewbg‡q DcvR©b bv K‡i wb‡RB Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Ges G †_‡K †h Avq nq

Zv Øviv RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| ej‡Z †M‡j GKwU †`‡ki Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vi wmsnfvMB

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eëmvq D‡`¨vM

Business entrepreneurship

mvaviYZ D‡`¨vM n‡”Q SuywK Av‡Q †R‡bI jv‡fi Avkvq Kómva¨ Kv‡R nvZ †`qv| Avi wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev

eëmvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z eySvq jvfevb nIqvi Avkvq †jvKmv‡bi m¤¢vebv †R‡bI SzuwK wb‡q wkí ev

eëmvq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ „pfv‡e GwM‡q hvIqv| D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³v kã `ywU GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_

Ggbfv‡e RwoZ †h, GKwUi e¨vL¨v Ab¨wU‡K ev` w`‡q Kiv m¤¢e bq| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, hvi D‡`¨vM

Av‡Q wZwbB D‡`¨v³v|

AZGe eëmvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb ’vc‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi Kvh©µg‡K eySvq, Avi

whwb G D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib Zv‡K ejv hvq D‡`¨v³v|

10.7 Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Ae`vb

Contribution of Business Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

eëmvq D‡ ¨vM A_©bxwZi mKj †ÿÎ; †hgb-eëmv-evwYR¨, Drcv b-e›Ub, Avq-wewb‡qvM BZ vw mewKQz‡KB

cÖfvweZ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvg MÖæc, AvwKR MÖæc, ‥qvi MÖæc BZ vw cÖwZôvb †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †h f~wgKv

†i‡L P‡j‡Q Zv †_‡KB Gi cÖgvY †g‡j| eëmvq D‡ ¨vM wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b

Ae vb ivL‡Z cv‡i−

• wk‡ívbœqb: †QvU, gvSvwi I eo mKj ai‡bi D‡`¨v³v Zv‡ì wPš Ív I Kg©cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g bZzb

wkí cÖwZôvb MVb K‡ib| Zv‡ì wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbB bvbvb mn‡hvMx wkí M‡o I‡V| Zv‡ì †`Lv‡`wL

A‡b‡KB wkí cÖwZôvq GwM‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e D‡`¨vM †`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

• evwY‡Rï Dbœqb: D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ LyPiv, cvBKvwi, Avg`vwb, ißvwb BZ¨vw` bvbvb ai‡bi

cÖwZôvb mdjfv‡e MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G QvovI e¨vsK, exgv, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, †gvoKxKiY

BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb Zv‡ìB cÖ‡Póvq M‡o D‡V| wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖ‡Póvi djkÖæwZ‡ZI evwY‡Rï wewfbœ kvLv-

cÖkvLv m¤úªmvwiZ nq|

• evRvi m¤úªmviY: D‡`¨v³vMY bZzb eëmvqB ïay cÖwZôv K‡ib bv, bZzb bZzb evRviI m„wó

K‡ib| Avi Giæc evRvi †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| Avgv‡ì †`‡k

Mv‡g ©›Um Ges Rbkw³ ißvwbKviK †m±‡ii eëmvqxMY bZzb bZzb evRvi Lyu‡R Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi

†Póv Pvjv‡”Qb| hv wbtm‡›`‡n †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mydj w`‡”Q|

• wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b e„w×: wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b A½vAw½fv‡e RwoZ| D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ Drm

†_‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i Zv h_vh_fv‡e wewb‡qvM K‡ib| GB wewb‡qvM Drcv`b AvKv‡i wd‡i Av‡m I

DØ„‡Ëi m„wó K‡i| g~jabx hš¿cvwZ msMÖ‡ni d‡j RvZxq m¤úÌ e„w× cvq| RvZxq Drcv`b e„w×i

d‡j A_©bxwZi mKj †ÿ‡Î Zvi BwZevPK cÖfve c‡o|


194

• m¤ú‡ì mØënvi: D‡`¨v³vMY AeëüZ I Kg g~jëvb m¤ú`‡K eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì gybvdv

evov‡bvi †Póv Pvjvq| G‡Z m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ nq I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb N‡U evsjv‡`‡k

d¨vkb nvDR¸‡jv MÖv‡gi †g‡q‡ì Kv‡R jvwM‡q my›ì Kvco evbv‡”Q| Gfv‡e euv‡ki KvR, †e‡Zi

KvR, †cvovgvwUi KvR BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡i‡Q|

• Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó: †h †Kvb †`‡kB Kg©ms ’v‡b †emiKvwi D‡`¨v³v †kÖYxi f~wgKv

jÿYxq| D‡`¨v³v †h ai‡biB †nvK bv †Kb †m wb‡Ri QvovI Kg- †ewk wKQz †jv‡Ki Kg©ms ’v‡bi

my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| ZvB mKj †`‡kB Kg©ms ’v‡bi bZzb bZzb †ÿÎ m„wó‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms ’vi

cvkvcvwk D‡`¨v³vMY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

• miKv‡ii ivR¯ e„w×: †h †Kvb †`‡kB miKvi ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~j PvwjKv kw³| miKv‡ii

Avw_©K Ae¯’v m‡š ÍvlRbK bv n‡j KLbB †`‡ki kvwš Í I AMÖMwZ cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq bv| D‡`¨v³vMY

eëmv‡qi AMªMwZ mvab K‡i miKvi‡K AwaK nv‡i f¨vU, U¨v·, ïé BZ¨vw` Av`v‡qi c_ myMg K‡i|

hv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

• e¨w³MZ I RvZxq Avq e„w×: D‡`¨v³vMY wk‡íi †bZv wn‡m‡e bZzb wkí ev eëmvq cÖwZôvi

g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Zv‡ì †`Lv‡`wL A‡b‡KB bZzb wkí ev eëmvq cÖwZôvq GwM‡q Av‡m|

G‡Z wewfbœ mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvb M‡o I‡V| d‡j gvwjK, Kg©Pvix I mswkøó meviB e¨w³MZ Av‡qi

my‡hvM m„wó nq| eëmvq Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB Avq e„w×| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z RvZxq Avq ev‡o|

10.8 evsjv‡`‡k eëmv D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mgm¨v Ges `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq

Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh

K. evsjv‡`‡k eëmv D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mgm¨v:

GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Z‡e wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

GKw`‡K †hgb D‡`¨vMx gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb wk‡ív‡`¨vM cwi‡e‡ki| evsjv‡`k GKwU

Dbœqbkxj †`k| Dbœqbkxj †`k wn‡m‡e A_©bxwZi mKj †ÿ‡Îi b¨vq wk‡ív‡`¨v‡MI A‡bK mgm¨v

†`Lv hvq|

wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

• RbM‡Yi ¯^í Avq: Avgv‡ì †`‡k RbM‡Yi gv_v wcQz Avq Kg| Kg Avq nIqvi Kvi‡Y RbM‡Yi

g‡a¨ GKUv nZvkv KvR K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ bZzb wKQz m„wó Kiv ev SzuwK MÖnY Kivi gZ gvbwmKZv

M‡o D‡V bv|

• Kg mÂq: Avq Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki gvby‡li mÂq AZ¨š Í Kg| Av‡qi mv‡_ mÂ‡qi

aYvZ¥K m¤úK© we`¨gvb| evsjv‡`ki gvby‡li Av‡qi Zzjbvq RxebgvÎvi e¨q A‡bK †ekx| d‡j

RbM‡Yi mÂq G‡Kev‡iB †bB| Avi Kg mÂq eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cÖwZK~j cÖfve †d‡j|

• g~ja‡bi Afve: eëmvq ev wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv ch©vß g~ja‡bi eë ’vKiY|

Kg mÂq nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K †hgb D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯ g~jab _v‡K bv, Avevi D‡`¨v³v we‡kl K‡i

ÿ z`ª D‡`¨v³vi g~jab mieiv‡n e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| Giæc Ae¯’v

wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi me‡P‡q eo evav| www.fa

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eëmvq D‡`¨vM

195

• wkÿv I m‡PZbZvi Afve: wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Rb¥MZ fv‡eB wk‡ív‡`¨v³v n‡jI wkÿv I G m¤ú‡K©

m‡PZbZv mwZ¨Kv‡ii wk‡ív‡`¨v³vq cwiYZ K‡i| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì we‡kl K‡i

ÿ z`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì †Zgb †Kvb cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv _v‡K bv ev G m¤ú‡K© miKvi ev GbwRI¸‡jv

†Zgb f~wgKv iv‡L bv| d‡j wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve cwijwÿZ nq|

• miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi Afve: evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj miKvwi mvnvh¨-

mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zvi Afve jÿŸxq| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v we‡kl K‡i bZzb wk‡ív‡`¨v³MY

miKv‡ii †KvbB my‡hvM-myweav cvq bv| miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi cÖwZôvbI G e¨vcv‡i †Zgb

AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| d‡j wk‡ív‡`¨vM evavMÖ ’ nq|

• AbybœZ cÖhyw³i eënvi: AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi †`kxq wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| wKš‘

Avgv‡ì †`‡k wkí KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z GLbI cyivZb I †m‡K‡j cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| Giæc

cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y GLbI G‡`‡k ÿ z`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb DbœwZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv|

• evRviRvZKi‡Y mgm¨v: cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk Zvi evRviRvZKiY Kiv Acwinvh©| wKš‘

Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl K‡i ÿ z`ª wk‡íi gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z c‡Yï †ÿ‡Î evRviRvZKi‡Y

e¨vcK mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| d‡j wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY G e¨vcv‡i AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j|

• eë ’vcbv I cwiPvjbvMZ mgm¨v: †h †Kvb mvd‡jï wcQ‡b DËg eë ’vcbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|

wk‡ív‡ ¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI Zvi e wZµg nq bv| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k eë ’vcbv ZZ DbœZ gv‡bi bq| ZvQvov ÿz ª

D‡`¨v³v‡ì G m¤úK© †Kvb aviYvI _v‡K bv| d‡j †ewki fvM D‡`¨vM Kvh©µg mvd‡jï Øvi cÖv‡šÍ †c․Qv‡Z

cv‡i bv|

• cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve: wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡ì

†`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi †Zgb eë ’v †bB| miKvwifv‡e gv‡S g‡a¨ ÿz`ª I gvSvix

wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë ’v Kiv n‡jI Zv eoKZ©v‡ì c‡KU fvwi Kivi GKwU gva¨g wnmv‡eB

mxgve× _v‡K| †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖK…Z D‡`¨v³vMY †Zgb DcK…Z nq bv|

L. evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v ~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq

Ways to Overcome the Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh

evsjv‡`k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi GKwU m¤¢vebvgq †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡I eZ©gv‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³v /

ÿ z`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b †ek wKQz mgm¨v †`Lv hvq, †h¸‡jv‡K `~i Kivi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œv³

welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1. RbM‡Yi Avq e„w×g~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY: Avgv‡ì †`‡k RbM‡Yi gv_v wcQz Avq Kg nIqvq

Zv‡ì D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi gZ gvbwmKZv M‡o D‡V bv| ZvB RbM‡Yi Avq e„w×i Rb¨ e¨vcK Kvh©µg

MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. g~jab mieivn: Kg mÂq nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K †hgb D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯ g~jab _v‡K bv,

Avevi D‡`¨v³v we‡kl K‡i ÿ z`ª D‡`¨v³vi g~jab mieiv‡n e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv

AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| Giæc Ae ’v wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi me‡P‡q eo evav| ZvB miKvimn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb‡K

g~jab mieiv‡n GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|


196

3. miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv e„w×: evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj miKvwi mvnvh¨-

mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zvi Afve jÿŸxq| ZvB cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î hv‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY miKvwi

mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cvq †m w`‡K miKvi‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e|

4. AvBbMZ RwUjZv n«vm: Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖKí †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zv ev Íevqb ch©š Í

wewfbœ ch©v‡q GKRb D‡`¨v³v AvBbMZ RwUjZvi m¤§~Lxb nq| Giyc AvBbMZ RwUjZv `~i Kivi

Rb¨ miKvi‡K AZ¨vwaK AvbyôvwbKZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi: Avgv‡ì †`‡k wkí KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z GLbI cyivZb I †m‡K‡j

cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| Giæc cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y G‡`‡k ÿ z`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb DbœwZ jÿ¨

Kiv hvq bv| ZvB G †ÿ‡Î AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi Kiv Acwinvh©|

6. D‡`¨vM evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó: Avgv‡ì †`‡k D‡`¨vM evÜe cwi‡ek bv _vKvq D‡`¨vM Kvh©µg

gvivZ¥K fv‡e e¨vnZ n‡”Q|

7. cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë ’vKiY: Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡Ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi †Zgb eë¯’v †bB|

wKš Í y wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G Kvi‡Y wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡Ì

ch©vß cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M †h mKj mgm¨v †`Lv †`q Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³

welq¸‡jv‡K h_vh_fv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î miKvi I RbMYmn D‡`¨v³v‡KI

mgvbfv‡e GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

10.9 evsjv‡`‡ki mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì mswÿß cwiwPwZ

Short Description of Successful Entrepreneur in Bangladesh

K. RvZxq ch©v‡q mdj D‡`¨v³v:

−iY`v cÖmv` mvnv

Avgiv Uv½vBj †Rjvi wgR©vcy‡ii Kzgyw`bx nvmcvZvj, fvi‡Zk¦ix †nvgm&, Kzgyw`bx nvmcvZv‡ji ¯‥zj

Ae bvwm ©s, Uv½vB‡ji Kzgyw`bx K‡jR, Gm. †K. nvB ¯‥zj,

gvwbKM‡Äi †`‡e›`ª K‡j‡Ri bvg ï‡bwQ| G mKj cÖwZôv‡bi

cÖwZôvZv GKRb gvÎ e¨w³| G wn‣Zlx e¨w³i bvg ib`v cÖmv`

mvnv| wZwb wKš‘ Lye abx †jv‡Ki N‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ibwb| ¯xq

D‡`¨vM I cÖ‡Póve‡j wZwb eo n‡qwQ‡jb|

evsjv‡`‡k GKwU mvaviY cwiev‡i 1898 mv‡j Zuvi Rb¥| •cZ…K

wbevm Uv½vB‡ji wgR©vcy‡i| Zuvi wcZv †`‡e›`ª †cvÏvi †QvU

eëmvqx wQ‡jb| ZLbKvi w`‡b mvnv ev †cvÏvi cwiev‡ii

†Q‡j‡ì †ewk †jLvcov wkÿv †Ìqv nZ bv- cv‡Q eëmv‡qi cÖwZ

hw` Zv‡ì Abvmw³ R‡b¥ †m Avk¼vq| ib`v cÖmv` cvVkvjvq wbgœœ cÖvBgvwii AwaK wkÿv cvbwb|

