7.1 Paul Martin, Dancing to the Organ, Lambeth, c. 1895. Gelatin dry plate. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

7.2 Arthur Radclyffe Dugmore, The Author and his Camera, from Camera Adventures in the African Wilds, 1910. Royal Geographical Society, London.

7.3 E. Alice Austen, An Organ-Grinder Couple, New York, 1896. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

7.4 Sigmund Krausz, Oh golly, but I’se Happy! Illustration from Street Types of Great American Cities, 1896. Private collection.

7.5 Jacob Riis, Bandits’ Roost, New York, 1888. Gelatin silver print from the original negative. Museum of the City of New York, New York.

7.6 Photographer Unknown, Dwelling interior from the Berlin Housing Enquiry, 1905.

7.7 Jacob Riis, Police Station Lodgers (Eldridge Street Station, an old lodger, and the plank on which she slept), c. 1898. Museum of the City of New York, New York.

7.8 Lewis W. Hine, A Madonna of the Tenements, c. 1911. Gelatin silver print on glass. George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.

7.9 Lewis W. Hine, Child in Carolina Cotton Mill, 1908. Gelatin silver print on masonite. Museum of Modern Art, New York.

7.10 Photographer Unknown, Female Employees at AEG, 1906.Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin.

7.11 Charles Dudley Arnold, Basin and the Court of Honor, 1893. Platinum print. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois.

7.12 Eadweard Muybridge, Untitled (Sequence photographs of a galloping horse), from La Nature, December 1878. Gravures.

7.13 Étienne-Jules Marey, Joinville Soldier Walking, 1883. Collège de France, Paris.

7.14 Paul Richer, Man Descending a Staircase, from Physiologie artistique de l’homme en mouvement, Paris, 1895.

7.15 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase #2, 1912. Oil on canvas, 58 x 35 in. (147.3 x 88.9 cm). Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania.

7.16 Thomas Eakins, Motion Study: George Reynolds nude, pole vaulting, 1885. Gelatin silver print. Philadelphia Museum of Art.

7.17 Anton Giulio Bragaglia, The Futurist Painter Giacomo Balla, 1912, from Fotodinamismo futurista, Rome, 1913.

7.18 Eadweard Muybridge, Ascending and Descending Stairs, from Animal Locomotion, plate 504, 1870s. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

7.19 Wilhelm Röntgen, Frau Röntgen’s Hand, 1895. X-ray. Deutsches Röntgen Museum, Remscheid, Germany.

7.20 Frank B. Gilbreth, Chronocyclegraph of Woman Staking Buttons, 1917. Gelatin silver print. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

7.21 Eduard Valenta & Josef Maria Eder, Frogs, 1896, from the portfolio Versuche über photographie mittlest der Röntgenschen Strahlen. X-ray. George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.

7.22 Photographer Unknown, Henry Morton Stanley and Kululu (detail), c. 1872. Albumen carte-de-visite. London Stereoscope Company, National Portrait Gallery, London.

7.23 Photographer Unknown, The Sons of the Cannibals Contemplating the Passion of the Redeemer, c. 1910. Postcard. Archivio Provinciale dei Padri Cappuccini, Milan, Italy.

7.24 Underwood and Underwood, Girls in a Village of East Equatorial Africa, 1909. Photo and copyright by Underwood and Underwood, New York.

7.25 Underwood and Underwood, The Dying Bugler’s Last Call – A Battlefield Incident, Gras Pan, South Africa, 1900. Stereograph, gelatin silver print Gernsheim Collection. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin.

7.26 John Davis, Samoa Princess Fa’ane, Apia, c. 1893. Albumen print on board. Phillips Library Collection. Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.

7.27 Photographer Unknown, Synoptic Table of Facial Expressions for the Purposes of Systematic Identification, according to Alphonse Bertillon’s system, n.d. Musée de la Préfecture de Police, Paris.

7.28 Clara Sheldon Smith, Claude F. Hankins: Murder, 1904. Arne Svenson Collection.

7.29 Francis Galton, Untitled, from Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, 1883.

7.30 James “Jimmy” Hare, Carrying out the Wounded During the Fighting at San Juan, c. 1914. Gernsheim Collection. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin.

7.31 Artist Unknown, Send them all Snap-shots from Home! from Amateur Photographer, August 2, 1915. Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham, England.

7.32 Photographer Unknown, Untitled (Soldiers in World War I trenches), n.d.

7.33 William Rider-Rider, Untitled (Devastation on the battlefield of Passchendaele taken with a panoramic camera), 1917. Imperial War Museum, London.

7.34 Photographer Unknown, Demonstration by Revolutionary Democrats, Petrograd, June 18, 1917. Silver bromide print. Saltykov- Shchedrin State Public Library, St. Petersburg, Russia.

7.35 Franz Boas and George Hunt, Untitled (Anthropologist Franz Boas, left, and photographer George Hunt hold up a backdrop for a photograph of a Kwakiutl woman in the process of cedar-bark weaving), n.d. American Museum of Natural History, New York.