The Situation of Geographic Base Data in Different Parts of the World

The Situation of Geographic Base Data in Different Parts of the World

Interexpo GeoSiberia Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 17 April , 2014

Presentation by Gottfried Konecny Leibniz University Hannover Germany

Content

1. Historical switch from paper maps (until 1970)to digital data files (from 1970 to 2000)to digital data bases (after 2000)

2. The predominantly graphic approach has introducedthe photogrammetric data acquisition to graphic data fileoperations, while the transition to data base orientationwas rather slow

3. This has led to CAD applications, not suitable for updating due to an abundance of feature codes, while an object orientedapproach in data bases with topological relations is required

4. But various national approaches show, that still not all idealopportunities have been followed in the design of data basesdue to mandate restrictions of the organizations involved inmapping or data base creation

1976Asia AirSurveysTopo Map1:2000

Examples are:

I. CAD Mapping of Kuwait (1980)

II: Urban Mapping in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1990-2010) both I. and II. are difficult to update, new approaches are:

III: ZABAGED of Czech Republic, a hybrid system

IV: The Ordnance Survey Master Mappredominance on topography at large scales (1:1000)excellent for interface with utilities, but no link to cadastre

V: The German AAA-Systempredominance on cadastre (and buildings as part) in 1:1000but weak on topography (scale 1:10 000)

VI: Fast approaches (Google Maps, Bingmaps, Yandex)(Google´s geometry weakness can be overcome by Google Ground Truth Program or by Yandex approach withgeocoding via high resolition satellite imagery)

Reduction of Feature Codes to aid UpdatingI. Kuwait

II. MOMRA, Saudi Arabia

II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia

II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia

II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia

II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia

From CAD to GeodatabaseII. MOMRA Saudi Arabia

1:1,000 Scale Orthophoto with Vector Overlay 1:1,000 Scale Orthophoto with Vector Overlay II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia

III. a hybrid approach:

In the Czech Republic the open access geoportal hasmade it possible to download from the web:

1. topographic vector data2. superimposed orthoimages with cadastral vector data3. CAD data with graphic annotations for cadastral survey

records

III. ZABAGED example of the Czech Republic Topography

III. Web Portal Orthoimagery and Cadastre

III. Cadastral Information superimposed on Orthophoto

III. Cadastral Information

Examples for object oriented systems are from:

IV. The Ordnance Survey of Great Brítain

V. The German State Survey and Cadastral Administrations led by the ADV

IV. Changing models of geographic information in the U.K.

Paper maps

1791-1971

Digital data files

1971-2001

Spatial database

2001-

IV. Geographical Information is going mobile

IV. Digital maps to a geospatial database

Land-Line OS MasterMap

• Digitised maps are insufficient for our customers’ needs today• Connecting information between databases is a key requirement• A referencing framework is needed• 2000-2001: re-engineered Land-Line so that all 230,000 digital maps

were integrated into one vast database of 423 million objects.

Polygonised

IV: Intelligent data

TOIDs

IV. Intelligent data

Rich object attribution

IV. Definitive map database

TITLE: 364TR/23TOID_COUNT: 3TOID: 1652783983768334 TOID: 1652783983768335TOID: 1652783983768336

TITLE: 364TR/23No: 2Street: Bystock CloseTown: Farnborough

TOID: 1652783983768334

TOID: 1652783983768335

TOID: 1652783983768336

Data Association

IV. Definitive map database

IV. Layers of OS MasterMap

Topography

Address

Integrated Transport Network

OS MasterMap Environment

Imagery

1 Million + features

26 Million + features

400 Million + features

Topography

Imagery

IV: OS MasterMap - The Future

Address Now

The Future

ITN

Boundaries

Height

Land Use

Pre Build

V. In the German AAA-System the main emphasis is on the cadastre:

1. It includes not only property boundaries, but also buildings

2. To the cadastre the topography is tied at a smaller scale

3. Urban topographic features at large scale are only includedas a municipal, but not national valiue added option

4. This is a deficit for integration with utility providers

5. But the AAA-System is a strong basis for governmentalagencies involved with cadastre and planning operations

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. on ‘Cadastral Standards’

In Germany

AAA-System

German Automated Integrated System of Control-Net (AFIS),

Cadastre (ALKIS) and Topography (ATKIS)

Working Committee of the Surveying Authorities of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany (AdV)

V. Documentation on the modeling of Geoinformation of official surveying and mapping in Germany

(GeoInfoDok)

V. Motivation

Topographic MapNumerical cadastre Land RegisterCadastral Map

Current Situation (Germany):

• Different data models and databases

• Partly redundant information

Integrated Model for Geoinformation

New Concept:• Integrated data model

• No redundancy

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. Reasons for Development of AAA

• Concept for ALK established during 70ties and 80ties • No harmonization of ALK and ATKIS as far as modeling of the

landscape is concerned• No constant object view• No appropriate description of data model (standards!)• No concept for description and integration of metadata• Missing concept for description of quality aspects

