The Flora of Southern Illinois - Lecture 1

The Flora of Southern IllinoisPLB 451

June 20th, 2015 Instructor: Christopher David Benda

Camel Rock at Garden of the Gods Wilderness

Plant Ecologist Illinois Natural History SurveyPresidentIllinois Native Plant SocietyInstructor, Flora of Southern Illinois Southern Illinois UniversityInstructor, Tree ID and EcologyThe Morton ArboretumTechnical Expert ConsultantIllinois Endangered Species Protection Board

CHRISTOPHER DAVID BENDA, M.S.

Illinois Botanizer

Facebook Group

Illinois Botany

Illinois Native Plant Society

www.ill-inps.org

Illinois Natural Areas Inventory

Category I – High Quality Natural Communities

0.07% in a natural condition

Southern Illinois Natural Communities

FORESTUpland Forest

• Xeric• Dry• Dry-mesic• Mesic

Floodplain Forest• Mesic• Wet-mesic• Wet

Flatwoods• Southern Flatwoods

SAVANNABarren

• Dry Barren• Dry-mesic Barren• Mesic Barren

PRAIRIE• Loess Hill Prairie• Glacial Drift Hill Prairie

WETLANDSwamp

• Swamp• Shrub Swamp

Seeps and Springs• Seep • Acid Gravel Seep

OPEN WATER• Pond

STREAM• Small, Medium, Large

• High, Medium, Low Gradient

BEDROCK

Glades• Sandstone Glade• Limestone Glade• Shale Glade

Cliff• Dry Sandstone Cliff• Mesic Sandstone Cliff• Dry Limestone Cliff• Mesic Limestone Cliff• Sandstone Overhang

CULTURAL

Natural Community Soil Moisture Gradient

XericDry

Dry-mesicMesic

Wet-mesicWet

Hydric

The Flora of Southern Illinois

Go over syllabusIcebreaker Exercise

Plant Resources for Southern Illinois

Field Guide Books & Websites

Plant Resources for Southern Illinois

Field Guide Books & Websites

Simple leaf, magnolia

a. Simple versus compound leaves

Pinnately compound leaf,black walnut

Palmately compound leaf,buckeye

b. Arrangement of leaves on stem

Opposite leaves, maple

Whorled leaves,bedstraw

Alternate leaves,American beech

Leaf Characteristics

Simple leafMagnolia

petiole

Palmately compound leafOhio Buckeye

Aesculus glabra

Pinnately compound leafBlack Walnut

Alternate leavesAmerican beech

Whorled leavesBedstraw

Galium pilosum

Galium aparine

Opposite leavesMaples

MADCapBuckHorse

Exceptions to the rule:1. Bladdernut2. Euonymous (Wahoo)3. Wild Hydrangea4. Catalpa5. Buttonbush4. Catalpa5. Buttonbush

petiole

vs. petiolul

evs.

rachis

stipulevs.

stipel

Basic Flower Anatomy

• The male part is termed the Stamen, which consists of the anther and filament.

• The female part is the Carpel, which consists of the stigma, style and ovary.

Flower Structure

Perfect(bisexual flowers)

Vs. Imperfect

(unisexual flowers)

Perfect Flowers

• Flowers containing BOTH male (stamen) and female (carpel) sexual parts.

• Automatically monoecious

Imperfect Flowers• Flowers containing the reproductive

parts of only one sex.• These imperfect flowers may be on

the same plant (monoecious), • or on separate plants (dioecious)

Sparganium eurycarpum Thalictrum dioicum

Monoecious(one house)

Vs. Dioecious

(two houses)

Imperfect

flowersStaminate

Vs. Pistillate

Typha angustifolia

staminate

pistillate

Imperfect, monoecious

Imperfect, dioecious

Carex grayi Thalictrum dioicum

pedunclevs.

pedicel

Obligate(requires a specific habitat for survival)

Vs. Facultative

(requires a general habitat for survival)

Plant Taxonomy• Non-Vascular

• Early Plants (spores)• Archaeplastida (algae)• Bryophyta (mosses)• Marchantiophyta (liverworts)• Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

• Vascular• Seedless plants

• Pteridophyta (Ferns)• Fern Allies

• Equisetaceae (Horsetail)• Isoetaceae (Quillwort)• Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss)• Marsileaceae (Water-Clover)• Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss)