1914 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiæ n‡j evwo †_‡K cjvqb K‡i wZwb hy‡× bvg wjLvb Ges Ô †e½j G¤^y‡jÝ

†Kv‡iÕ cyiæl bvm© wn‡m‡e Kv‡R †hvM †`b| wZwb Kv‡Ri cÖwZ wQ‡jb cÖwZkÖywZe×| ¯xq cÖ‡Póvq wZwb

Qwe: iY`v cÖmv` mvnv

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†g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi (BivK) hy× †ÿ‡Îi AvnZ A‡bK •mwb‡Ki cÖvY iÿv K‡ib| Gi ¯xK…wZ¯iæc hy×

†k‡l Bsj¨v‡Ûi mgªv‡Ui m‡½ Zuvi †`Lv Kivi †m․fvM¨ N‡U| cieZx©‡Z †`‡k †divi ci hy‡×i †fUvY©

(cÖexY †hv×v) wn‡m‡e Zuv‡K †i‡ji wUwKU Kv‡j±‡ii PvKwi †Ìqv nq| 1932 mv‡j wZwb PvKwi †Q‡o

†`b| PvKwi Rxe‡bi Aemv‡bi ci wZwb †QvU GKwU Kqjvi eëmvq ïiæ K‡ib| G mgq wZwb

†`L‡jb, R‣bK jÂ gvwjK †ek wKQzw`b a‡i Zvu‡K Kqjvi `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡Q bv| Kg©Pvix‡ì

wRÁvmv Ki‡j Zviv DËi w`j, Zvi eëmvq fvj Pj‡Q bv| G Kvi‡Y †m jÂ wewµ Kivi Rb¨ LwiÏvi

LyuR‡Q| ib`v G my‡hv‡Mi mØënvi Ki‡jb| wZwb cvIbv UvKv Av`vq I ¯í g~‡j¨ jÂwU µq Ki‡jb|

jÂwU wQj cyivZb| ZvB †givg‡Zi Rb¨ cÖvqB WKBqv‡W© cÖPzi UvKv w`‡Z nZ| wZwb wPšÍv Ki‡jb hw`

WKBqvW© evbv‡bv hvq, Zvn‡j Zuvi jÂ †givgZ e¨q n«vm cv‡e| m‡½ m‡½ Ab¨ jÂ gvwjK‡ì KvR

K‡iI A_© DcvR©b Kiv hv‡e| Gfv‡e wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ Kqjv n‡Z jÂ Ges jÂ n‡Z WKBqvW© G‡K

Zvi eëmv‡qi Aš Íf~©³ nj| Z‡e G eëmv‡q †h cwigvY UvKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv Zvi wQj bv| ZvB, wZwb

K‡qKRb weËkvjx Askx`vi wb‡q Ò†e½j wifvi mvwf©m †Kv¤úvwbÓ Pvjy K‡ib| G †Kv¤úvwbi Askx`vi

wQ‡jb g‡novi Rwg`vi b„‡c›`ªbv_ ivq †P․ayix, Wv. weavb P›`ª ivq, abcwZ I ivRbxwZwe` bwjbx iÄb

miKvi Ges Rvw÷K †K. Gb. gRyg`vi| cÖ_g Ae ’vq wZwb G †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GKRb mn‡hvMx wQ‡jb|

c‡i Abïv SzuwK wb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i eëmvq †Q‡o w`‡j wZwb Zv‡ì cÖvc¨ A_© cwi‡kva K‡i wb‡RB G

†Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK nb| Zvi wQj SzuwK †bIqvi AmvaviY mvnm I A`g¨ gvbwmK `„pZv|

wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ nj| Rvg©vwbiv eªþ‡`k (wgqvbgvi) `Lj K‡i wbj| eªÿ‡`kB wQj PvD‡ji Rb¨

Bs‡iR‡ì cÖavb fimv| ZvB, eªþ‡`k nvZ Qvov nIqvi ci Zviv mvgwiK evwnbx I †emvgwiK

cÖkvm‡bi LvwZ‡i cÖPzi PvDj †Kbvi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| ZrKvjxb Lv`¨gš¿x †nv‡mb knx`

†mvnivIqv`x© mv‡n‡ei mv‡_ ib`v mvnvi cwiPq wQj| miKvi PvDj µ‡qi Rb¨ PviRb G‡R›U wb‡qvM

Kij| ib`v mvnvi bvg Gi g‡a¨ Aš Íf~©³ nj| G eëmv‡q ib`v A‡bK jvfevb n‡jb Ges 1944

mv‡j ib`vi AwR©Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY jÿ UvKvq ùvovj| ejvevûj¨ ZLb jÿ UvKv GLbKvi K‡qK

†KvwU UvKvi mgvb| wKš‘, G UvKv Zvi g‡b GK fvevš Íi m„wó Kij| wb‡Ri evj¨Kv‡j webv wPwKrmvq

gvZvi g„Zz¨, hy×Kv‡j •mb¨‡ì `ytmn Ae¯’v ¯§iY K‡i Rxeb m¤ú‡K© wZwb GK A™¢~Z †PZbv Abyfe

Ki‡jb| 1944 mv‡j ib`v mvnv wgR©vcy‡ii fzZz‡o Lvj e‡j cwiwPZ GjvKvq 50 †e‡Wi nvmcvZvj

I GKwU `vZe¨ wWm‡cÝvwi ’vcb K‡ib| G mg‡q bvivqYM‡Äi AwZ cÖvPxb cvU eëmvqx cÖwZôvb

RR© GÛvimb †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì cvU eëmvq Zz‡j †Ìqvi wm×vš Í MÖnY Ki‡j ib`v mvnv G my‡hvM MÖnY

K‡ib Ges RR© GÛvim‡bi cv‡Ui ¸`vg Ges GKwU WKBqvW© Pvjy Ki‡jb| cvwK Ívb m„wói c~e© gyû‡Z©

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Concept of Women Entrepreneur

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204

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• bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl c¨v‡KR †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|

• gwnjv‡ì mn‡R evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki eë ’v K‡i‡Q|

• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì `ÿZv e„w×i eë ’v Ki‡Q|

• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì mn‡R evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki eë ’v Ki‡Q|

• †hme †ÿ‡Î gwnjv D‡`¨v³v i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ M‡elYv Kvh©µg nv‡Z

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• gwnjv‡ì A_©‣bwZK AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|

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bvix D‡`¨v³viv DrmvwnZ nq|

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10.11 evsjv‡`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dbœq‡b wKQz mycvwikgvjv

Some Recommendations for Development of Women Entreprenures

• miKvi bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ mnRk‡Z© I webvmy‡` FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• bZzb bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë ’v Kiv|

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• bvix‡ì wbivcËv eë ’v †Rvi`vi Kiv|

• bvix‡ì cÖwZ mg`„wófw½ w`‡Z n‡e|

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eûwbe©vPwb cÖk œ:

1| eëmvq D‡`¨vM Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Kx?

K. Business Entrepreneurship L. Business Entrepreneur M. Business Enterpreneur N. Business Enterpreneurship

2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi •ewkó¨ bq?

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K. cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM L. Aby`vb M. b`xbvjv N. Rjevqy

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N. ¯ej¤x nevi †cQ‡b †Kvb ¸YwU nvmvb‡K †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| we‡kølY Ki| www.fa

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GKv`k Aa¨vq

eëmvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi

USES OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS

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• eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|

• eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi|

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11.1. eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv

Concept of Use of Information and Communication Technology

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ej‡Z H ai‡bi cb¨‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv mn‡RB Z_¨ msiÿY, D×vi,

wbcyYfv‡e cwiPvjbv ev eënvi Kiv Ges wWwRUvj d‡g© Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i|

Z_¨ msMÖn, msiÿY, cÖwµqvRvZKiY I weZi‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³ I eë ’v‡K GK K_vq ejv nq

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev Bbdi‡gkb A¨vÛ KwgwbDwb‡Kkb †UK‡bv‡jvR (AvBwmwU)| eëmvwqK

Kvi‡Y ªæZ wm×vš Í †bIqvi Rb¨ A_ev `ÿ Z_¨ eë ’vcbvi Rb¨ Z_¨ AvniY, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY I

weZiY A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvBwmwUi e¨vcK DbœwZi d‡j gvbyl c„w_ex‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq Avb‡Z †c‡i‡Q|

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y gvbyl me mgq Bbdi‡gkb mycvi nvBI‡qi mv‡_ mshy³ _vK‡Z cvi‡Q| AvR‡K

eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw` Qvov †h‡bv †Kvb wKQzB Kíbv Kiv

hvq bv|

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v−

1. cÖPwjZ Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i cÖhyw³|

2. AvaywbK wWwRUvj †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³|

11.2 eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv/¸iæZ¡

Importance of Information and Communication Technology in Business

Kv‡Ri `ÿZv evov‡bv (Increase efficiency)

Kv‡Ri `ÿZv ej‡Z KvR‡K ªæZ I Kg mg‡q mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv eySvq| Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU av‡ci

ch©vß Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡j KvR `ÿZvi mv‡_ Kiv hvq| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qv‡M ev ÍevwqZ

Bbdi‡gkb wm‡óg eënv‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv Kv‡Ri `ÿZv evov‡bv|

KvR djcÖ` Kiv (Make the Work Effective): Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Avi GKUv

¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv KvR‡K djcÖ` Kiv| Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU av‡c mwVK wm×vš Í †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq

Z_¨ †c‡jB KvR‡K djcÖ` Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

DbœZ MÖvnK †mev (Develop Customer Service): Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_

wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi MªvnK †mevi gv‡bvbœqb Ki‡Q| KviY, †h cÖwZôvb hZ †ewk MÖvnK †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e, †m

cÖwZôvbB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z mÿg n‡e| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GB MÖvnK †mevi gvb

DbœZ Kiv hvq|

cY¨ •Zwi I Dbœqb (Producing Product and its Development): A‡bK cÖwZôvb †hgb

e¨vsK, exgv, A_©vqb †mev, ch©Ub ms¯’v BZ¨vw` Zv‡ì eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨‡K cÖavb kw³ wn‡m‡e

eënvi K‡i wewfbœ cY¨ •Zwi K‡i wKsev Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb DbœqY K‡i| eB Drcvw`Z cb¨‡K

Bbdi‡gkb Bb‡Ubwmf cY¨ e‡j| Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi mn‡hvwMZvi Z‡_ï cÖK…wZi Ici wfwË K‡i

Drcbœ cb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

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eëmv‡qi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi

209

c‡Yï wecbb (Marketing of Products): Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ïay gvÎ DbœZ cY¨ •Zwi

Ki‡ZB mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K bv; c‡Yï wecb‡b I mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

eëmvq-my‡hvM kbv³ Kiv I Kv‡R jvMv‡bv (Identify business opportunities and apply it): c„w_ex e`‡j hv‡”Q| †mB mv‡_ e`‡j hv‡”Q gvby‡li iæwP, Pvwn`v Ges RxeYavib cÖYvjx| d‡j

eëmv‡qi †ÿÎ I aiY cv‡ë hv‡”Q| GB Ae ’vq Z_¨ eë ’v evRvi Z‡_ï mgšq K‡i Gi mvnv‡h¨

eëmv‡qi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi KZ ªæZ Ges Kx Kx welq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e, Z_¨

eë ’v Zv mn‡R wbY©q Ki‡Z †`q|

MÖvnK a‡i ivLv I cÖwZ‡hvMx‡K `~‡i ivLv (Keep the customers and avoid competitors): eëmvq-cÖwZôvb Ges MÖvnK cÖ‡Z¨KB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g jvfevb

n‡Z cv‡i| eëmvq-cÖwZôvb MÖvnK‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx my‡hvM myweav evov‡bvi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡ì a‡i

ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôvb‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ eë ’vi mnvqZvq MÖvnK‡ì Ges

cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôv‡bi ch©vß Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g `ªæZ mwVK wm×vš Í wb‡q MÖvnK a‡i ivLv hvq|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi eZ©gvb hy‡M wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i

Dci Aek¨B ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

11.3 eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi

Use of Information and Communication Technology

†gvevBj e¨vswKs (Mobile Banking): 1997 mv‡j wdbj¨v‡Ûi †gwiUv e¨vsK me©cÖ_g †gvevBj

e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| e¨vswKs Kg©cwiPvjbvq eëüZ †gvevBj †dvb ev Ab¨vb¨ †gvevBj

wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g †h †mev †Ìqv nq †mwU †gvevBj e¨vswKs bv‡g cwiwPZ| 31†k gvP©, 2012 Zvwi‡L

AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡k ïiæ nq| †emiKvix Lv‡Zi WvP-evsjv e¨vsK

†`‡ki `yB †gvevBj †dvb cÖwZôvb evsjvwjsK I wmwU‡m‡ji mnvqZvq G †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ

K‡i| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK c~Y©v½ †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ 18 wU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K Aby‡gv`b

w`‡q‡Q|


210

†gvevBj e¨vswKs‡q cÖvß †mev:

UvKv Rgv †`qv I D‡Ëvjb, cY¨ ev †mev µ‡qi g~j¨ cwi‡kva, wewfbœ a‡i‡bi wej cwi‡kva, †eZb

fvZv weZiY, GwUGg †_‡K A_© D‡Ëvjb, dvÛ UªvÝdvi BZ¨vw`|

wewfbœ bv‡g †gvevBj e vswKs: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ evwYwR¨K e vs‡K †gvevBj e vswKs wewfbœ bv‡g AwfwnZ|

†gvevBj e¨vswKs - WvP-evsjv e¨vsK

Gg-†c - gv‡K©›UvBj e¨vsK

G·‡cÖm K¨vk - e¨vsK Gwkqv

BwR K¨vk - cÖvBg e¨vsK

BD AvB Gm wm †_‡K †gvevBj e¨vswKs (UISC To Mobile Banking):

e¨vswKs myweavi evB‡i _vKv wekvj Rb‡Mvôx‡K e¨vswKs myweavi AvIZvq Avb‡Z KvR Ki‡Q BDwbqb

