- 1. Culture and change blindness Masuda, T. and R. Nisbett
(2006).Cognitive Science 30(2 ): 381-399.
2. Change Blindness
3.
- Rensink et al., 1997; Scholl, 2000
- Change Blindness Flicker paradigm (salient) (focal)
4.
- Nisbett and his colleagues (Ji, Peng, & Nisbett, 2000;
Nisbett, 2003; Nisbett, Peng, Choi, &
5.
6.
- First, East Asians aresocialized to attend to contexts ,
including both physical and socioemotional contexts.
- Second, as we will show later, there is evidence
thatAsian-built environments are more complexthan Western
environments.
7.
- Masuda and Nisbett (2001):
- (salient) I saw what looked like a trout swimming off to the
left.
- 60% I saw what looked like a stream; the water was green; there
were rocks on the bottom.
8.
9.
10.
- the original flicker paradigm (Rensink et al., 1997)
- focal objects contexual infomration
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
- A 2 (culture: Americans vs. East Asians) 2 (type of change:
object vs. context) analysis of
- variance(ANOVA)of reaction time for the identification of
changes.
20. (1) type of change FOs RT USAEA (2) EA Focal info.Contextual
info. 21.
- Levin & Simons, 1997; Simons & Chabris, 1999; Simons
& Levin, 1998
- Several researchers have investigated change blindness
forcontinuousmovement or dynamic stimuli in the real world.
22.
- Research in that paradigm finds American participants to be
more sensitive to changes in focal objects than to changes in the
periphery or context. We anticipated that this would be less true
for East Asians and that they would be more sensitive to context
changes than would Americans.
23.
- focal objects contextual information
- (clip 1 clip 2) clip 1 clip 2 ( )
24. Clip 1 25. 26. 20 27. Clip 2 28. 29. 20 30. Example of
changes in Focal and contextual information The airline logo and
the landing gear depicted in the left picture have been removed in
the right picture. 31. 32. computed the mean number of detections
of focal object changes and the mean number of detections of
context changes across all five scenes . 2X2 ANOVA (allocation)
33.
- Japanese participants were more likely than American
participants to detect changes in contextual information,F(1, 35) =
5.68, p < .03.
- American participants were marginally more likely than Japanese
participants to detect changes in focal object information,F(1, 35)
= 2.92, .05 < p < .10
34.
35.
36.
37. 38. 39. 40.
- A 2 (culture) 2 (object vs. context) ANOVA for the average
reports for the five scenes showed that there was a significant
interaction between culture and allocation of attention,F(1, 58) =
22.72, p< .001.
- Japanese participants were more likely to detect changes in
contextual information than were AmericansF(1, 58) = 16.17 , p <
.001.
- Americans were more likely to detect changes in focal object
information than the Japanese,F(1,58) = 5.63 ,p < .02.
41.
- The patterns forculturally neutral scenesandculturally specific
scenesweresimilar,with the exception that the difference in change
detection for focal objects for culturally neutral scenes was
slight and insignificant.
42.
- We also found a significant interaction between allocation of
attention and type of culturalscene,F(1, 58) = 128.62, p < .001
.
- (A three-way interaction was not statistically significant,F(3,
58) = 2.25, p > .10. )
43. : 44.
- Japanese participants detected changes incontextinformationmore
rapidlythan did American participants, whereas there was no
difference in how rapidly the two groups detected changes in object
information.
45.
- Americansdetected more object changesthan Japanese but that
Japanese detected far more context changes than object
changes.
46. (eye-tracking studies)
- They presented participants with a series of cartoon images,
consisting of a target figure in the center and four background
figures in the peripheral area, and asked participants to judge the
central figures emotion based on his facial expression.
47.
- East Asians were more likelythan their North
Americancounterparts to allocate their attention to the peripheral
figures facial expressionsand that their judgment were strongly
influenced by the changes in the background figures facial
expression.