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. The German WayALK

Automated Real Estate Map

Quite a lot of redundant information

ALBAutomated Real Estate Register

Offical Topographic and Cartographic Information System ATKIS Geodetic Reference Points

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKISApplication Schema

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. Paradigm Shift

Since 1997: Concept of AdV for „Modelling of Geoinformation of the Official Surveying and Mapping“

Main topics:• Integrated maintenance of graphic data and descriptive data• Constant object view• Data maintenance without redundancies• User profile according to data protection legislation• Focus on customers• Economy of the concept

• Integration of Cadastre Map and Register (ALK and ALB) • Harmonisation of Cadastre and Topographic Mapping (ALKIS-ATKIS)

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

v. AFIS Official Reference Point Information System

– 2D geodetic control network– Height control network– Gravity control network – Reference positioning (SAPOS)

Spatial Reference System

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. ALKIS

Authoritative cadastral informationsystem• Real estate map• Real estate book• cadastral points

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS 38

V. ATKIS Authoritative Topographic-Cartographic

InformationSystem

– Digital landscape models (DLM)– digital topographic maps (DTK)– digital elevation models (DGM)– digital orthophotos (DOP)

3922.05.2008

V. Authoritative Topographic-Cartographic

Information System

Landscape

DTK

DLM

Orthoimage

DTM

4022.05.2008

V. The ATKIS-Concept

land-scape--------DGK5--------DOP

cartographicprocess

Symbol CatalogueRules for cartographic representation

of the information in the DTM

D DigitalT TopographicK Map

preparationfor output

Map

EDBS

Object CatalogueRules for depiction of topographic

information in the DLM

capturing &modelling

User of digital data

EDBS

D DigitalL LandscapeM Models

UniformDataBase

Interface

4122.05.2008

V. General Structure of the DLM-Object Catalogue (1)

attributes eg: road classification (WDM)

road3.101

path3.102

square3.103

road(complex)3.104

roadcentre line3.105

lane3.106

feature classes

groups of feature classesrailtraffic3.200

airtraffic3.300

shippingtraffic3.400

traffic buildings

3.500

roadtraffic3.100

domains of the feature classesfundamentalpoints1.000

settlement

2.000

transpor-tation3.000

vegetation

4.000

waters

5.000

relief

6.000

districts

7.000

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. Common AFIS/ALKIS/ATKIS- Data Model

non-georefe-renced object

combinedobject

georeferencedobject

identifier georeference

attributes

relationsLifetimeinterval

haslifetime

identified by

has lifetime

has lifetime

has attribute

isrelated to

identified by

is one of georeferencedby

is consisting of

specificobject

AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS

V. Harmonisation of Object CataloguesOnly one hierarchical structure for ALKIS, ATKIS and AFIS

Identical object view for:Land / current land useBuildings and structural facilities

TopographyTopographic names

Determinings in acc. with public lawAdministrative units

89 common objects in ALKIS and ATKIS21 special ATKIS-objects44 special ALKIS-objects

6 special AFIS-objects

4422.05.2008

L92

K31

5

5112

2111

2111

2111

2113

4107/1

4102

4108/1

4101

4101

4103

3101

/

1307

3102 3101/13063

101/1

305.

V. Modelling the landscape to digitize the Base-DLM

r.a.

path

Com

munity

road

crop land

decidious wood

residentialarea

garden-plot

meadow

lake crop land

industrial area

shrubbery

r.a.

state

road

district ro

ad

4522.05.2008

4102

Meadow4102

2114

2114

Area of public use2114

2113

2111

V. Modelling of Area FeaturesV. Modelling of Area Features

2111

Residential area2111

2113

Area of residentialand industrial use

2113

2222

Sports ground2222

4107

Forest4107

example for a value added map

ALK mit Stadttopographie, Delmenhorst

A value added map for street furniture

Stromleitungsdokumentation Stadt Han.-Münden

a value added map for utilities

VI. In countries with poor mapping infrastructure:

1. Maps at large scale (1:1000) are not available; a topo map hasthe scale of 1:50 000.

2. A Google Earth image has better information than a small scale map.

3. Yandex has shown the possibility for rapid and precise urbanmapping using:

a) high resolution satellite images (0.5m GSD)b) RPC data of the satellite image providers for rough geocoding

to better than 10mc) GNSS surveys on the ground for a limited number of control points visible in the satellite imageryd) extraction of identified objects (buildings, roads, rivers) via

with augmented accuracy GNSS surveys (better than 3m accuracy)

Google Earth Image

Conclusion:

1. Due to different administrative structures in the different countriesdifferent data models are used

2. None of the existing systems are ideal systems, which could beprovided by modern technology

3. But the optimization in effort and cost leads to different localimplementations

4. It is important to design geodata systems not only from theviewpoint of an organization in charge, but for the user communityat large

5. The data base design issue is often neglected and not properly discussed