Z_¨ I †mev†K›`ª| BDwbqb Z_¨ I †mev‡K›`ª (BD AvB Gm wm) †_‡K wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki †gvevBj

e¨vswKs‡qi gva¨‡g MÖvgxb Rbc‡ì gvbyl‡K G myweav †`qv n‡”Q|

WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †gvevBj e¨vswKs †iwR‡÷ªkb:

evsjv‡`‡k †h KqwU e¨vsK †gvevBj e¨vswKs Pvjy K‡i‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ WvP& evsjv e¨vsK Ab¨Zg| GB

e¨vs‡Ki †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg eZ©gv‡b †ek RbwcÖq|

cÖ_‡gB wbw`©ó G‡R›U †`vKvb ev wWwewej †gvevBj e¨vswKs kvLv †_‡K †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi

Rb¨ cª‡qvRb n‡e 2 Kwc Qwe, b¨vkbvj/‡fvUvi AvBwW Kv‡W©i d‡UvKwc Avi †gvevBj †dvb| wWwewej

†gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi Rb¨ 100 UvKv jvM‡e, hv GKvD›U Rgv n‡e| hw` ‡gvevBj b¤i

01814035158 nq Ges †PK wWwRU 6 nq Z‡e Zvi GKvD›U b¤î n‡e 01818035156| Gi ci

†gvevB‡j GKwU Kj Avm‡e †hLv‡b Pvi wWwR‡Ui †Mvcb wcb b¤î/cvmIqvW© w`‡Z n‡e| Zvici

GKwU wbwðZKiY GmGgGm Avm‡e| †iwR‡÷ªkb Kiv hv‡e †h †Kvb †bUIqv‡K©|

†jb‡`b: GKvD‡›U UvKv Rgv w`‡Z G‡R›U c‡q‡›U wM‡q GKvD›U b¤i I UvKv w`‡j G‡R›U cÖwµqv

m¤úbœ K‡i †`‡e, †gvevB‡j GKwU wbwðZKiY GmGgGm Avm‡e| ATM ey_ †_‡KI UvKv D‡Ëvjb

Kiv hv‡e| e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv I D‡Ëvjb `y‡UvB m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|

B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce) B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cY¨ I †mev mvgMªx µq I weµ‡qi cÖwµqv‡K B-Kgvm© e‡j| G c×wZ‡Z we‡µZviv

Zv‡ì cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx B‡j±ªwbK c×wZ‡Z †µZv‡ì

wbKU Dc ’vcb K‡i| †µZviv Z_¨ AbymÜvb K‡i, Zviv Kx

Pvq Zv wPwýZ K‡i Ges †µwWU KvW© ev Ab¨ B‡j±ªwbK

cwi‡kva c×wZ eënvi K‡i AW©vi cÖ`vb K‡i| B-Kgv‡m©i

gva¨‡g GKRb †µZv †hgb we‡k¦i †h †Kvb †`‡ki cY¨ µq

Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb GKRb we‡µZv we‡k¦i †h‡Kvb †`‡ki

we‡µZvi Kv‡Q Zvi cY¨ weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi GUv m¤¢e

n‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi e„w×i Kvi‡Y |

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cY¨mvgMÖx

µq-weµ‡qi cÖwµqv‡K B‡jK±ªwbK Kgvm© e‡j| www.fa

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B-weR‡bm (E-Business) B-weR‡bm Gi c~Y© A_© n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK weR‡bm A_ev B›Uvi‡bU weR‡bm| eëmv‡qi mKj Kvh©µg‡K

mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ hLb Z_¨ Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (IT) eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K B-weR‡bm e‡j| B-weR‡bm

ej‡Z eySvq Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i wkí,

evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbg‡qi Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b Kiv| B-weR‡bm

†Kv¤úvwbi Af¨š Íixb Ges ewnt¯’ Z‡_ï mv‡_ m¤úK©

’vcb K‡i wewfbœ mieivnKvix Ges Askx`vi‡ì mv‡_

KvR K‡i Ges †µZv I ‡fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v I cÖZ¨vkv c~iY

K‡i _v‡K| B-weR‡bm, B-Kgvm© †_‡K Avjv`v| B-

weR‡bm memgq †mBme Kvh©vejxi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc

K‡i †h¸‡jv B‡j±ªwbK mÿgZvi gva¨‡g msMwVZ nq| Avi B-Kgvm© n‡jv B-weR‡bm Gi GKwU

Dc‡mU (Sub set) ev Ask| B-weR‡bm m¤ú~Y© †fjy †PBb (Value Chain) Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|

cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Kw¤úDUvi ev B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i hLb Drcv`b, e›Ub ev Drcv`b e›Ub

mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K B-weR‡bm ev B‡jKUªwbK weR‡bm ejv nq|

B-gv‡K©wUs (E-Marketing)

B-gv‡K©wUs Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK gv‡K©wUs| B-gv‡K©wUs A‡bK mgq B›Uvi‡bU gv‡K©wUs ev AbjvBb

gv‡K©wUs Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|

mvaviY A‡_© B-gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z gv‡K©wUs G bxwZgvjv

Ges Kjv‡KŠkj B‡j±ªwbK gva¨g ev B›Uvi‡bU Gi

gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Kiv‡K eySvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, B-

gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z †evSvq B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i †Kvb

eªv‡Ûi evRviRvZKiY| GUvi g‡a¨ mivmwi

evRviRvZKiY ev c‡ivÿ evRviRvZKiY DfqB i‡q‡Q

Ges GLv‡b eëmvq Ges †µZv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b

e¨vcK nv‡i cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv nq|

B-gv‡K©wUs Gi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wb‡gœv³ •ewkó¨¸‡jv †`L‡Z cvB:

i. B-gv‡K©wUs n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi c×wZi gva¨‡g B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨

†hvMv‡hvM ii. Gi gva¨‡g we‡µZv mn‡R †µZv‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i iii. Gi gva¨‡g †µZv‡ì mv‡_ `xN©‡gqvw` m¤úK© ’vcb Kiv hvq iv. gv‡K©wUs Gi bxwZgvjv Ges Kjv‡KŠkj B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, B-gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z H mKj Kvhv©ejx‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv nq World Wide Web (Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe) Gi gva¨‡g hvi jÿ¨ n‡”Q bZzb eëmvq‡K AvKl©Y Kiv, eZ©gvb

eëmvq‡K a‡i ivLv Ges GwUi eªv‡Ûi cwiwPwZ e„w× Kiv|


212

Kg©cÎ-1

B-weR‡bm I B-gv‡K©wUs Gi aviYv †_‡K G‡ì g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R †ei Ki|

B-weR‡bm B-gv‡K©wUs

• • •

• • •

B-wi‡UBwjs (E-Retailing)

B-wi‡UBwjs Gi c~Y© A_© n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK wi‡UBwjs (Electronic Retailing)| B-wi‡UBwjs n‡jv weR‡bm

Uz KbRygvi ev eëmvq †_‡K †fv³v (B2C) ‡jb‡`‡bi cÖwZkã|

mvaviYfv‡e LyPiv cY¨ ªe¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wewµ Kiv‡K B-

wi‡UBwjs e‡j|

e¨vcK A‡_© B-wi‡UBwjs n‡jv we‡µZv KZ…©K mivmwi B›Uvi‡bU ev

I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì Kv‡Q cY¨ `ªe¨ wewµ Kiv|

†KD †KD Bnv‡K B-mc, B-‡÷vi, B›Uvi‡bU mc, AbjvBb †÷vi,

I‡qe †÷vi BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i| c„w_exi weL¨vZ `yBwU B-

wi‡UBwjs n‡jv AvgvRb WU Kg (Amazon.com) Ges B-‡e

(e-Bay)| evsjv‡`‡ki weµq WU Kg (bikroy.com) GKwU B-

wi‡UBwjs Gi D`vniY|

cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, hLb †Kvb cÖwZôvb mivmwi cY¨ `ªe¨ †`vKv‡b bv mvwR‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui

gva¨‡g wewfbœ K¨vUvj‡M cY¨ mvwR‡q iv‡L Ges †µZviv mivmwi †`vKv‡b bv G‡m AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g

cY¨ ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K e‡j B-wi‡UBwjs|

AbjvBb eëmvq (Online Business)

wecYb cY¨ I cwi‡mev B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g †h eëmvq Kiv nq Zv‡K

AbjvBb eëmvq e‡j| AbjvBb eëmv‡q GKwU

cÖwZôvb Zvi mKj cY¨-`ªe¨ m¤ú‡K© hveZxq mKj

wKQz AbjvBb K¨vUvj‡M w`‡q iv‡L| †h †KD H

K¨vUvjM ‡`L‡Z cv‡i I cY¨ cQ›` K‡i AbjvB‡bB

c‡Yï digv‡qk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB digv‡q‡ki

gva¨‡gB we‡µZv Zvi cY¨ mieiv‡ni eë¯’v K‡i|

GB ai‡bi c‡Yï g~j¨ AbjvB‡bB cwi‡kva Ki‡Z

nq| AbjvBb eëmv‡qi cÖavb gva¨g wn‡m‡e

B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kiv nq|

B›Uvi‡bU nvRvi nvRvi MÖvnK‡K cY¨ m¤ú‡K© Lye mn‡RB Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡i, hvi gva¨‡g MÖvnKiv cY¨

m¤ú‡K© AvK…ó nq Ges cY¨ µ‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nq| Z‡e AbjvBb eëmv‡q wek¦vm Ges mZZv L yeB

Riæix| GwU bv _vK‡j G eëmv‡q mdj nIqv cÖvq Am¤¢e| www.fa

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B-e¨vswKs / B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs Gi aviYv

Concept of E-Banking/Electronic Banking

B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs c×wZ n‡jv e¨vswKs †mev myweav cÖ`v‡bi AvaywbK †KŠkj ev c×wZ| GwU Ggb

GK ai‡bi e¨vswKs †mev c×wZ †hLv‡b DbœZ B‡jKUªwbK

cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i AwZ`ªæZ, wbf©yj Ges e¨vcK we Í…Z †mev

cÖ`vb m¤¢e| G ai‡bi e¨vswKs c×wZ mbvZb, KvwqK kªgwbf©i,

mxwgZ †mevm¤^wjZ, gš’i, KvMR I bw_i RgvK…Z ¯ Íy‡ci

†m‡K‡j e¨vswKs c×wZi Aemvb NwU‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖL¨vZ e¨vsK welqK †jLK Wt G Avi Lvb G

m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒB‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs n‡jv DbœZ cÖhyw³wbf©i

AvaywbKZg Zworevnx ev DcMÖn wbf©i Kw¤úDUvivwqZ

cÖwµqvmg~n hvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK `ªæZZv I wbf©yjZv wbwðZc~e©K MÖvnK‡ì‡K Kvg¨ †mev cÖ`vbmn

cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM ms ’vc‡b mÿg nq|

B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs c×wZmg~n (Methods Of E-Banking)

†nvg e¨vswKs (Home Banking):

†nvg e¨vswKs n‡jv Ggb e¨vswKs eë ’v, †hLv‡b e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq bv wM‡q N‡i e‡mB e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx

m¤úv`b Kiv‡K †evSvq| †nvg

e¨vswKs mvaviYZ †Uwj‡dvb ev

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ m¤úv`b Kiv

n‡q _v‡K| hwÌ †nvg e¨vswKs

1980 mv‡j ïiæ nq Z_vwc

1990 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS‡Z GwU

RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i _v‡K|

e¨vswKs Gi RbwcÖqZvi Kvi‡Y

eZ©gv‡b e¨vswKs eë ’vq e¨vcK

cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|

weµq we›`y †mev (Point of sale (POS): POS ej‡Z Ggb ’vb‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b LyPiv †jb‡`b m¤úv`b nq| GUv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c‡qÈ

†hLv‡b cY¨ I †mevi g~j¨ eëmvqx‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avi cY¨ ev †mevi g~j¨ wba©viY Kivi Rb¨

GLv‡b ¯‹¨vbvi ev B‡jKUªwbK †gwkb eënvi Kiv nq|


214

¯qsµxq MYbv hš¿ (ATM): gbyl¨wenxb ¯^qsµxqfv‡e cwiPvwjZ A_© †jb‡`b eë¯’v‡KB GwUGg e‡j| A‡Uv‡g‡UW †Ujvi

†gwkb (GwUGg) eZ©gvb mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ Ges RbwcÖq †mev cÖ`vbKvix Abyl½| GwU

GKwU cøvw÷K KvW©, hv bM` Rgv Ges D‡Ëvj‡bi Kv‡R PweŸk N›Uv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU

Ggb GKwU ¯^qswµq hš¿ hv cÖwZôv‡bi jwe‡Z, GcvU©‡g›U Kg‡c ø·, evwYwR¨K GjvKv, kwcs

†m›Uvi, KviLvbv GjvKv BZ¨vw` †h †Kvb GjvKvq ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Gi gva¨‡g e¨vsK¸‡jv

Zv‡ì wewfbœ LyPiv †mev¸‡jv MÖvnK‡ì AwZ mwbœK‡U †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z †c‡i‡Q| mviv †`‡k cÖvq

cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ ey‡_i cvkvcvwk †kqviW ey_I i‡q‡Q| G‡Z myweav n‡jv †hgb-(K)

†PK cÖ‡qvRb nq bv (L) ¯^vÿi wgj-Awg‡ji †Kvb mskq †bB (M) 365 w`‡bi †h †Kvb mg‡q

†mev cÖvwßi myweav (N) KvD›Uv‡i hš¿Yv`vqK wf‡oi g‡a¨ c‡o _vK‡Z nq bv (O) mn‡R

enb‡hvM¨ (P) mKj c‡ÿi mgq I A_© mvkÖq BZ¨vw`|

†µwWU KvW© (Credit Card): Ôd«v¼wjb b¨vkbvj e¨vsKÕ 1951 mv‡j me©cÖ_g †µwWU Kv‡W©i cÖPjb K‡i| 1966 mv‡j Ôe¨vsK Ae

Av‡gwiKvÕ Zvi †µwWU ¯‹xg Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki me©vwaK

e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K G jvB‡mÝ †`q| G cÖwµqvq e¨vsK KZ©„K MÖvnK‡K e¨vs‡Ki UvKv eënv‡ii GKwU wjwgU

†`qv nq| MÖvnK Zvi GKvD‡›U UvKv bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G KvW© w`‡q UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKsev

wewfbœ kwcs cÖwZôvb †_‡K †KbvKvUv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †µwWU Kv‡W© LiP Kivi Rb¨ KvW©

