South Asia Part 2

They recognize a single deity, and They recognize a single deity, and view other Gods and Goddesses as view other Gods and Goddesses as manifestations or aspects of that manifestations or aspects of that supreme Godsupreme God

The goal of Hinduism is to transcend The goal of Hinduism is to transcend the wheel of reincarnation and join the wheel of reincarnation and join with brahmanwith brahman

HINDUISMHINDUISM

HinduismHinduism 1 billion adherents of whom about 890 1 billion adherents of whom about 890

million live in Indiamillion live in India World's third largest religion after World's third largest religion after

Christianity and IslamChristianity and Islam Other countries with large Hindu Other countries with large Hindu

populations include:populations include: Nepal, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Indonesia and Indonesia and Malaysia. Malaysia.

MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISMMAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM

Three main ideas are important in Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion understanding the Hindu religion and the caste systemand the caste system

ReincarnationReincarnation KarmaKarma Dharma (ethics and duties)Dharma (ethics and duties)1.1. VegetarianismVegetarianism2.2. Kindness to animalsKindness to animals3.3. HumilityHumility4.4. NonviolenceNonviolence

PujaPuja or worship or worship CremationCremation of of

the deadthe dead Regulations of Regulations of

the the caste caste systemsystem

THREE BASIC PRACTICES

BuddhismBuddhism

ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISMORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM

Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 (563 - 483 B.C.)B.C.)

Emperor AsokaEmperor Asoka (3rd Century B.C.) (3rd Century B.C.)

E. J. PALKA

BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

Adherents objected to Adherents objected to

harsher features of harsher features of

HinduismHinduism Focuses on self-Focuses on self-

knowledge knowledge Elimination of worldly Elimination of worldly

desires, determination desires, determination

not to hurt or kill people not to hurt or kill people

or animalsor animals E. J. PALKA

BudhismBudhism

The goal of Buddhism is to reach The goal of Buddhism is to reach nirvana, enlightenment and the end nirvana, enlightenment and the end of suffering. of suffering.

Buddhism teach that desire causes Buddhism teach that desire causes suffering, so to end suffering desire suffering, so to end suffering desire must be endedmust be ended

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHSFOUR NOBLE TRUTHS1.1. Sorrow and suffering are part of all Sorrow and suffering are part of all

life.life.2.2. People suffer because they desire People suffer because they desire

things they cannot have.things they cannot have.3.3. The way to escape suffering is to end The way to escape suffering is to end

desire, to stop wanting, and to reach desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting.a stage of not wanting.

4.4. To end desire, follow the “middle To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and extremes of too much pleasure and desire.desire.

EIGHTFOLD PATH TO EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAYTHE MIDDLE WAY

Right understandingRight understanding Right purposeRight purpose Right speechRight speech Right conductRight conduct Right means of earning a livingRight means of earning a living Right effortRight effort Right awarenessRight awareness Right meditationRight meditation

Spread of BuddhismSpread of Buddhism

Asoka, a believer of Buddhism Asoka, a believer of Buddhism elevated the religion from obscurity elevated the religion from obscurity to regional and ultimately global to regional and ultimately global importance, a century after the importance, a century after the death of Buddhadeath of Buddha

Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asoka sent missionaries throughout the worldthe world

RELIGIOUS CONTRASTSRELIGIOUS CONTRASTS

ISLAMISLAM MonotheisticMonotheistic No idolsNo idols One sacred bookOne sacred book Uniform dogma - 5 pillarsUniform dogma - 5 pillars Intolerant (of other Intolerant (of other

religions)religions) Eat beef/Sacrifice cowsEat beef/Sacrifice cows Bury DeadBury Dead Social Equality (in theory)Social Equality (in theory) Theocratic societyTheocratic society

HINDUISMHINDUISM PolytheisticPolytheistic Many idolsMany idols Various sacred writingsVarious sacred writings Varying beliefsVarying beliefs Absorbed other religionsAbsorbed other religions Venerate cowsVenerate cows Burn dead (& alive)Burn dead (& alive) Caste separationCaste separation ““State” of secondary State” of secondary

importanceimportance

End of Part 1End of Part 1

POPULATION DILEMMA of South AsiaPOPULATION DILEMMA of South Asia

Second largest and the fastest-growing Second largest and the fastest-growing population of all world regionspopulation of all world regions

2006 estimate (1.47 billion)2006 estimate (1.47 billion) Annual increase 1.7 compared with China Annual increase 1.7 compared with China

(1.0)(1.0) India expected to be 1.63 billion by 2010India expected to be 1.63 billion by 2010 What are the challenges??What are the challenges??