• Seed Plants• Gymnosperms (Conifers/Evergreens)

• Juniperus, Pinus, Taxodium• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

• Monocots (Orchids, Lilies, Irises, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, aquatic plants)• Dicots (most other flowering plants)

Sphagnum Moss – Sphagnum compactum

Non-Vascular Plants

Ferns

Spleenwort Fern - Asplenium platyneuron

Spleenwort Fern - Asplenium pinnatifidum

Walking Fern – Asplenium rhizophyllum

Maidenhair Spleenwort Fern – Asplenium trichomanes

Maidenhair Fern – Adiantum pedatum

Mosquito Fern – Azolla mexicana

Netted Chain Fern – Woodwardia areolata

Sensitive Fern – Onoclea sensibilis

Lady Fern – Athyrium filix-femina

Bladder Fern – Cystopteris bulbifera

Silvery Spleenwort – Deparia acrostichoides

Gladefern– Diplazium pycnocarpon

Marginal Shield Fern – Dryopteris marginalis

Spinulose Woodfern – Dryopteris carthusiana

Common Woodsia Fern – Woodsia obtusa

Grape Fern – Sceptridium dissectum

Adder’s Tongue Fern – Ophioglossum vulgatum

Royal Fern – Osmunda spectabilis

Resurrection Ferns – Polypodium virginianum and Pleopeltis polypodioides

Hairy Lip Fern – Cheilanthes lanosa

Purple Cliffbrake Fern – Pellaea atropurpurea

Broad Beech Fern – Phegopteris hexagonoptera

Scouring Rush – Equisetum hyemale

Quillwort– Isoetes melanopoda

Shining Clubmoss – Huperzia lucidula

Gymnosperms Vs.

Angiosperms

• plants that don’t produce a protective fruit around the seed.

• all the conifers - pines, cedar, tamarack, yew, and cypress.

Gymnosperms (“naked seed”)

Pinus echinata Taxodium distichum

Larix laricina

Red Cedar - Juniperus virginiana

• flowering plants where the seed is encased in a protective fruit.

• This is the dominant group of plants on Earth today.

Angiosperms (“hidden seeds”)

AngiospermsMonocot

Vs.Dicot

One cotyledon in seed

Leaf veins form a parallel pattern

Flower parts in threes and multiples of three, irregular (nonsymmetrical)

Two cotyledons in seed

Leaf veins form a net pattern

Flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples

Dichotomous Keys and

Plant Collections

Dichotomous key demonstration

Erigenia linkhttp://www.ill-inps.org/Erigenia

T & E Species Linkhttp://

www.dnr.illinois.gov/ESPB/Documents/2015_ChecklistFINAL_for_webpage_051915.pdf

Binomial Nomenclature

“The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their rightful names.”

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Animalia Cordata Reptilia Testudines Emydidae Emydoidea E. blandingii

Latin PronunciationPronounce every letter except diphthongs

Echinacea, Tradescantia, Opuntia, Ambrosia“ch” is a “k” sound

Polystichum, Heuchera, AristolochiaIf a word has two syllables, the accent always goes with the next to the last (called the penult);

e.g., Àcer.If a word has three or more syllables, the accent always goes either with the next to the last (penult) or the third from the last (called the antepenult).

Synandra hispidula, Onoclea sensibilis, Liriodendron tulipifera phyllum – rhizophyllum, Podophyllum, triphyllum

ae Pellaea, Arisaema, Chamaecristaau Daucus carotaEu Teucrium, LeucanthemumOe (phoebe), Platanthera peramoena, IpomoeaUi Equisetum

“oi” is not a diphthong!Pleopeltis polypodioides

Pronounce when ending with “e”Silene, canadense, sessile, hyemale

Latinized last names (one or two i’s) Dodecatheon frenchii, Emydoidea blandingii

Most trees have been feminized!Quercus rubra, Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus americana

Latin Pronunciation

English pronunciation of vowels

A – E – I – O - ULatin pronunciation of

vowelsAh – Eh – EE – Oh - OO

Gee whiz?! informationIf you can’t tell a joke about it, explain where the name comes

from, or tell story about the plant then:

WHO CARES!!!

Plant HumorHow can you ID a dogwood

tree?

By its bark!