Bmy¨Kvix cÖwZôvb Zvi MÖvnK‡ì cÖvqk GKwU AbyMÖn mgq w`‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z me©vwaK

cÖPwjZ †µwWU KvW©¸‡jv n‡jv wfmv, G‡g·, gv÷vi, Av‡gwiKvb G·‡cÖm, †Mvì KvW© BZ¨vw`|

GmGgGm e¨vsK (SMS Bank): e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq †gvevBj b¤î †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i GmGgGm e¨vswKs †mev Pvjy Ki‡Z nq| †h †Kvb mgq

GKvD›U e¨v‡jÝ I †÷U‡g›U †c‡Z GmGgGm e¨vswKs †mev AZzjbxq| G †mev m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g

kvLvi MÖvnK‡mevi gvb DbœwZ Kiv m¤¢e| †h mKj MÖvnK ïaygvÎ GKvD›U e¨v‡jÝ Rvbvi Rb¨ kvLvq

Av‡mb GmGgGm e¨vswKs Pvjy Ki‡j e¨v‡jÝ Rvbvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì kvLvq Avmvi ìKvi n‡e bv| G‡Z

e¨vsKvi I MÖvn‡Ki mgq, kÖg I A_© mvkÖq nq|

evsjv‡`k A‡Uv‡g‡UW wK¬qvwis nvDR (BACH): evsjv‡`‡k wK¬qvwis RM‡Z Av‡jvob m„wóKvix GKwU bvg evsjv‡`k A‡Uv‡g‡UW wK¬qvwis nvDR

(weGwmGBP)| GB †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq GLb †K›`ªxqfv‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vj‡q wK¬qvwis

m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z MÖvnKiv GKw`‡bB Zvi †PK Zvi e¨vs‡Ki †h †Kvb kvLvi gva¨‡g wK¬qvwis

Kwi‡q A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb, hv Av‡M †ÿÎ we‡k‡l GK mßvnI †j‡M †hZ| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kej

†P‡Ki B‡gR cvVv‡Z nq, c~‡e©i gZ g~j †PK cvVv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G eë ’v e¨vswKs-G cÖf~Z

AMÖMwZ I ¯v”Q›`¨ Avbqb K‡i‡Q| www.fa

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†gvevBj e¨vswKs (Mobile Bankig): †gvevBj e¨vswKs Ggb GKwU kvLvwenxb wWwRUvj e¨vswKs wm‡÷g hvi gva¨‡g ¯í Li‡P `ÿZvi mv‡_

e¨vswKs myweavewÂZ gvby‡li wbKU †cuŠQv‡bv hvq| G c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖK…Z Ab-jvBb myweav cvIqv

hvq| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i †gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g †gvevB‡j UvKv wiPvR© Kiv hvq| GwU

cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbx AwZ Kvw•ÿZ GKwU †mev| wcÖ-†cÖBW c¨v‡K‡R 10 UvKv †_‡K 1000 UvKv

ch©š Í w`‡b m‡e©v”P cuvPevi wiPvR©‡hvM¨| †cv÷‡cBW c¨v‡K‡R 50 UvKv †_‡K 5000 UvKv ch©š Í w`‡b

m‡e©v”P cuvPevi wiPvR©‡hvM¨| G‡Z †Kvb PvR© cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| w`‡b 24 N›Uv, mßv‡n 7 w`b I eQ‡i 365

w`b e¨vswKs myweav| G c×wZ‡Z we‡`k †_‡K A_© †cÖiY I MÖnY, bM` UvKv Rgv/D‡Ëvjb, GK

GKvD›U n‡Z Ab¨ GKvD‡›U A_© ’vbvš Íi, GKvD‡›Ui e¨v‡jÝ Rvbv, †eZb/fvZv †cÖiY I MÖnY,

†gvevBj Uc-Avc (wiPvR©), cY¨ µq-weµq, †h †Kvb †gvevBj †dvb I wmg eënvi K‡i GB myweav

MÖnY, gvÎ 20 UvKv Rgv w`‡q GKvD›U †Lvjvmn Av‡iv A‡bK myweav MÖnY Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k

me©cÖ_g WvPevsjv e¨vsK †gvevBj e¨vswKs mvwf©m Pvjy K‡i| ÔGg e¨vswKsÕ bv‡g Bmjvgx e¨vsKI G

†mev Pvjy K‡i‡Q|

†WweU KvW© (Debit Card): †WweU KvW© B‡j±ªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg c×wZ, hv ÔK¨vkKvW©Õ ev ÔG‡mU KvW©Õ wn‡m‡e

eûj cÖPwjZ| GwU e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb KZ©„K AvgvbZKvix‡K cÖ`Ë Pzw³wfwËK mvs‡KwZK

b¤îhy³ GK ai‡bi we‡kl c øvw÷K KvW©| Gi gva¨‡g B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q Znwej ’vbvš Íi I AvgvbZ

wnmve †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq| KvW©wU bM` UvKv, †PK ev †µwWU Kv‡W©i weKí wn‡m‡e eëüZ

nq| m”Qj †jvK‡ì wbKU G Kv‡W©i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †ewk|

AbjvbB e¨vswKs (Online banking):

AbjvBb e¨vswKs n‡jv †Kvb GKK e¨vs‡Ki GKvwaK kvLv ev GKvwaK e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ kvLvi g‡a¨

Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³wbf©i GKUv †bUIqvK © eë ’v| G‡ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb e¨vs‡Ki †h †Kvb kvLvq

wM‡q GKRb MÖvnK Zvi e¨vsK wnmv‡ei myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr Zv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡i D³ wnmve

†ei K‡i †jb‡`b m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_© Rgv`vb, A_© msMÖn, †P‡Ki A_© msMÖn, wej cÖ`vb

BZ¨vw` bvbvb Kv‡R AbjvBb e¨vswKs †mev Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| Giƒc e¨vswKs GKUv wbw`©ó ’v‡b

MwÐe× mxwgZ †jb‡`b eë ’v‡K MwÐi evB‡i G‡b e¨vcKfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i‡Q Ges bM` A_©

en‡bi ev WªvdU K‡i wb‡q Zv fv½v‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb `~i K‡i‡Q|

B-e¨vswKs Gi myweav (Benefits of E-Banking): B-e¨vswKs †_‡K †µZv, e¨vsK wkí Ges mvaviY A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ myweav †c‡q _v‡K| wb‡gœ B-e¨vswKs

Gi myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

†µZvi myweav (Benefits to customar):

†µZviv AbjvBb wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g mn‡RB w`b ivZ 24 N›Uv UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges

†ÿÎwe‡k‡l RgvI w`‡Z cv‡i|


216

* bM` UvKv D‡Ëvjb QvovI e¨v‡jÝ AbymÜvb I wgwb e¨vsK †÷U‡g›U †c‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

* Bs-e¨vswKs Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©gv‡b mn‡RB BDwUwjwU wej cwi‡kva Kiv hvq| Gi Rb¨ Avi N›Uvi

ci N›Uv jvB‡b uvwo‡q _vK‡Z nq bv|

* GKUv GKK I‡qe mvBU Gi gva¨‡g e¨vs‡Ki hveZxq Kvh©vewj I myweav m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

* †µwWU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i †h‡Kvb †`k †_‡K cb¨ †Kbv hvq| Gi Rb¨ Avi †ccvi †bvU enb Ki‡Z

nq bv|

* †WweU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ †`‡ki †h †Kvb kvLv †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hv‡e|

e¨vs‡Ki myweav (Benefits to Bank):

B-e¨vswKs Gi Kvi‡Y †µZvi cvkvcvwk e¨vsK BÛvw÷ª I A‡bK myweav †c‡q _v‡K hvi

D‡jøL‡hvM¨¸‡jv n‡jv:

* B-e¨vswKs Gi Kvi‡Y e¨vs‡Ki A‡bK cwiPvjbv e¨q Ges Dcwi e¨q n«vm cvq|

* A‡bK KvR AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g Kivq Kgx©‡ì `ÿZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges wbqš¿Y Kivi ÿgZv e„w×

†c‡q‡Q|

* B-e¨vswKs Gi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †e‡o‡Q, me e¨vsK GLb Av‡iv DbœZ †mev

cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Ki‡Q hv e¨vsK eë ’v Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

* B-e¨vswKs mn‡RB Zv‡ì †jb‡`b¸‡iv WKz‡g›U AvKv‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

* kvLv †bUIqv‡K©i Zzjbvq Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© ªæZ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†µZv Ges e¨vswKs BÛvw÷ªR Gi Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk mvaviY A_©bxwZ‡ZI B-e¨vswKs ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvjb Ki‡Q ZvB w`b w`b B-e¨vswKs Gi eënvi evo‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-2

GwUGg KvW© eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y mbvZb c×wZ A‡cÿv †h myweav¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv

•Zwi Ki|

• • • • •

• • • • •

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1| me©cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ nq KZ mv‡j?

K. 1932 L. 1934

M. 1994 N. 1997

2| B-Kgvm© ej‡Z wb‡gœi †KvbwU‡K eySvq?

K. B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx µq-weµq

L. eëmv‡qi mKj Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv Kiv

M. B›Uvi‡bU gva¨g cÖ‡qvM Kiv

N. e¨vswKs Kg© cwiPvjbv Kiv


wg. †iRv Ggb GKwU e¨vs‡K wnmve Ly‡j‡Qb †hLv‡b DbœZZi cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i AwZ ªæZ, wbf©~j

Ges e¨vcK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvovI e¨vsK Zv‡K wewfbœ AvaywbK †mev myweavI Advi Ki‡Q|

3| wg. †iRvi e¨vsK eë ’vi aibwU †Kgb?

K. B-e¨vswKs

L. wgkÖ e¨vswKs

M. †PBb e¨vswKs

N. MÖæc e¨vswKs

4| e¨vsK wg. †iRv‡K †h mKj AvayywbK myweav Advi Ki‡Q Zv n‡Z cv‡i−

i. †WweU KvW©

ii. †µwWU KvW©

iii. jKvi fvov




218

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| Rvwid XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi n‡j _v‡K| Zvi evev †MvcvjMÄ m`‡i WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †_‡K

†Q‡ji Rb¨ UvKv cvVvb| DbœZ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g cuvP wgwbU ciB Rvwid XvKvi WvP-evsjv e¨vsK,

avbgwÛ kvLv †_‡K UvKv DVvq| e¨vsKwU eZ©gv‡b AviI AvaywbK cÖhyw³ †mev †hgb−UvKv Rgv

I D‡Ëvjb, cY¨ I †mev µ‡qi g~j¨ cwi‡kva, wewfbœ ai‡bi wej cwi‡kva, †eZb-fvZv BZ¨vw`

my‡hvM-myweavi †ÿ‡Î GK avc GwM‡q Av‡Q|

K. B-wi‡UBwjs Kx?

L. B-weR‡bm ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vswKs e¨ve¯’vi myev‡` Rvwid ªæZ UvKv DVv‡Z †c‡i‡Q−e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki AviI AvaywbK cÖhyw³ ej‡Z Kx ai‡bi cÖhyw³i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?

DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|

2| iv‡mj I gvmy` `yB eÜz| iv‡mj PvKyix K‡i Ges gvmy` eëmv K‡i| iv‡mj •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡b

wewfbœ mg‡q Zvi wnmve †_‡K ATM ey_ GK ai‡bi Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb K‡i|

Ab¨w`‡K gvmy` Zvi e¨vs‡K wnmve bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I we‡kl Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb I

†KbvKvUv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z wbw`©ó mg‡q my`mn A_© †diZ w`‡Z nq|

K. B-Kgvm© Kx?

L. †gvevBj e¨vswKs ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. iv‡mj †h Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. gvmy‡ì eëüZ KvW©wU Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? GB ai‡bi KvW© eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Ki|

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Øv`k Aa¨vq

eëmvq •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv

ETHICS IN BUSINESS & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b ZeyI eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi

welqwU †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| eëmvq m¤úª`v‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡K g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZv

m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK `„wófw½ cvjb Ki‡Z nq|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev−

• eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi aviYv|

• eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|

• eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi aviYv|

• eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vq×Zvi ¸iæZ¡mg~n|

• mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi †ÿÎ¸‡jv wPwýZKiY|

• eëmvwqK Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi cÖfve|

• cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ewYK mwgwZ / eëmvq msMVbmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡mg~n|

• mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Ask wn‡m‡e wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi M„wnZ Kvh©µg|

• Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi nq †m¸‡jvi ÿwZKi w`K mbv³KiY|

• ivmvqwb‡Ki eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z Lv‡`ï ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv|

• ÿwZKviK cwjw_b Drcv`b I eënv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv|

• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwb‡Ki eënv‡i mZK©Zv I KiYxq w`K¸‡jv|


220

12. 1 eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi aviYv

Concept of Business Values and Ethics

•bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva eëmvq RM‡Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| g~j¨‡eva n‡jv Ggb me AvPvi-AvPiY I

Kg©cÖwµqvi mgwó, hv gvbyl‡K wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv K‡i| g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZv‡eva gvbyl‡K b¨vq-

Ab¨vq, wVK-†ewVK, fv‡jv-g‡›ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| mvaviY gvbyl AvRI

mrfv‡e Rxebhvcb K‡i RxweKvi ms ’vb Ki‡Z Pvq Ges mgv‡R GLbI wKQy msL¨K eëmvqx Av‡Qb

hviv mr eëmvqx wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK ¯xK…wZ †c‡q‡Qb| eëmv‡q •bwZKZvi weKvk I g~j¨‡ev‡ai

Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M AvBb-Kvbyb cÖeZ©b †hgb cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb mvgvwRK m‡PZbZvI

Acwinvh©| cvðv‡Zï †`k¸‡jv‡Z eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î †h g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi gvb cÖwZôv jvf

K‡i‡Q Zv GKw`‡b nqwb Ges ïay ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡MI nqwb| DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi e„n`vqZb eëmvq

cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z •bwZKZv wewa-weavb cÖYqb I Abymi‡Yi Ici †hfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq

Avgv‡ì †`‡kI Zv Ki‡Z n‡e| GK_v wVK †h, eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvBbKvbyb LyeB Ach©vß| wKš‘ †h mxwgZ msL¨K AvBbKvbyb G‡`‡k Av‡Q †m¸‡jviI

myôz ev Íevqb †bB| eëmv‡q g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivóª I mgvR- Dfq‡K GwM‡q

Avm‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j A ~i fwel¨‡Z eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dbœqb NU‡e e‡j Avkv

Kiv hvq|

12.2 eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva

Business Values

g~j¨‡eva n‡jv Ggb me AvPvi-AvPiY I Kg©cÖwµqvi mgwó, hv gvbyl‡K wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv

K‡i| mZZv, b¨vqcivqYZv, wkóvPvi, k„•Ljv,

†m․Rb¨, mnbkxjZv, mngwg©Zv BZ¨vw` gvbweK

¸Yvewj n‡”Q g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dcv`vb| g~j¨‡eva

gvbyl‡K Zvi Kg©Kv‡Ûi fv‡jv-g›` w`K Abyaveb

Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K eëmvwqK

g~j¨‡eva ej‡Z Ggb GKwU gvb`Û‡K eySvq hvi

Dci wfwË K‡i eëmvwqK ixwZ-bxwZ, wPš Í v-

†PZbv, a¨vb-aviYv Z_v eëmvwqK Kg©KvÛ

cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|

eëmvq RM‡Z †hme g~j¨‡eva me©Rb ¯xK…wZ jvf Ki‡Q Zv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

1. m‡e©v”P †fv³v mš‘wó wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB gybvdvi m‡e©v”PKiY m¤¢e| ZvB MÖvnK mš Íywó

weav‡b m¤¢e mewKQz Kiv DwPZ|

2. cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Rbkw³i Kvh© mš Íywói Dci cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj| ZvB Zv‡ì mš‘wó

AR©‡b Avw_©K I Abvw_©K mKj ai‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bv †`qv DwPZ| www.fa

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3. mswkøó mK‡ji mv‡_ DËg †hvMv‡hvM I fv‡jv m¤úK© eëmvwqK Dbœq‡bi PvweKvwV| ZvB m¤úK©

m„wó, m¤úK© iÿv Ges wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM eëmvwqK mg„w× AR©‡bi nvwZqvi|

4. MÖvnK‡ì mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© ’vcb ev mivmwi Av‡e`b m„wói gva¨‡gB evRv‡i Ae ’v mymsnZ Kiv

†h‡Z cv‡i|

5. mgvR m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb †_‡K eëmvq‡K GwM‡q †bqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB h_vm¤¢e mvgvwRK

`vwqZ¡cvj‡b m‡Pó nIqv ìKvi|

6. mybvg eëmv‡qi eo m¤ú`| hv mZZv, Avš ÍwiKZv, †hvM¨Zv I cvi¯úwiK kª×v‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g

M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|

12.3 eëmvq •bwZKZv ev eëmvqx wkóvPvi

Business Ethics

†hme mvgvwRK wKsev AvBbMZ ixwZ-bxwZ AbymiY K‡i eëmvqx‡K Zvi eëmvq Kh ©µg cwiPvjbv

Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K eëmvq •bwZKZv ejv hvq| •bwZKZv gvbyl‡K mr I mwVK Kv‡Ri c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i,

gvby‡li g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡‡eva RvMÖZ K‡i|

Encyclopedia America -†Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò •bwZKZv n‡”Q `k©‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv, hvi gva¨‡g

gvbyl †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Kvh©µg ev AvPvi-AvPiY m¤ú‡K© mwVK

g~j¨vqb I wm×vš Í Mªn‡Y m‡Pó nq|Ó

eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †h •bwZKZv ev wkóvPvi mKj mgv‡RB ¯xK…wZ

jvf K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

• mKj †ÿ‡Î mZZv eRvq ivLv I wbf©iZvi ¸Y AR©b

Kiv|

• †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖZviYv, kVZv I †avKvevwRi AvkÖq MÖnY

bv Kiv|

• evRv‡i K…wÎg msKU m„wó K‡i cY¨g~j¨ e„w× bv Kiv|

• miKvwi wbqg-ixwZ †g‡b Pjv|

• cwi‡ek iÿvq mva¨ g‡Zv f~wgKv ivLv|

• ÿwZKi I †eAvBwb cY¨ Drcv`b ev weµq bv Kiv|

12.4 eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Necessity of Business Values and Ethics

evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq •bwZKZvi cÖ‡qvM A‡bK †ÿ‡Î m‡šÍvlRbK bq| A_©‣bwZK yie ’v I nxbgb¨Zv †eva

M‡o D‡V‡Q| wkÿvi Afv‡e gvby‡li gv‡S MZvbyMwZK wPšÍv I fveaviv we`¨gvb| Lv`¨ ª‡e¨ †fRvj,

wbgœgv‡bi cY¨ •Zwi, IR‡b Kg, digvwjbhy³ gvQ I djg~j, Jl‡a †fRvj, PjvP‡ji A‡hvM¨ hvbevn‡b

iv Ívq PjvPj eëmv‡q A‣bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci D`vniY| Giƒc Ae ’vq mgv‡R •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|


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• eëmvqxiv Zv‡ì cÖ ‘ZK…Z cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i RxebaviY K‡i| Zv‡ì •bwZK `vwqZ¡

n‡jv mwVK mg‡q gvbm¤§Z cY¨ ev †mev mieivn Kiv|

• eëmv‡qi g~j jÿ¨ gybvdv AR©b n‡jI eëmvqx‡ì g‡b ivLv DwPZ mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Zv‡ì

A‡bK `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q Ges G Kv‡R Ae‡njv ev Abxnv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi bq|

• •bwZKZv ev wkóvPv‡ii mKj bxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡j eëmvqx‡ì wm×vš Í MÖnY mwVK n‡e|

• eëmvq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Í‡ii gvby‡li fv‡jv-g›`, Kj¨vY †`Lv GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡|

• †`kxq I Avš ÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b K‡i eëmvqx‡ì eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv

DwPZ|

• Lv‡`¨ †fRvj I Jlac‡Î †fRv‡ji Kvi‡Y gvbyl RwUj †iv‡M Avµvš Í n‡”Q| •bwZKZv I

g~j¨‡evaB cv‡i G fqven cwiYwZ n‡Z iÿv Ki‡Z|

• mgv‡Ri m¤§vb I kÖ×v †c‡Z n‡j eëmvq •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva Aej¤‡bi weKí †bB|

Kg©cÎ-1

†Zvgvi GjvKvq Ggb 3wU cÖwZôvb wbe©vPb Ki hviv •bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i Ges 3wU cÖwZôvb

wbe©vPb Ki hviv •bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i bv|

•bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i •bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i bv

• • •

• • •

12.5 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi aviYv

Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility

eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi Ggb Kvh©‡K †evSvq hv mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki

Dbœqb, mgm¨v `~ixKiY Ges DbœZ cwi‡ek I mgvR M‡o †Zvjvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| eëmv‡qi

mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki Dci eëmv‡qi cÖfve DbœZ Kiv| mvgvwRK

`vqe×Zv †Kvb AvBbMZ evaëvaKZv Ges cwi‡ekev`x‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi evB‡i m„wó nq| GwU‡K

K‡c©v‡iU wmwU‡Rb (Corporate Citizen) bv‡g A‡b‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb †hUv

e¨q Ki‡e Zv ZrÿbvZ wd‡i cv‡e bv| wKš Íy GwU mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avb‡e|

†hgb WvPevsjv e¨vsK `wi ª wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ 102 †KvwU UvKvi wkÿve„wË w`‡q‡Q| G‡Z wkÿvi nvi

†e‡o‡Q| cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi, eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z eëmv‡qi A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb I

•bwZK AvPi‡Yi GKwU Pjgvb A½xKvi‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b Kgx©‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb, ’vbxq

Awaevmx Ges m‡e©vcwi mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi KvR nq| www.fa

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12.6 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vq×Zvi ¸iæZ¡mg~n

Importance of Social Responsibilities of Business

GKUv mgq wQj hLb eëmvq cÖwZôvb †h‡Kvb Dcv‡q A_© DcvR©‡bi †Póv KiZ| ZLb eëmv‡qi

mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv e‡j wKQz wQjbv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †fv³v ev bvMwiKiv AwaK m‡PZb| hvi Kvi‡Y

w`b w`b eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv evo‡Q|

wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi ¸iæZ¡ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

1. e¨vÛ B‡gR I L¨vwZ e„w×: eëmvq mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡j

gvbylRb D³ cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| hvi d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi eªvÛ B‡gR Ges

L¨vwZ e„w× cvq|

2. weµq e„w×: cÖwZôv‡bi hLb ÿwZ ev‡o Ges RbMY D³ cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Rv‡b ZLb cÖwZôv‡bi

weµq e„w× cvq| ZvQvov eZ©gvb †µZv‡ì‡K I a‡i ivLv m¤¢e nq|

3. Drcv`b I c‡bï ¸bv¸Y e„w×: GKwU cÖwZôvb hLb mwVKfv‡e Zvi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv cvjb

K‡i ZLb †m me mgq c‡Yï ¸Yv¸b e„w×i †Póv K‡i| G‡Z c‡bï ¸bv¸b e„w× cvq Ges

Drcv`b I ev‡o|

4. bZzb Kgx‡ì AvKl©Y Kiv Ges eZ©gvb Kg©x‡ì a‡i ivLv: mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv cvj‡bi gva¨‡g

cÖwZôv‡bi B‡gR ev‡o| G‡Z bZzb bZzb Kgx©iv D³ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nq| wVK

GKBfv‡e eZ©gvb Kg©xiv I D³ cÖwZôvb †Q‡o †h‡Z Pvq bv|

5. c‡bï wbivcËv e„w× Ges `vq n«vm: mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Kvi‡Y Drcv`K DbœZgv‡bi cY¨

Drcv`‡bi †Póv K‡i| Avwi cY¨ hv‡Z mn‡R bó bv nq †m Rb¨ me mgq c‡Yï wbivcËvi

Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| c‡Yï wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y cY¨ bó n‡j †h SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z nq

Zvi cwigvY n«vm cvq|

6. m¤cÖ`vq I mvavib gvby‡li Kj¨vY: A‡bK mgq eëmv cÖwZôv Zvi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv

wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxq gvbyl‡ì‡K †Wv‡bkb cÖ`vb K‡i, Mixe wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K wkÿv DcKiY

cÖ`vb K‡i, iv¯ ÍvNv‡Ui Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i| G‡Z ¯’vbxq m¤cÖ`vq I mvaviY gvby‡li

Kj¨vY nq|


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12.7 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡

Social Responsibilities of Business

AZx‡Z gybvdv AR©bB wQj eëmv‡qi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨| wKš‘ eZ©gvb me©Rb ¯xK…Z †h, †Kej gybvdv

AR©bB eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡K mvgvwRK

`vwqZ¡I cvjb Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi

mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ej‡Z eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswkó

mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ

`vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv‡K eySvq| eëmv‡qi mv‡_

RwoZ wewfbœ cÿmg~n †hgb, †µZv,

kªwgKÑKg©x, wewb‡qvMKvix, mieivnKvix,

cvIbv`vi, miKvi, Ges mgv‡Ri RbMY-

G‡ì cÖwZ eëmvq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e

A‡bK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswkó Kg©x, mgv‡Ri mvaviY RbMY I miKv‡ii cÖwZ

eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK ev cwiPvjKMY ev D‡`¨v³vMY‡K †h `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K

eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ejv hvq|

12.8 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi †ÿÎmg~n

The Area of Corporate Social Responsibilities

eëmvq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| wewb‡qvMKvix, †µZv, kªwgK-Kgx©, cvIbv`vi, miKvi, mvaviY

RbMY, KvuPvgvj mieivnKvix BZ¨vw` mK‡jB mgv‡Ri A½| gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡ì cÖwZ

eëmv‡qi A‡bK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswkó mgv‡Ri wewfbœ c‡ÿi cÖwZ

eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ eY©bv Kiv nj|

kªwgK-Kg©x‡ì cÖwZ `vqe×Zv Responsibility to Employees

kªwgK-Kg©x eëmv‡qi g~j kw³| Zviv eëmv‡qi mKj Í‡i wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K

cwiPvwjZ K‡i Gi Afxó jÿ¨ AR©‡b

mnvqZv K‡i| Zv‡ì cÖwZ eëmv‡qi

`vwqZ¡ n‡”QÑ

K. Zv‡ì‡K b¨vh¨ cvwikªwgK cÖ`vb

Kiv ;

L. Zv‡ì mv‡_ fvj eënvi Kiv ;

M. Zv‡ì Rb¨ myôz Kvh© cwi‡ek M‡o

†Zvjv ;

N. Zv‡ì Ges Zv‡ì ¿x-mš Ívb‡ì

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O. Zv‡ì mš Ívb-mš ÍywZi wkÿvi eë ’v Kiv ;

P. Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ •bcyY¨ e„w×i Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖwkÿY I Dbœq‡bi eë ’v Kiv|

Q. kªwgK-Kg©x‡ì PvKwii wbivcËv weavb Kiv ;

R. Zv‡ì gbmš Íywó weav‡bi Rb¨ we‡bv`bg~jK my‡hvM-myweavi eë ’v Kiv ;

S. PvKwi †k‡l Zv‡ì AemiKvjxb †cbk‡bi eë ’v Kiv BZ¨vw`|

†µZvM‡Yi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv Responsibility to Customers

mgv‡Ri †fvMKvix †µZvMYB eëmvq cwiPvjbvi jÿ¨we›`y| Zuviv cY¨mvgMÖx µq Ki‡j Drcv`b

Ae¨vnZ MwZ‡Z P‡j Ges eëmvwqK Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| †Kbbv cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv nq

†µZvmvavi‡Yi Pvwn`v I Afve c~i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨; wKš‘ †µZvi Afv‡e eëmv‡qi G D‡Ïk¨ cÛ n‡q

†h‡Z cv‡i|

myZivs mgv‡Ri †fvMKvix †µZvmvavi‡Yi cÖwZ eëmv‡qi wbæewY©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq−

K. †µZvM‡Yi Afve †gvP‡bi Rb¨ Pvwn`vbyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ I †mevKg©vw` mieivn Kiv;

L. wbw`©ó ’v‡b I wba©vwiZ mg‡q b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ ch©vß cwigv‡Y cY¨mvgMÖx mieivn Kiv;

M. †µZv‡ì mš‘wó weav‡b c‡Yï ¸YMZ gvb DbœZ Kiv;

N. mieivnK…Z cY¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZvmvavi‡Yi wbKU †_‡K †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM G‡j Zv h_vh_

we‡ePbvq G‡b ÎæwU-wePy¨wZi cÖwZweav‡bi eë ’v Kiv;

O. bZzb bZzb cY¨ Avwe®‥v‡ii gva¨‡g †µZv‡ì AZ…ß evmbv PwiZv_© K‡i Zv‡ì myL-

¯v”Q›`¨ e„w× Kiv BZ¨vw`|

Kg©cÎ-2

†Zvgv‡ì K‡j‡Ri K¨vw›UbwU †µZv‡ì cÖwZ †h `vwqZ¡¸‡jv Av‡Q Zvi †KvbwU cvjb Ki‡Q Avi Ki‡Q

bv Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki|

`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q bv;