Population ChallengesPopulation Challenges

1.1. Increase the foreign trade imbalanceIncrease the foreign trade imbalance

2.2. Overburdened educational system Overburdened educational system

3.3. young labor is lacking in skills, training, and young labor is lacking in skills, training, and work experience, and related productivity work experience, and related productivity has declined has declined

4.4. Worsened the average nutrition of the Worsened the average nutrition of the general public general public

Measures to Control PopulationMeasures to Control Population

1.1. Redistribution of the Redistribution of the population to places population to places outside cities, outside cities,

2.2. Export labor to oil-Export labor to oil-producing nations of producing nations of the Middle East and the Middle East and Africa to earn more Africa to earn more income for the foreign income for the foreign exchange exchange

Indian Economy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prMwTWOYDz8

Realm of PovertyRealm of Poverty

Realm of PovertyRealm of Poverty

Accounts for more than Accounts for more than ¹/5 the world’s ¹/5 the world’s population and ⅔s of its poorest inhabitants.population and ⅔s of its poorest inhabitants.

Its literacy rates are among the lowest in the Its literacy rates are among the lowest in the world.world.

Nearly half the population earn an equivalent Nearly half the population earn an equivalent of 1 US dollar a day.of 1 US dollar a day.

Realm of Poverty

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpm8cJQJOQw&NR=1

Realm of PovertyRealm of Poverty

Reasons for these Reasons for these problems:problems:

Mostly geographic –Mostly geographic –constitute 22 percent of constitute 22 percent of the world’s population the world’s population but just has only 3 but just has only 3 percent of its land area.percent of its land area.

Political problems.Political problems.

Controlling Homelessness

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74P4AskLvsQ

LanguageLanguage

28% URBANIZED28% URBANIZED India speaks 14 major and numerous minor India speaks 14 major and numerous minor

languages languages Hindi is the official languageHindi is the official language English is the lingua francaEnglish is the lingua franca

LANGUAGES

Hindi 320 m

Bihari 70 m

Marathi 67 m

Rajasthani 44 m

Gujarati 39 m

Oriya 31 m

Assamese 23 m

Sindhi 17 m

Sinhalese 13 m

Telugu 71m

Tamil 67m

Kannada 43m

Malayalam 35m

India Federal and FreeIndia Federal and Free Colonized by Britain Colonized by Britain

and became independent and became independent in 1947in 1947

Centrifugal forces that Centrifugal forces that threaten India's threaten India's democracydemocracy

India’s centrifugal forcesIndia’s centrifugal forces

Centrifugal forces of IndiaCentrifugal forces of India

Caste systemCaste system Hinduvta: This is a concept to make India a society Hinduvta: This is a concept to make India a society

in which Hindu principles prevail. The aims are toin which Hindu principles prevail. The aims are to

1.1. Impose Hindu curriculum on schoolsImpose Hindu curriculum on schools

2.2. Inhibit the activities of non-hindusInhibit the activities of non-hindus

3.3. Change the family laws in a way that would be Change the family laws in a way that would be unacceptable to Muslimsunacceptable to Muslims

Centripetal forces in IndiaCentripetal forces in India

1.1. Hinduism is a way of life and a faithHinduism is a way of life and a faith2.2. Diffusion of Hinduism brings a national coherenceDiffusion of Hinduism brings a national coherence3.3. Democratic institutionsDemocratic institutions4.4. Better communication- continuous circulation of Better communication- continuous circulation of

people, Ideas, and goods help bind the disparate people, Ideas, and goods help bind the disparate states togetherstates together

5.5. opposition to British rule, during colonial eraopposition to British rule, during colonial era6.6. Education ( literacy level between men and women Education ( literacy level between men and women

are almost the same ( 65.5% men and 54.3% are almost the same ( 65.5% men and 54.3% female)female)

India SikhIndia Sikh

Is a monotheistic Is a monotheistic religion religion

over 23 million over 23 million followers. followers.

