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Flip BookBy: Shaina Painter & Alyssa Reitz
Cell
Cell nucleus
CellCell nucleus
Cell nucleus
Cell nucleus
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Strand of DNA
Promoter region
Starting codon
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
Starting codonCoding region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Step 1 RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it
Promoter region
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Step 2RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerase
mRNA strand
Step 3RNA polymerase reads DNA and creates mRNA
Promoter region
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Starting codonCoding region Termination
sequence
polymerasemRNA strand
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Step 4RNA polymerase hits stop codon and releases mRNA
Cell
Cell nucleus
Nuclear Pore
mRNA strand
Leaves nucleus
Cell
Cell nucleus
Nuclear Pore
mRNA strand Enters cytoplasm
Step 5mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm
Cell
Nuclear Pore
mRNA strand Enters cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Ribosome
Codon Codon CodonStarting Codon
U A G Anticodon
tRNAAmino Acid
Step 1 rRNA forms Ribosome
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U A C
MET
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
Step 2mRNA binds to the ribosome and starts to be read
U A C
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U A C
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U A C C A G
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C A G U A C
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U A C C A G
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C A G U U U
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C A G U U U
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C A G U U U
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U U U C G A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonU U
U C G A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C G A U U
U
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C G A U U
U A U G
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C G A A U G
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C G A A U G
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
A U G
A U G
Met VAL LYS ALA TYR GLU SER ISO VAL STOP
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U A G
C U A
Peptide bonds
Step 3 tRNA proofreads mRNA and transfers amino acids
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
U A G
C U A
Peptide bonds
Step 4amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bond
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon U A G
C U A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonU A
G
C U A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonU
A G
C U A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonU
A G
C U A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonU
A G
C U A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonU
A G
C U A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C U A G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonC U A
G C A
Stop Codon
Step 5ribosome hits stop codon and completes the protein
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon CodonC U
A
G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C U
A
G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
C U
A
G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
G C A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
G C
A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
G C
A
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G A
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Codon Codon Codon
In real life, there are thousands more of amino acids.
The amino acids are folded together to make the protein have an unique shape.
Transcription1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it2. RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA3. RNA polymerase reads DNA and creates mRNA4. RNA polymerase hits stop codon and releases mRNA5. mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm
Translation6. rRNA forms Ribosome7. mRNA binds to the ribosome and starts to be read8. tRNA proofreads mRNA and transfers amino acids9. amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bond10. ribosome hits stop codon and completes the protein
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