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•


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wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì cÖwZ `vqe×Zv Responsibility to Investors

wewb‡qvMKvix A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i g~jZ: Avq e„w×i cÖZ¨vkvq| myZivs, hviv eëmv‡q A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i, Zviv

hv‡Z wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ nq †mB j‡ÿ¨ eëmv‡qi

`vwqZ¡ n‡”Q−

K. wewb‡qv‡Mi Ici b¨vh¨ nv‡i Avq cÖvwßi myweav

cÖ`vb Kiv ;

L. wewb‡qvMKvixi wewb‡qvMK…Z A‡_©i wbivcËv

weavb Kiv ;

M. wewb‡qvwRZ A‡_©i mØeënvi Kiv ;

N. Zuv‡ì‡K eëmv‡hi cªK…Z Ae ’v AewnZ Kiv

BZ¨vw`|

mieivnKvix I cvIbv`vi ev FY`vZvi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv

Responsibility to Suppliers and Creditors

eëmv‡qi Drcv`b Kvh©‡K Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Ges eëmvwqK Kvh©µg‡K mvejxj MwZ‡Z Pvjy ivLvi

†ÿ‡Î KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix I FY`vZv‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv‡ì cÖwZI eëmv‡qi

KwZcq `vwqZ¡ _v‡K| †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc−

K. mieivnKvix KZ©„K mieivnK…Z KuvPvgv‡ji

Dchy³ g~j¨ cÖ`vb Kiv ;

L. FY`vZv‡ì F‡Yi Ici wbqwgZ my` cÖ`vb

Kiv ;

M. F‡Yi UvKv mgqgZ cwi‡kva Kiv BZ¨vw`|

miKv‡ii cÖwZ `vqe×Zv

Responsibility to Government

miKvi ev iv‡óªi mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡j eëmvq mg„w× AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ; Ggb wK eëmv‡qi

Aw ÍZ¡B wejxb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| eëmvqx‡K ZvB me mgqB miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ A_©‣bwZK I

ivR‣bwZK wbðqZv jvf Ki‡Z nq Ges Gi wewbg‡q eëmvqx‡K miKv‡ii cÖwZ wb‡æv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb

Ki‡Z nq−

K. miKvwi AvBb-Kvbyb, ixwZ-bxwZ I wewa cÖ`vb Kiv ;

L. miKvi‡K wbqwgZ b¨vqm½Z Ki cÖ`vb Kiv ;

M. ivóªwe‡ivax Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K weiZ _vKv ;

N. RvZxq m¤ú‡ì mØënvi Kiv ;

O e¨vcK Kg©ms ’v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv BZ¨vw`|

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GjvKvi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv

Responsibility to Community

eëmvq †h ’v‡b cÖwZwôZ nq †mLv‡b Kj-KviLvbvi †auvqv, AveR©bv BZ¨vwì Rb¨ cvwb, gvwU,

AvenvIqv Ges cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z ’vbxq Awaevmx‡ì hv‡Z ¯^v ’¨nvwb bv N‡U †mRb¨

eëmvq‡K wKQy `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq; Zv wbæiƒc−

K. cwi‡e‡ki my¯’Zv eRvq ivLv;

L. GjvKvi iv ÍvNvU Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb;

M. GjvKvevmxi Kj¨v‡Y ¯‥zj-K‡j‡R, gmwR`-gw›ì, nvmcvZvj, cvVvMvi BZ¨vw` ’vc‡b mwµq

mn‡hvwMZv Kiv;

N. GjvKvi ÿwZMÖ Í RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ÎvY I cybe©vm‡bi Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kiv BZ¨vw`|

mgv‡Ri mvaviY RbM‡Yi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv Responsibility to General People of the Society

mgv‡Ri Avcvgi RbM‡Yi cÖwZ eëmv‡qi eûgywL `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ KwZcq D‡jL‡hvM¨ `vwqZ¡

wb‡æ Zz‡j aiv nj−

K. RbM‡Yi wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv ;

L. RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ÿwZKviK Ggb me †fRvj I `~wlZ cY¨mvgMÖx mieivn bv Kiv ;

M. mgv‡Ri RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv ;

N. `ªe¨g~‡jï w ’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv ;

O. AwkwÿZ, Aa©wkwÿZ I Aÿg e w³‡ì wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g DcvR©bÿg K‡i †Zvjv ;

P. RbM‡Yi ¯v_©iÿv Ges wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZi Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb ;

Q. eëmv‡qi gybvdvi wKq`sk mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y e¨q Kiv ;

R. mgv‡Ri mvwe©K jÿ¨ ev Íevq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb Kiv|

12.9 eëmvwqK Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve

The Impact of Pollution Created by Business

wek¦ cwi‡e‡ki `ªæZ AebwZ n‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k MZ K‡qK `k‡K G AebwZ n‡q‡Q AviI `ª æZ|

evsjv‡`‡k 1995 mv‡j eëmvq cwi‡ek AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rbwe‡ùviY, ebvÂ‡ji

Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I cwienb wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Afv‡ei ìæY †`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡ek

GK RwUj Ae¯’vi w`‡K †c u․Qv‡Z hv‡”Q|


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kã `~lY

Sound Pollution

µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq evowZ hvbevnb I Ab¨vb¨ KjKviLvbv| Gme Mvwo

KjKviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z †avqv cwi‡ek‡K

gvivZ¥K fv‡e `~wlZ K‡i| kã `~lY I cwi‡e‡ki

`~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY| KviLvbv I Mvwo-†Nvov

Qvov I gvBK, jvDW w¯úKvi, †iwWI, wUwf

cÖK…wZi AvIqvR kã`~l‡Yi m„wó K‡i| G‡Z K‡i

gvby‡li GKK kw³ †jvc cvq| i³Pvc e„w× cvq,

KLbI †`Lv hvq gvbwmK wech©q| GQvov

KjKviLvbv Av‡k cv‡ki ¯’vqx evwm›`v‡ì wkï

mš Ívbiv Kg †ewk ewai n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

evqy `~lY I Zvi djvdj

Air Pollution and Its Consequences

Avgv‡ì cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Ab¨Zg m¤¢vi n‡jv evqy| evqy `~l‡Yi g~‡j Av‡Q KjKviLvbv, †gvUi Mvwo,

†Uªb, Nievwo I eëmv evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi DËvc

m„wói hš¿cvwZ Ges bvbv AveR©bv| eëmv

cÖwZôv‡b Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb A_©vr †Zj, Kqjv

BZ¨vw` cywo‡q Kve©b-WvB A·vB evZv‡m Qwo‡q

†Ìqv †K¬v‡ivd¬z‡ivwg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW,

Av‡jvK ivmvqwbK BZ¨vw` me¸‡jv evqy `~l‡Yi

cÖavb DcKiY|

wewfbœ A·vBW evZv‡mi Rjxq ev‡®úi m‡½

wg‡k •Zwi K‡i mvjdvi Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi

A¤ø| GB A¤ø wb‡P †b‡g G‡m cvwb I

gvwUim‡½ wg‡k hvq| GiB bvg ÔGwmW †iBbÕ

A¤ø el©Y|

evqy `~l‡Yi Dr‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q B‡Ui fvUv|

mvi Kvi Lvbv, wPwb, KvMR, cvU I e ¿ KviLvbv, Pvgov wkí, †cvkvK wkí, we¯‥zU •Zwi‡Z KviLvbv,

ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, wMÖj I ìRv-Rvbvjv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U

Drcv`b, wMÖj I ìRv Rvbvjvi IqvK© kc BZ¨vw`| Drm †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †avqv, ev®ú, M¨vm I

aywjKYv BZ¨vw` evZv‡m wg‡k †auvqv m„wó K‡i d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|

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Water Pollution and Its Consequences

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dmdwiK GwmW Ges P›`ª‡Nvbvi KY©dzwj

KvM‡Ri wgj, wm‡jU KvMR wgj, `k©bvi

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gvQ cÖwµqvKiY KviLvbv, XvKvi Awjw¤úK I

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K‡i cvwb `~lY NUv‡”Q| b`xi Zx‡i M‡o

D‡V‡Q mg„× Rbc` kn‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q

AvaywbK PUKj, KvcoKj, wPwbKj, KvM‡Ri

Kj, †flR †Zj BZ¨vw`| GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR©bv cÖwZwbqZ cvwb‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q|

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jÿ jÿ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¸iæZi iK‡gi msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|

gvwU `~lY I Zvi djvdj

Soil Pollution and Its Consenquences

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f~wgÿq, evqy cÖevn m„„wó| MvQKvUv, eb DRvo, Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ev wbqwgZ ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi Kiv

BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gvwUi ¸bMZ gvb bó n‡q hvq, d‡j gvwU `~lY N‡U|


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GQvov KxUbvkK eënv‡i Avgv‡ì gvwU ~wlZ n‡”Q| evowZ dmj Drcv ‡bi Rb¨ dmj‡K KxU cZ‡½i AvµgY

†_‡K iÿv Kivi ZvwM‡` †h ivmvqwbK ªe vw I mvi eënvi Kiv nq, Zv gvwUi Ici weiæc cÖfve †d‡j gvwU

~wlZ K‡i _v‡K|

12.10 cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ewYK mwgwZ The Role of Chamber of Commerce Protecting Environment

cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Rb¨ †ewkifvM mgq `vqx wewfbœ iKg eëmvq cÖwZôvb| eëmvq cÖwZôvb hw` Zv‡ì

`~lY Kwg‡q †`q Zvn‡j mn‡RB cwi‡ek msiÿY Ki‡Z mÿg nq| Avi eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi AwffveK

wn‡m‡e ewYK mwgwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GB Rb¨ cÖvqB ewYK mwgwZ wewfbœ iKg

†mwgbvi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K †hLv‡b `~l‡Yi KviY Ges `~l‡Yi ÿwZKi cÖfve Zz‡j a‡i †Kvb eëmvq

cÖwZôvb hw` AvBb f½ K‡i Zvn‡j ewYK mwgwZ Zv‡ì weiæ‡× c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| A‡bK mgq ewbK

mwgwZ AbymÜvb K‡i †Kvb cÖwZôvb cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZ mvab Ki‡Q wKbv| hw` †Kvb cÖwZôvb AvBb f½

K‡i Zvn‡j A‡bK mgq Zv‡ì m`m¨c` ’wMZ K‡i| cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ ewYK mwgwZ wbZ¨ bZzb

wbqg K‡i _v‡K Ges m`m¨‡ì‡K Zv cvj‡b DØy× K‡i _v‡K|

12.11 mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Ask wn‡m‡e wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi M„nxZ Kvh©µg

The Functions of Different Organization as a Corporate Social Responsibility

eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ eûhyM a‡i Ae‡nwjZ n‡q Avm‡jI eZ©gv‡b †`‡k-we‡`‡k A‡bK cÖwZôvb

mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| wewfbœ e¨vsK I †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì mvavib eëmvq

Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| www.fa

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WvP-evsjv e¨vsK, cÖvBg e¨vsK, Bmjvwg e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj †emiKvix e¨vsK

Ges wewfbœ †gvevBj †dvb †Kv¤úvwb †hgb-†UwjUK, MÖvgxb †dvb, iwe, evsjv wjsK, wmwU‡mj,

Gqvi‡Uj Ges wewfbœ gvwëb¨vkbvj I b¨vkbvj †Kv¤úvwb e¨vcK nv‡i mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY

Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì D‡j øL‡hvM¨ mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q `vwi`ª we‡gvPb, †gavex wkÿv_©xi

cov‡kvbvi LiP enb, e„wË cÖ`vb, †Ljva~jvi Dbœq‡b Avw_©K c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb, mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b

Ae`vb, GwmW ÿwZMÖ ’‡ì mnvqZv `vb I Gi weiæ‡× mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w×, MÖvgxY †gwW‡Kj †mev

cÖ`vb, wewfbœ `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb, cÖwZewÜ‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb, wewfbœ nvmcvZv‡j

G¨v¤^y‡jÝ cÖ`vb, we‡kl wèm Dcj‡ÿ Av‡qvwRZ Abyôv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv Kiv, Aÿg wkï‡ì mnvqZv

Kiv, n‡R¡i Rb¨ AvMZ nvRx‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb, B‡ Ígvq AvMZ gymwjø‡ì Rb¨ wd« wPwKrmv cÖ`vb,

wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b webvg~‡j¨ j¨vcUc cÖ`vb, webvg~‡j¨ Pÿ z †mev cÖ`vb, cwi‡ek cwi”QbœZv

Kvh©µg BZ¨vw`|

wKQz wKQz eëmv cÖwZôvb ZiæY mgv‡Ri cÖwZfv AbymÜvb I weKv‡k GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k

eëmvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖeYZv †ewk w`‡bi bq| Avkv Kiv hvq, Avgv‡ì

wk‡ív‡`¨v³v †kÖYx gybvdvgyLx eëmvq cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b

Av‡iv GwM‡q Avm‡e|

mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖwZôv‡bi M„nxZ Kvh©µ‡gi weeiY †`qv n‡jv:

evsjvwjsK Gi M„nxZ c`‡ÿc−

evsjv‡`‡ki †gvevBj †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

evsjvwjsK G †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ `„p cÖwZÁ| GRb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK

Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| evsjvwjs‡Ki D‡j øL‡hvM¨ c`‡ÿç‡jv n‡jv:

K·evRvi mx weP cwi®‥vi cÖKí Ges Avš ÍR©vwZK mg~`ªK~j cwi®‥vi wèm cvjb: 2005 mvj

†_‡K evsjvwjsK we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mg~`ª •mKZ K·evRv‡ii cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY

K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ eQ‡i 263 w`b 26 Rb gwnjv Kg©x 2 wmd‡U wZb wK.wg `xN© mg~`ª •mKZwU

cwi®‥vi K‡i _v‡K| GQvov Av‡iv 7Rb cyiæl Kg©x i‡q‡Q hviv fvix AveR©bv Acmvi‡b

wb‡qvwRZ hv mg~`ª Zxi‡K `~lY †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Q| GQvovI evsjvwjsK AvšÍR©vwZK mg~`ª Zxi

cwi”Qbœ wèm cvjb K‡i †hLv‡b 500 ZiæY-ZiæYx †¯”Qv kÖ‡gi gva¨‡g cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi

KvR K‡i _v‡K|

GwZg‡ì K¤j cÖ`vb: 2009 mvj †_‡K evsjvwjsK GwZg‡ì K¤j cÖ v‡bi Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q|

GB j‡ÿ MZeQi (2012) mv‡j Zviv 101 wU GwZgLvbvq cÖvq 5000 Rb GwZg‡K webvg~‡j¨ K¤j

cÖ vb K‡i‡Q|

nvRxK¨v‡¤ú AvMZ nvRx‡ì we‡kl eë ’v: 2009 mvj †_‡K evsjvwjsK n‡R¡ AvMZ nvRx‡ì

we‡kl myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ D‡j øL‡hvM¨ n‡jv nvRx‡ì Rb¨ kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z ev‡mi

eë ’vKiY, cvwb eÈb AÂj ’vcb, webvg~‡j¨ †dvb K‡ji eë¯’vKiY, webvg~‡j¨ †gvevBj

Pv‡h©i eë ’vKiY, Uªwji eë ’vKib, n‡R¡i MvBWjvBb cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`|

igRv‡bi mgq GwZg‡ì †LR yi I BdZvi cÖ`vb: 2009 mvj n‡Z evsjvwjsK GB Kvh©µg

MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gi AvIZvq 2011 mv‡j evsjvwjsK 85,000 †ivRv`vi‡K BdZvi Kivq hvi

g‡a¨ wQj †`‡ki 123wU GwZgLvbvi cÖvq 12,000 GwZg|


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AvaywbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ Kivi j‡ÿ evsjvwjsK 2011 mv‡j cÖvq 270wU Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve

’vcb K‡i w`‡q‡Q hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Ae¯’vb n‡”Q †`‡ki myweav ewÂZ ¯‥zj¸‡jv‡Z| cÖ‡Z¨KwU

j¨v‡e evsjvwjsK j¨vcUc, B›Uvi‡bU g‡Wg Ges gvwëwgwWqv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY‡dv‡bi c`‡ÿc

MÖvgxY‡dvb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e †h c`‡ÿç‡jv MÖnY K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wZbwU cÖavb fv‡M

fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:

1. ¯v ’¨ 2. wkÿv 3. cwi‡ek|

MÖvgxY‡dv‡bi M„wnZ cÖavb cÖavb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Kvh©µg¸‡jv n‡”Q:

`wi ª gv I wkï‡ì Rb¨ cÖvq 1.7 wgwjqb cÖv_wgK ¯v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|

cÖvq 28,700 Rb e¨w³‡K webvg~‡j¨ Pÿz‡mev cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q hvi g‡a¨ cÖvq 3,458 Rb AÜ

e¨w³‡K `„wókw³ wdwi‡q †`qvi eë ’v K‡i‡Q|

wewfbœ Avš ÍR©vwZK Bmy¨ †hgb GBWm& wel‡q RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK

Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K|

MÖvgxY‡dvb cÖvq 4,00,000Rb †gvevBj Acv‡iUi‡K A_©‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv G‡b w`‡q‡Q|

MÖvgxY‡dvb cÖvq 500 KwgDwbwU Z_¨‡K›`ª ’vcb K‡i‡Q

GwmW Avµvš Í‡ì Kg©ms ’v‡bi eë ’vKiY

`wi ª †gavex QvÎ‡ì e„wË cÖ`vb

`wi ª _¨vjvwmgv †iv‡M Aµvš Í †ivMx‡ì webvg~‡j¨ i³ mieivn

cÖvK …wZK ~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Riæix Îv‡bi eë ’vKib BZ¨vw`|

WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e M„wnZ c`‡ÿc

†`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki M„nxZ c`‡ÿc‡K mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi cw_K…r ejv nq|

mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †h c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv:

wkÿve„wË cÖ`vb : wewfbœ Í‡i †gavex wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K e„wË cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K WvP-evsjv e¨vsK|

GB j‡ÿ 2012 mv‡j Zviv 102 †KvwU UvKvi wkÿv e„wË cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|

nvmcvZv‡j mnvqZv: WvP-evsjv e¨vsK cÖvq 9,36,00,000 UvKv Beªvnxg KwW©qvK

nvmcvZvj‡K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q j¨ve ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨|

†ivMx‡ì wPwKrmv: wewfbœ mgq WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †VvU KvUv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì webvg~‡j¨

Acv‡ik‡bi eë ’v K‡i _v‡K|

GwmW AµvšÍ‡ì mnvqZv: 2000 mvj †_‡K WvP-evsjv e¨vsK GwmW wel‡q MYm‡PZbZv

e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g weÁvcb cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Q| GwmW Avµvš Í‡ì wewfbœ fv‡e

Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| ZvQvov GwmW Avµvš Í‡ì mvej¤^x Kivi Rb¨ gv_vwcQy 10,000

UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

gv`K wbqš¿Y: gv`K wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ gv`K wbivgq †K›`ª ÒAvcbÓ-†K cÖvq 1 †KvwU UvKv

cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| www.fa

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GQvovI WvP-evsjv e¨vsK 10wU MÖvgxY ¯v¯ ’¨‡mev †K›`ª ’vcb, B‡¤ú± dvD‡Ûkb‡K 21 jvL UvKv

cÖ`vb, wU.Gg.Gm.Gm-†K 10 jvL UvKv †Wv‡bkb cÖ`vb, †h․ZzK †_‡K bvix‡ì iÿvi e¨ve¯’vKiY,

wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡M mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

Kg©cÎ-3

†Zvgvi cwiwPZ GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi mvgvwRK vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e †h vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv

•Zwi Ki|

• • • • •

• • • • •

12.12 Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi nq †m¸‡jvi ÿwZKi w K mbv³KiY

The Bad Effects of Different Chemical Pestisides Which is Used in Preserving Food

Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î `~b©xwZ Pig fv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡KI GB `~b©xwZ †invq †`qwb|

wewfbœ fv‡e `yb©xwZi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨ ‡fRvj †`qv n‡”Q| me‡P‡q fq¼i welq n‡”Q Lv‡`¨ ivmvqwbK

c`v‡_©i eënvi hv wewfbœ Lv`¨ msiÿ‡bi Rb¨ ev †µZv‡ì Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv

n‡”Q|

Avgiv cÖwZw`b †hme kvKmewR I djg~j wK‡b Lvw”Q †m¸‡jv m‡ZR ivL‡Z I cvKv‡Z we‡µZviv

Kve©vBWmn wewfbœ welv³ ivmvqwbK eënvi Ki‡Q| Gme ivmvqwb‡Ki Kvi‡Y wKWwb I wjfvi bó n‡Z

cv‡i, †Pv‡Li `„wókw³ n«vm QvovI K¨vÝv‡i Avµvš Í nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|

gv‡Qi evRv‡iI †fRv‡ji Kivj MÖvm Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| †QvU-eo wewfbœ gvQ‡K m‡ZR ivL‡Z I †m¸‡jv

m‡ZR †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡µZviv digvwjb eënvi Ki‡Q, hv gvbe †`‡ni Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ÿwZKi|

GQvov kyuUwK gv‡Qi mv‡_ Amvay eëmvqxiv welv³ KxUbvkK I wWwWwU eënvi K‡i, hv gvbe †`‡n

K¨vÝvi, ü`‡ivMmn wewfbœ †ivM m„wó K‡i|

M‡elYvMv‡i cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q evRv‡i Aew ’Z 93 fvM MvIqv wN, 92 fvM evUvi A‡qj, 100

fvM WvjWv, 92 fvM mqvweb I mwilvi †Zj ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y Lvevi Abyc‡hvMx|

GmKj ‡fvR¨‡Zj †L‡j wKWwb, wjfv‡ii K¨vÝvi nIqv I Mf© ’ wkï cÖwZeÜx nIqvi cvkvcvwk †c‡Ui

†iv‡M Avµvš Í nIqv mn bvbv ai‡bi RwUj e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš Í nIqvi Avk¼v LyeB †ewk| B`vwbs dv‡g©i

mv`v wWg jvj Kivi Rb¨ KviLvbvi welv³ WvB I is eënvi Kiv n‡”Q hv ¯v‡ ’i Rb¨ AZ¨š Í

ÿwZKi| Gme welv³ is wgwkÖZ Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Wvqv‡ewUK mn bvbv ai‡bi †ivM nq|

evRv‡ii 96 fvM Wv‡j i‡q‡Q †fRvj| Avg`vwbK…Z wbgœgv‡bi gmyi Wvj‡K †`wk Kivi Rb¨

ÔwbD‡ivUw·bÕ bv‡g †h ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi Kiv nq, Zv †`‡n cÖ‡e‡ki ci mœvqyZš¿ aŸsm K‡i

†d‡j| Avi ÔgvB‡KvUw·bÕ bv‡g Av‡iKwU †KwgK¨vj eëüZ nq hv K¨vÝvimn wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUj

†ivM m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GQvovI evRv‡ii †ewki fvM wgbv‡ij IqvUvi, Rym I †Rwj, AvBmwµg,

wgwó RvZxq Lvevi, PvBwbR BZ¨vw`‡Z wewfbœ ai‡Yi †KwgK¨vj eënvi Kiv nq, hv gvby‡li kix‡i

†ivM m„wó Kivi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|


234

Kg©cÎ-4

Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi nq †m¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK

eënv‡ii mZK©Zv I KiYxq w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

• • • • •

• • • • •

12.13 ivmvqwb‡Ki eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z Lv‡`ï ÿwZKi w`K

Negative Impacts of Chemical which is Used in Producing Food

gvby‡li cÖavb †g․wjK Pvwn`v n‡”Q Lv`¨| Lv`¨ Qvov gvbyl euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB memgq gvbyl Lv`¨

Drcv`b e„w×‡Z m‡Pó| Avi GB Rb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi ivmvqwbK eënvi K‡i _v‡K hv

gvby‡li Ges cwie‡ki gvivZ¥K ÿwZmvab K‡i _v‡K|

K…lKiv kvKkwâ, djg~jmn wewfbœ K…wlRvZ cY¨ Drcv`b ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi K‡i| GB ivmvqwbK

mvi cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k b`x-bvjv, Lvj-we‡j wg‡k hvq| Gi Kvi‡Y b`x-bvjvi A‡bK gvQ gviv hvq|

GB gvQ¸‡jv †L‡j gvbylI wewfbœ †iv‡M Avµvš Í nq| kvKkwâ I djg~j m‡ZR ivL‡Z Ges ªæZ

cvKv‡Z we‡µZviv K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBWmn wewfbœ welv³ †KwgK¨vj eënvi K‡i| Gme Lv`¨ MÖnY

Ki‡j wKWwb, wjfvi bó n‡Z cv‡i, †Pv‡Li `„wókw³ n«vm cvIqv QvovI K¨vÝv‡i Avµvš Í nIqvi

m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|

ïuUKx gvQ Drcv`‡b eëmvqxiv welv³ KxUbvkK I wW.wW.wU eënvi K‡i, hv gvbe‡`‡n K¨vÝvi,

ü`‡ivMmn wewfbœ RwUj †ivM m„wó K‡i| Rym, km, †Rwj, wewfbœ iKg †eKvix Lvevi, dv÷dzW

BZ¨vw`‡Z wewfbœ iKg is we‡kl K‡i WvB is eënvi Kiv nq hv gvbe †`‡ni Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ÿwZKi|

GBme Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j mivmwi wKWwb I wjfvi bó n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov K¨vÝvi, †c‡Ui cxov,

UvBd‡qW, fvBivm †ncvUvBwUm I Ab¨vb¨ RwUj †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv cÖej|

Avg `ªæZ S‡i bv hvIqv ev `ªyZ cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡g mvBcvi‡gUw_ªb I g¨vb‡Kv‡Ri eënvi Kiv nq|

G¸‡jv mxwgZ AvKv‡i eënvi Ki‡j Lye †ewk ÿwZKi bq| wKš‘ AwZwi³ †KwgK¨vj cÖ‡qvMK…Z Avg

†L‡j gvbe‡`‡n gvivZ¥K ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i| A‡b‡K Avg I Ab¨vb¨ dj `ªyZ cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ Kve©vBU

eënvi K‡i| GwU gvbe †`‡ni gvivZ¥K ÿwZmvab K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e cvKv‡bv dj-g~j †L‡j

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eZ©gv‡b ü`‡ivM, †÷ªvK BZ¨vw` e„w×i GKgvÎ KviY n‡jv Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b wewfbœ ivmvqwb‡Ki AZ¨waK

eënvi| Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b wewfbœ ivmvqwb‡Ki eënvi Kgv‡bv †M‡j gvby‡li †ivMe¨wai cwigvY 50%

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12.14 ÿwZKviK cwjw_b Drcv`b I eënv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv

The Bad Effects of Producing and Using Polythin

cwjw_b n‡”Q LwbR †Z‡ji DcRvZ| cwjw_b •Zwi nq Acwi‡kvwaZ LwbR †Zj †_‡K| cwjw_b

g~jK GKwU nvB‡Wªv-Kve©Y †h․M Gi AY y¸‡jv GZ k³fv‡e M„nxZ

_v‡K †h ÿwZKi ÿ z`ªvK…wZi dv½vm ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv I Gi †fZ‡i

cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j cwjw_b kZ kZ eQi a‡i GKBfv‡e

gvwUi Dc‡i ev wb‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i cwjw_b Ggb GKUv c`v_© hvi

m„wó Av‡Q wKš‘ aŸsm †bB| cwjw_b cPbkxj e¯‘i cPb wµqv eÜ

K‡i w`‡Z mÿg|

cwjw_b (Polythin)

cwjw_b GKcÖKvi •Re ivmvqwbK e ‘| eûmsL¨v Bw_b AYyi ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq GwU Drcbœ nq e‡j

G‡K cwjw_b (Poly = many) ejv nq| Z‡e G‡K cwjBw_wjbI ejv nq, KviY Bw_‡bi Avi GK

bvg Bw_wjb| mvaviYZ D”P Pv‡c I D”P ZvcgvÎvq Gi wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq, hvi ms‡KZ nj|

nH2C = CH2 Zvc

Pvc (− CH2 – CH2)n

Bw_b cwjw_b

cwjw_‡bi •ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Polythin)

†h ivmvqwbK eÜ‡bi d‡j cwjw_b MwVZ nq Zv Lye „p e‡j G eÜb evZv‡m I Rjxq AvenvIqvq I gvwU ’

