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Biological Macroolecules
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
“Life is just a kind of chemistry, of sufficient complexityto permit reproduction and evolution.”
Cosmos:A Personal Voyage
Polymers
a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
New Oxford American Dictionary
Biological Polymers
ProteinsNucleic AcidsCarbohydratesLipids
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Proteins
Amino Acids
Figure 4-3 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
(c) Structural proteins: CollagenIs present in bones, tendons, and cartilage.
(a) Enzymes: Globular proteins called enzymes play a key role in many chemical reactions.
(f) Contractile proteins: Proteins called act in and myosin are present in muscles.
(e) Defensive proteins: White blood cells destroy cells without the proper identity proteins and make antibody proteins that attack invaders.
(d) Structural proteins: Keratin forms hair, nails,feathers, and components of horns.
(b) Transport proteins: Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Table 4-1 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Form-FunctionRelationship
ProteinStructureand Folding
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
N
N
N
NN
H
H
H
C
C
O
O
O
CC
C
C
CC
OC
NN
H H
C
OCC
OC
NN
H
OC
CC
H
O C
C
Secondarystructure
β-pleated sheet
α-helix
Tertiarystructure
Quaternarystructure
Amino acids
Primarystructure
O
Hierarchical Organization
Denaturation
On Food and CookingHarold McGee
NucleicAcids
Nucleotides
Page 57
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
P
P
Figure 4.12
Base Pairing
Page68_01
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Disaccharides
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharides
energy storagein plants
Starch{amylose
amylopectin
energy storage in animals
Glycogen
structurefor plants
Cellulose
structurein animals
Chitin
Lipids
Hydrophobic substancescan be dissolved in lipids.
Fatty Acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Glycerol
Glycerol
Triacylglyceride
Fat Molecule
Long-TermEnergy Storage
Phospholipids
CarbohydrateProteinFat
449
Calories per gram
On Food and CookingHarold McGee
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