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Representing Translations on the Semantic Web. Elena Montiel-Ponsoda. ISWC2011
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Representing Translations on the Semantic Web
Elena Montiel-Ponsoda, Jorge Gracia, Guadalupe Aguado-de-Cea, Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Ontology Engineering Group (OEG)Facultad de Informática
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
http://www.oeg-upm.net
{ ti l j i l }@fi{emontiel, jgracia, lupe, asun}@fi.upm.es
The (Multilingual) Web of Data
• We know that the Web is multilingual….
• Is the Web of Data also multilingual?• Is the Web of Data also multilingual?• Ell, B., Vrandecic, D., and Simperl, E. (2011). Labels in the Web
of Data
1 language specified: 2.2%N l ifi d 0 7%
English: 44.72%German: 5.22 %F h 11%
Most usedlanguage tags:
N languages specified: 0.7%
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French: 5.11%
The (Multilingual) Web of Data
data.bnf.fr – Bibliothèque national de FranceGeoLinkedData.es – Spanish geospatial datap g pRechtspraak.nl – Netherlands Council of the JudiciaryFAO geopolitical ontology – with labels in en, fr, es, ar, zh, ru, it
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AGROVOC Linked Open Data – AGROVOC agricultural thesaurus
The problem
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Our proposal
• To propose a representation mechanism for explicitp p p p
translation relations between natural language
descriptions associated to ontology elements and data.
• To implement it as a metamodel in OWL offered as a
module of the lemon model, lexicon-ontology model to
account for the linguistic descriptions associated tog p
ontologies and linked data.
5
Outline
1. Current mechanisms for translation relations
2. lemon
3. Typology of translation relations
4 Proposed lemon module for translations4. Proposed lemon module for translations
Examples of use
5. Conclusions
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Outline
1. Current mechanisms for translation relations
2. lemon
3. Typology of translation relations
4 Proposed lemon module for translations4. Proposed lemon module for translations
Examples of use
5. Conclusions
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RDFS, SKOS
RDF(S), OWLifrs:FinancialAssets rdfs:label “financial assets”@en
RDF(S), OWL
rdfs:SubPropertyOf
SKOSifrs:FinancialAssets “financial assets”@en
skos:prefLabel
SKOS labels: prefLabel, altLabel & hiddenLabel.
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p ,
SKOS
SKOS enables a simple form of multilingual labeling:
ifrs:FinancialAssets “financial assets”@enskos:prefLabelp
“activos financieros”@esskos:prefLabel
What happens when we have more than one label perWhat happens when we have more than one label per language? Food and Agriculture Organization and FAO?
How can we create explicit links between labels?How can we create explicit links between labels?
Say that one is translation, acronym of the other?
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SKOS-XL
skosxl:LabelSKOS XLclass
skosxl:LabelSKOS‐XL
rdf:type
ifrs:FinancialAssets ifrs:FinancialAssetsLabelskosxl:prefLabel
skosxl:literalForm
“financial assets”@en
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SKOS-XL
rdf:type
skosxl:LabelSKOS‐XLifrs:FinancialAssets
skosxl:literalForm
ifrs:FinancialAssetsLabel1skosxl:prefLabel
“financial assets”@enskosxl:labelRelation
ex:isTranslationOfrdfs:subPropertyOf
ex:isTranslationOf
“activos financieros”@es
skosxl:literalForm
ifrs:FinancialAssetsLabel2
rdf:typeskosxl:prefLabel
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skosxl:Label
LIR
RiverENFR
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Limitations
Th l ti k! These solutions work! ……but with some limitations
Rigid models Simple translation relation insufficient for:p original vs. target label type of translation relation source of the translation adequacy or reliability of translations
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Outline
1. Current mechanisms for translation relations
2. lemon
3. Typology of translation relations
4 Proposed lemon module for translations4. Proposed lemon module for translations
Examples of use
5. Conclusions
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The lemon model
An RDF‐based ontology‐lexicon model for ontologiesAn RDF‐based ontology‐lexicon model for ontologies
Main features:
• Semantics by reference
• Rich lexical and terminological description of ontology elements
• Concise (i.e., trade off between complexity and expressivity)expressivity)
• Descriptive not prescriptive (i.e., uses data categories)
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• Modular and extensible
The lemon model
But this is also quite complex, isn’t it?Not so much… remember its
modular naturemodular nature
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The lemon model
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Outline
1. Current mechanisms for translation relations
2. lemon
3. Typology of translation relations
4 Proposed lemon module for translations4. Proposed lemon module for translations
Examples of use
5. Conclusions
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Typology of translation relations
Ontology Localization
Multilingual Ontology(an ontololgy in which labels are documented in multiple NLs)
b tbut…
Does a 1 to 1 correspondence between always exist?
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Does a 1 to 1 correspondence between always exist?
Typology of translation relations
Types of domains
CInternationalizedor standardized
domains
Culturallyinfluenceddomains
Types of conceptualizations
Conceptualizationsshared among the
Conceptualizations thatrepresent mismatchesshared among the
languages representedin the ontology
represent mismatchesbetween cultures and
languages
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Literal vs. Cultural equivalence Translation
Ontology A (German)
Ontology B (English)
Concept A Concept Bp p
Sparkasse German savings institution Savings bank
Literal translation Cultural equivalence
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translation
Outline
1. Current mechanisms for translation relations
2. lemon
3. Typology of translation relations
4 Proposed lemon module for translations4. Proposed lemon module for translations
Examples of use
5. Conclusions
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lemon module for translationsLexicon
language:String
LexicalEntry LexicalSense Ontology termreference
entryisSenseOf
sourceLexicalSense targetLexicalSenselexicalForm
translationOriginForm TranslationResource
representation:String confidenceLevel:double
CulturalEquivalenceTranslationLiteralTranslation q
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Example of literal translation
LEXICONEN
LexicalEntry LexicalSenseONTOLOGY“payment method”
http://purl.org/goodrelations/v1#PaymentMethods
Translation
p y
Translation
LexicalEntry LexicalSense
“medio de pago”
LEXICON
medio de pago
LEXICONES
Example of literal translation
LEXICONEN
LexicalEntry LexicalSenseONTOLOGY“Cabinet of Spain”
http://dbpedia.org/page/Consejo_de_Ministros
LiteralTranslation
p
LiteralTranslation
LexicalEntry LexicalSense
“Consejo de Ministros”
LEXICON
Consejo de Ministros
LEXICONES
Example of cultural equivalence translation
LEXICONEN
LexicalEntry LexicalSensehttp://www.oegov.us/democracy/us/core/owl/usgov#CABINET“Cabinet”
ONTOLOGY
LexicalEntry
CulturalEquivalenceTranslationCulturalEquivalenceTranslation
LexicalEntry LexicalSense
“Consejo de Ministros”
http://dbpedia.org/page/Cabinet_of_Spain
LEXICON ONTOLOGY
Consejo de Ministros
LEXICONES
Outline
1. Current mechanisms for translation relations
2. lemon
3. Typology of translation relations
4 Proposed lemon module for translations4. Proposed lemon module for translations
Examples of use
5. Conclusions
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Conclusions
Benefits of the approach: Direct explicit translations can be represented Direct, explicit translations can be represented Distinction between literal/culturally equivalent translation Translation metadata can be accounted for Moderate complexity Expressivity of lemon model Conceptual/lexical layers remain separate
Future work: Test this with more real examplesTest this with more real examples Algorithms to distinguish literal/culturally equivalent
translations
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Thanks for your attention!
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