†Kv‡bv e ‘i Øviv †f‡O hvq bv, hvi d‡j GwU gvwU‡Z wg‡k bv ev c‡P-M‡j hvq bv-g~jZ G Kvi‡YB

cwjw_‡bi eënvi gvivZ¥K ûgwK¯iƒc| cwjw_‡bi we‡kl ivmvqwbK •ewk‡óï Kvi‡YB GwU me©vwaK

eënvi‡hvM¨ cY¨‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

cwjw_‡bi we‡kl •ewkó¨ nj−

1. GwU cvwb I evqy wb‡ivaK|

2. gvwU‡Z wg‡k bv|

3. mn‡RB enb‡hvM¨, e¨qfvi I cÖ ‘Z LiP Kg wKš‘ ÿwZKi|

4. A‡bKw`b †UKmB nq e‡jB gvwU‡Z GwU wg‡k hvq bv Ges weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i|

cwjw_‡bi eënvi (Uses of Polythin)

Avgv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB cwjw_‡bi eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

nv‡U-evRv‡i wRwbmcÎ †Kbvi mgq cÖvq mK‡jB GwU eënvi K‡i| ZwiZiKvwi, gvQ, gvsm, wWg, Pvj-

Wvj BZ¨vw` evwo‡Z wb‡q Avmvi R‡b¨ cwjw_‡bi eënvi nq|

†gvUK_v, nvUevRvi Ki‡Z cwjw_b gvby‡li wbZ¨ m½x n‡q uvwo‡q‡Q| GQvov Km‡gwUK, B‡jKwUªK,

B‡jKUªwb·, Kvco †Pvco BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU cY¨‡ZB cwjw_b eënvi Kiv nq| GKmgq cwjw_‡bi eënvi

GZUvB e„w× †c‡qwQj †h, Zvi Avi wK‡b Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq wb| d‡j evRv‡i hvIqvi mgq †KD _‡j ev

e¨vM wb‡q hvqwb| KviY †`vKvb`vi wb‡RB webv cqmvq GK ev GKvwaK cwjw_b cÖwZwU ª‡eï mv‡_ w`‡q

w`Z| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl `xN© GK hy‡MiI †ewk mgq a‡i cwjw_b e¨v‡M Af¨ Í n‡q c‡owQj|


236

cwjw_‡bi ÿwZKviK w`K (The bad Effects of Polythin)

evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Zvi wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ªe¨-mvgMÖx †KbvKvUvq GKiKg cwjw_b wbf©i n‡q hvIqvq,

cwjw_‡bi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| d‡j GB cwjw_b eënv‡ii ci gv‡V-gq`v‡b, †Lvjv cwi‡e‡k, cyKz‡i,

b`x‡Z hÎZÎ †d‡j w`‡q cwi‡ek‡K µ‡gB wech©‡qi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| GB cwjw_b cwi‡e‡ki R‡b¨

KZUv fqvenfv‡e wech©qKi Zv gvbyl GLb wKQzUv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q| cwjw_b gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k bv e‡j

gvwU‡Z Zv R‡g gvwUi g~j •ewkó¨ †hgb bó K‡i †`q †Zgwb Gi De©iZvI bó K‡i †d‡j| cwjw_b cvwb

wb‡ivaK e‡j cvwbi ¯vfvweK wbtmiY NU‡Z †`q bv| d‡j iv ÍvNvU, b`xbvjvq cvwb R‡g wM‡q Rjve×Zv

m„wó K‡i| kn‡ii †Wªb I cqtwb®‥vkb cÖYvjx‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ Ki‡Q GB cwjw_b|

m‡e©vcwi cwjw_b †hme ÿwZ K‡i Zvi K‡qKwU w`K wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †Ìqv nj−

1. cwjw_b gvwU‡Z †g‡k bv e‡j gvwUi ¯vfvweK ¸Y bó K‡i †`q| gvwUi Ee©iZv kw³‡K aŸsm K‡i| d‡j

cwjw_b wgwkÖZ gvwU‡Z †hgb dmj djv‡bv m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb †Kv‡bv evwo-Ni wKsev `vjvb‡KvVv †ZvjvI

m¤¢e bq|

2. cwjw_b cvwb wb‡ivaK e‡j f~Mf© ’ cvwbi ¯fvweK cÖevn bó K‡i †`q|

3. Av‡m©wbK m„wói g~‡jI cwjw_‡bi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|

4. cwjw_b knivÂ‡j bvjv b ©gvi cvwb‡Z AvU‡K wM‡q `y‡f©v‡Mi m „wó K‡i|

5. b`xbvjvq cwjw_b R‡g µ‡gB b`xi bve¨Zv bó K‡i †d‡j|

6. b`-b`x, cyKzi BZ¨vw`‡Z gv‡Qi Pvl e¨nZ nq| d‡j gv‡Qi Drcv`b K‡g hvq| Gfv‡e cwjw_b

cwi‡e‡ki R‡b¨ weivU ÿwZKi| e ‘Z cwjw_b Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki kÎæ|

cwi‡ek ~lY I cwjw_‡bi eënvi eR©b

Avoding From Environment Pollution and using Polythin

cwi‡ek gvbe mf¨Zvi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| cwi‡ekB cÖv‡Yi aviK, Rxebxkw³i †hvMvb`vi| hy‡M hy‡M

cwi‡ek ev cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki m‡½ cÖvYxi gvwb‡q †bIqvi ÿgZvi Ic‡iB Zvi Aw ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj| cwi‡ek

cÖwZK~j n‡j Zvi aŸsm I me©bvk Aek¨¤¢vex| cwi‡e‡ki Ici m¤ú„³ n‡q gvbyl, Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi

Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U| ZvB cwi‡ek I gvby‡li g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GK wbweo †hvMm~Î| bvbv Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek ~wlZ

n‡”Q Gi g‡a¨ cwjw_‡bi eënviI GKwU| evsjv‡`‡k cwjw_b eënv‡ii e¨vcKZv GZB n‡qwQj †h,

evsjv‡`k miKvi Gi weiæ‡× eë ’v MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Qb| 2002 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K

miKvwifv‡e XvKv kn‡i cwjw_b eënvi wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq, Avi mviv evsjv‡`‡k 2002 mv‡j 1 gvP©

†_‡K cwjw_b eënvi wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq|

cwi‡ekB hw` webó n‡q hvq Zvn‡j gvbyl euvP‡e Kxfv‡e| evsjv‡`k c„w_exi GKwU Rbeûj †`k|

GLv‡b cwi‡ek wU‡K bv ivL‡Z cvi‡j gvby‡li `y‡f©vMB ïay evo‡e| d‡j evsjv‡`k RbMY AviI

Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡e|

Avgv‡ì KiYxq: cwjw_b mnRjf¨ Ges `v‡gi w`‡K w`‡q LyeB m Ív e‡j Gi eënvi GZ RbwcÖq| GB

cwi‡cªwÿ‡Z Avgiv hw` †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e cwjw_b †_‡K cybiveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Ggb †Kv‡bv e ‘‡Z cwiYZ

Ki‡Z cvwi hv mn‡R gvwUi mv‡_ c‡P-M‡j wg‡k hvq, Ges hvi Drcv`b LiP Kg Ges `v‡g m Ív, Z‡e

cwjw_‡bi weKí wn‡m‡e Zv Avgiv eënvi Ki‡Z cvie| myZivs G e¨vcv‡i miKvi I mswkøó weÁgn‡ji

fvev DwPZ| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvjq cwjw_b eënvi wbwl× Kivq †h mvnmx

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•`bw›`b Rxe‡b bvbv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK `ª‡eï eënvi µgkB evo‡Q| Gi Acwinvh© djkÖæwZ n‡”Q-

evqy, cvwb gvwU, Lv`¨`ªe¨ I RxweZ-†Kvl `~lY| M‡elK‡ì g‡Z, K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi `ªæZ cÖmv‡ii †cQ‡b

Ges Rb¥-msµvš Í bvbviƒc weK…wZ ev •eKj¨ evoevi g~‡j i‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡k Qwo‡q _vKv

bvbvwea ivmvqwbK `ªe¨| K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖ ‘Z wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_© †_‡K evqy Lv`¨`ªe¨ Ges cvwb

gvivZ¥Kfv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡bi cwi‡ek `~lY gvbemf¨Zvi R‡b¨ weivU ûgwK¯iƒc| ZvB

gvbemf¨Zv‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi mg Í cÖwµqv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

12.15 Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK eënv‡ii mZK©Zv I Kibxq w K¸‡jv

The Caution and Duties of using Chemical in Producing and Preserving Food

Lv`¨ gvby‡li Ab¨Zg †g․wjK Pvwn`v| GwU Qvov †Kvb gvbylB †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Lv`¨

Drcv`‡b I msiÿ‡Y wewfbœ iKg ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv n‡”Q hv gvby‡li ¯v‡¯’i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K

ÿwZKi| ZvB Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b I msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i

Drcv`bKvix, †fv³v Ges miKvi mevB‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|

wb‡gœ Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK eënv‡ii mZK©Zv I Kibxq w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y Ggb ai‡bi ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv DwPr †h¸‡jv gvby‡li †`‡ni

†Zgb ÿwZ mvab K‡i bv|

• wewfbœ dj cvKv‡Z †h ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv nq Zv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ djg~j cwic° nIqvi

Av‡M Zv msMÖn Kiv eÜ Kivi e¨vcv‡i Drcv`bKvix ev K„lK‡ì‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|

• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y †Kvb ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbqwgZ

cixÿvi Rb¨ BSTI Gi †jvKej evov‡bv DwPr hv‡Z K‡i Zviv wewfbœ ’v‡b Awfhvb Pvwj‡q

ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges eënviKvix‡K Dchy³ kvw Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• Lv‡`¨ ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv n‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KUv evRvi KwgwU wbR D‡`¨v‡M

cixÿvi eë ’v Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges evRv‡ii †Kvb m`m¨ hv‡Z ivmvqwbK wgwkÖZ cY¨ weµq bv K‡i

†mRb¨ Zv‡ì‡K DØy× Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi ciI hw` †Kvb m`m¨ ivmvqwbKhy³ Lv`¨ wewµ K‡i

Zvn‡j G‡Ì m`m¨c` evwZjmn Ab¨vb¨ kvw Íg~jK eë ’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• miKvi I AvBb-k„•Ljv evwnbx‡K gv‡S gv‡S åvg¨gvb Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g wewfbœ iKg Lv`¨

cixÿv K‡i ivmvqwbK Av‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| Avi hviv G ivmvqwbK eënvi Ki‡e

Zv‡ì‡K Zrÿbvr kvw Íi eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb& ai‡bi ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv hv‡e Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv

miKvi ev BSTI KZ…©K wewfbœ Drcv`bKvix‡K mieivn Kiv DwPr Ges cÖ‡Z¨K

Drcv`bKvix‡K D³ ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi Kiv DwPr|

• wewfbœ MYgva¨g ivmvqwbK eënv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i RbMY‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z

cv‡i| G wel‡q Zviv AbymÜvbg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK Gi weKí cÖvK…wZK †Kvb c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv

Kiv DwPr Ges cÖvK…wZK c×wZ eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`bKvix‡ì‡K DØy× Kiv DwPr|

m‡e©vcwi, Avgv‡ì †fv³v‡ì gvbwmK `„wófw½ cwieZ©b Kiv DwPr| Avgv‡ì‡K cÖwZÁv

Ki‡Z n‡e Avgiv ivmvqwbKhy³ †Kvb Lv`¨ µq I eënvi Ki‡ev bv|


238


1| eëmvq •bwZKZv Kx?

K. m‡PZbZvi mv‡_ eëmvq Kvh© m¤úv`b

L. b¨vq-bxwZ I AvBbMZfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv

M. cÖvwZôvwbK bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx eëmvq cwiPvjbv

N. mvgvwRK ixwZ c×wZ Abyhvqx Kvh© m¤úv`b

2| b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ cY¨ mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g eëmvq Kv‡ì cÖwZ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i?

K. kÖwgK-Kg©Pvwi‡ì cÖwZ L. †µZv I †fv³v‡ì cÖwZ

M. wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì cÖwZ N. miKv‡ii cÖwZ

3| DbœZ †`kmg~‡n eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva AwaK PP©v Kiv nq| d‡j−

i. myôzfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvwjZ nq

ii. my›ì eëmvwqK cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V

iii. w ’wZkxj A_©‣bwZK Ae ’v m„wó nq


K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii 4| eëmvq KZ…©K mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi d‡j cÖ_gZ Kx e„w× cvq?

K. gybvdv L. weµq M. mybvg N. mvg_©¨

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1| we ÍxY© GjvKvq †MvPviY f~wg _vKvq wmivRMÄ †Rjvi MÖvgvÂ‡j A‡bK evwo‡Z †QvU †QvU y» Lvgvi

M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖZvc †Nvl GKRb wi ª A_P mr ya we‡µZv| G Kvi‡Y mevB Zv‡K m¤§vb K‡i|

wZwb wmivRM‡Äi MÖvgvÂj †_‡K ya µq K‡i kn‡i ewo evwo †mB ya wkï Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e weµq

K‡ib| y‡ai Pvwn`v †e‡o †M‡jI wZwb †fRvj †gkvb bv| wZwb fv‡eb †fRvj wgwkÖZ ya cvb Ki‡j

wkïiv Acywó‡Z fzM‡e|

K. eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva Kx?

L. cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ewYK mwgwZi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. DÏxc‡K cÖZvc †Nvl eëmv‡qi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K D‡j øwLZ eëmvwqK Kg©KvÛ •bwZKZvi gvb`‡Û g~j¨vqb Ki|

2| wg. Kwig jÿ¨ Ki‡jb, ZzivM b`xi Pvicv‡k A‡bK wkí KviLvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gme

KjKviLvbvq †h eR©¨ m„wó nq Zv ZzivM b`x‡Z wM‡q c‡o, hv b`xi ¯vfvweK Ae¯’vi e¨vNvZ

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Kiv n‡”Q hv cuPbkxj bq| d‡j,Zv gvwU‡Z weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i‡Q|

K. eëmvwqK •bwZKZv Kx?

L. eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. DÏxc‡K KjKviLvbvi eR©¨ c`v_© cvwb‡Z wg‡k b`xi ¯vfvweK Ae¯’v bó Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb

`~lY `vqx? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Drcvw`Z cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi myweav‡_© †h c`v_©wU eënvi Ki‡Q Zvi bvg Kx? GwU

eënv‡i cwi‡e‡ki Dci †h weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j Zv we‡k ølY Ki| www.fa

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