Economic TransitionEconomic Transition

1992 Major economic structural adjustments 1992 Major economic structural adjustments reforms backed by the World Bank reforms backed by the World Bank

1.1. Privatization of IndustriesPrivatization of Industries 300 million affluent middle class-300 million affluent middle class-

contributory factorcontributory factor A mixture of traditional village farming and A mixture of traditional village farming and

modern agriculturemodern agriculture

India’s future???

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emfP5NT3kqY&feature=related

PakistanPakistan

PakistanPakistan The earliest urban The earliest urban

civilization in South Asiacivilization in South Asia South Asia’s Muslim South Asia’s Muslim

frontierfrontier The seventh largest armed The seventh largest armed

forces in the world andforces in the world and Declared nuclear weapons Declared nuclear weapons

statestate

PakistanPakistan Gained Gained

independence in independence in 1947 as east 1947 as east and west and west PakistanPakistan

East PakistanEast Pakistan

Political conflict in Political conflict in 1971 1971

East Pakistan declared East Pakistan declared Independence to Independence to become the People’s become the People’s Republic of BangladeshRepublic of Bangladesh

PakistanPakistan

From independence until From independence until 1958 Pakistan's capital was 1958 Pakistan's capital was Karachi in Sindh in the far Karachi in Sindh in the far southsouth

……. idea of building a new . idea of building a new capital in a different capital in a different location. location.

Islamabad is the capitalIslamabad is the capital

KashmirKashmir

1.1. Pakistan controls the northwest portion, Pakistan controls the northwest portion,

2.2. India controls the central and southern portion India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and

3.3. China controls the northeastern portion China controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract) (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract)

KashmirKashmir

KashmirKashmir

KashmirKashmir Kashmir one of the Kashmir one of the

world's most dangerous world's most dangerous territorial disputes ????territorial disputes ????

BangladeshBangladesh

BangladeshBangladesh One of the poorest and least developed countries on One of the poorest and least developed countries on

earthearth Population of 139.5 millionPopulation of 139.5 million Population growth rate is 2.2% per annumPopulation growth rate is 2.2% per annum Bangladesh is also susceptible to natural hazardsBangladesh is also susceptible to natural hazards Some of the natural Harzards include cyclone Some of the natural Harzards include cyclone

( Hurricanes)( Hurricanes) In 1991 it killed over 150,000 peopleIn 1991 it killed over 150,000 people

BangladeshBangladesh

Vulnerability of BangladeshVulnerability of Bangladesh

Low elevation of Low elevation of Southern BangladeshSouthern Bangladesh

DhakaDhaka

BangladeshBangladesh It is a dominantly Muslim It is a dominantly Muslim

societysociety The major conflict with The major conflict with

India is over the control of India is over the control of the Ganges river,the Ganges river,

Ganges contolled by India Ganges contolled by India but remains Bangladesh’s but remains Bangladesh’s main source of water main source of water supply.supply.

The Mountainous North-The Mountainous North-NepalNepal

Nepal has a population of 25 millionNepal has a population of 25 million It is also a poor countryIt is also a poor country Nepalese are people of many sources: India, Tibet, Nepalese are people of many sources: India, Tibet,

and Interior Asiaand Interior Asia The capital is KathmanduThe capital is Kathmandu 90% are Hindu90% are Hindu Hinduism in Nepal is a blend of Hindu and Buddhist Hinduism in Nepal is a blend of Hindu and Buddhist

idealsideals 90% of the people speak Nepali, a language related to 90% of the people speak Nepali, a language related to

India HindiIndia Hindi

Sri LankaSri Lanka Known as Ceylon before 1972Known as Ceylon before 1972 Became Independent from the British in 1948Became Independent from the British in 1948 It is neither a Hindi or Muslim countryIt is neither a Hindi or Muslim country Population 19 millionPopulation 19 million 70% of the population are Buddhists70% of the population are Buddhists

BhutanBhutan

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