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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
CONTENTS
RESOURCES
ACTIVITY
LINKS
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
Contents
Minerals
DefinitionComposition and arrangement
Classification
SilicatesNon-silicates
Identification
Properties
Extraction and uses
ExtractionUses
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Formation
Conditions
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
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Resources
What are minerals?
What are minerals like?
How are minerals formed?
How are minerals classified?
Physical properties of minerals
How are minerals extracted and used?
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Activity: What do you know about minerals?
Links
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
SEE ALLOTROPIC FORMS
What are minerals?
calcite
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naturally ocurringinorganic
homogeneoussolid substance
definite chemical composition
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
diamond
What are minerals?
Allotropic forms
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carbongraphite
inorganic
homogeneoussolid substance
definite chemical composition
calcite
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naturally occurring
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
What are minerals like?
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Are mineralspure substances?
Can the same mineral vary in colour?
How are mineralsarranged?
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are mineralsarranged?
What are minerals like?
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Yes, minerals are pure substances.
mixtures
Can the same mineral vary in colour?
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are mineralsarranged?
What are minerals like?
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Yes, impurities can cause different colours.
white quartz
rose quartz
smoky quartz
Are mineralspure substances?
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
What are minerals like?
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Arrangement
crystalline mineralsorganised structure
amorphous minerals unorganised structure
Agate (amorphous silicon dioxide)
Rock crystal (crystalline silicon oxide)
Are mineralspure substances?
Can the same mineral vary in colour?
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals extracted and used?
Mineral beds
Underground mine
Surface mine
“benches”
horizontal galleries
shaft
SEE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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SEE MINERALS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals extracted and used?
GO BACK
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What can be done?
Rivers and streams are polluted
Vehicles make a lot of noise. Traffic pollutes the air, soil and water.
Vegetation is destroyed
Dumps are created.
Mining and the environment
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals extracted and used?
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Before After
Environmental impact assessments
Mining projects
Remove waste materials
Cover mines with earth
Reforestation GO BACK
What can be done?
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals extracted and used?
Table salt
halite
Source of metals
galena
lead
cinnabar
mercury
Ceramics industry
clay minerals
pottery bricks tiles
Construction materials
gypsum
plaster
calcite
cement
quartz
glass
Jewellery
golddiamonds
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Minerals in everyday life
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals classified? Silicates. They contain oxygen and silicon.
quartz feldspar
olivine
white mica (muscovite) black mica (biotite)
clay minerals
orthoclase
mica
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals classified? Non-silicates. They do not contain silicon.
native elements
native gold native sulfur
oxideshematite
sulfates
barite
carbonates halides
cinnabar galena calcite halite
sulfides
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
halite
biotiteclay mineralsolivine
pyrite
Physical properties of minerals
colour
lustre
hardness
streak
cleavage
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quartz
hematite
muscovite
talcfeldspar
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
feldspar halite
biotiteclay mineralsolivine
pyrite
Physical properties of minerals
white or pink
white or yellowish
different colours black
white ortransparent
different colours
olive green
brassy yellow
COLOUR
lustre
hardness
streak
cleavage
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quartz
muscovite
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Physical properties of minerals
dull to glassy
colour
LUSTRE
hardness
waxy
metallic
glassy
streak
cleavage
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talcfeldspar
pyrite
quartz
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
Physical properties of minerals
MOHS SCALE
hardness 7
hardness 6
hardness 7
hardness 2.5
colour
lustre
HARDNESS
streak
cleavage
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feldspar halite
olivine quartz
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
Physical properties of minerals
colour
lustre
hardness
reddish streak
STREAK
cleavage
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MAP
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hematite
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
muscovite
Physical properties of minerals
colour
lustre
hardness
streak
CLEAVAGE
Mica cleaves in sheets.
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
Mohs scale
talcgypsum
1
2
3
4
5
67
8
9
10
calcite
fluorite
apatite
orthoclasequartz
topaz
corundum
diamond
Can be scratched with a fingernail
Can be scratched with a knife
Can be scratched with a piece of glass
Can scratch glass
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
3. Inside the Earth’s crust:
In solid rocks which undergo intense heat and pressure
2. Inside the Earth’s crust:
In a mass of melted rock
1. At the surface:
Crystallisation of substances dissolved in water
How are minerals formed?
2
• Components in the right amounts
• Heat and pressure
• Time (millions of years)
Certain conditions are necessary:
3
1
Stalactites formed by calcite
olivine (top); feldspar (bottom)
ENLARGE IMAGE
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
How are minerals formed?
• Components in the right amounts
• Heat and pressure
• Time (millions of years)
Certain conditions are necessary:
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↑ PRESSURE ↑ HEAT
TRANSFORMATION
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3
clay minerals
muscovites
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
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Interactive activity: What do you know about minerals?
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OPENOPEN
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10
Links
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GO TO WEBSITE
What is a mineral?
GO TO WEBSITE
Common minerals
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