Illinois Glaciation

Natural Areas in Southern Illinois

109 sites

Shawnee Hills & Shawnee Nat’l Forest

BREAK

Common Plant Families

AngiospermsDicots and Monocots

DICOTS

Coefficient of Conservatism

The native species most successful in badly damaged habitats were given C

values of 0. At the other end of the spectrum, species virtually restricted to natural areas in Illinois received C

values of 10. (Taft et al. 1997)

Further reading http://

www.conservationresearchinstitute.org/assets/illinoisfqa.pdfhttp://

www.fws.gov/verobeach/Home/S1029%20Mortellaro%20monograph.pdf

Araliaceae (Spikenard family)

Wild Ginseng Panax quinquefolia

Wild Petunia - Ruellia sp.

Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)

Water Willow – Justicia americana

Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)

Apiaceae (Carrot family)

Zizia aurea Osmorhiza claytonii

Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family)

Wild Ginger – Asarum canadense

Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family)

Mead’s Milkweed – Asclepias meadii

Asclepias tuberosa & A. perennis

Asclepias syriaca & A. variegata

Asclepias exaltata & A. purpurescens

Asclepias hirtella & A. verticillata

Asclepias incarnata

Asclepias sullivantii

Asclepias quadrifolia

Asclepias viridiflora & A. viridis

Climbing Milkweed – Matelea gonocarpos

Climbing Milkweed – Matelea obliqua

Asteraceae (Composite family)

Helenium autumnale

Leucanthemum vulgare

Prairie Dock - Silphium terebinthinaceum

Blazing Stars – Liatris scabra & aspera

False Dandelion - Krigia biflora

Pussytoes – Antennaria parlinii

Boraginaceae (Borage family)

Lithospermum canescens

Lithospermum latifolium & Mertensia virginica

Heliotropium indicum & Cynoglossum virginianum

Marbleseed – Onosmodium molle var. hispidissimum

Brassicaceae (Mustard family)

Dentaria laciniata & Cardamine bulbosa

Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Opuntia humifusa

Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)

Lobelia cardinalis & Lobelia puberula

Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)

Lobelia spicata & Lobelia siphilitica

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Lonicera reticulata

Elderberry – Sambucus canadensis

Coralberry – Symphoricarpus orbiculatus

Rusty Black Haw – Viburnum rufidulum

Caryophyllaceae (Pink family)

Stellaria longifolia

Silene stellata

Fire Pink – Silene virginica

Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory family)

Calystegia sepium Ipomoea pandurata

Flowering Dogwood – Cornus florida

Cornaceae (Dogwood family)

Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)

Sedum pulchellum

Wild Orpine - Sedum telephioides

Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family)

Sicyos angulatus

Cuscutaceae (Dodder family)

Cuscuta gronovii

Ericaceae (Heath family)

Chamaedaphne calyculata

Wild Azalea - Rhododendron prinophyllum

Farkleberry – Vaccinium arboreum

Lowbush Blueberry - Vaccinium pallidum

Vaccinium venation

Vaccinium arboreum

Vaccinium stamineum

Vaccinium pallidum

Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)

Euphorbia corollata

Acalypha gracilens

Rushfoil – Crotonopsis elliptica

Fabaceae (Pea family)

Lotus corniculatus Tephrosia virginiana

Pencil Flower - Stylosanthes biflora

Caesalpiniaceae (Caesalpinia family)

Chamaecrista fasciculata

Senna marilandica

Redbud - Cercis canadensis

Blackjack Oak - Quercus marilandica

Fagaceae (Beech family)

Post Oak - Quercus stellata

Rock Chestnut Oak - Quercus prinus

Gentianaceae (Gentian family)

Obolaria virginica

Gentiana andrewsii

Wild Columbo – Frasera caroliniensis

Hippocastanaceae (Horse Chestnut family)

Aesculus pavia Aesculus glabra

Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort family)

Hypericum prolificumAscyrum multicaule

Pineweed - Hypericum gentianoides

Lamiaceae (Mint family)

Bee-balm - Monarda bradburiana & fistulosa

Pagoda Plant – Blephilia hirsuta

Wild Oregano (Dittany) – Cunila origanoides

Skullcaps – Scutellaria sp.

Blue Curls - Trichostema dichotomum

Loganiaceae (Logania family)

Indian Pink - Spigelia marilandica

Lythraceae (Loosestrife family)

Ammannia coccinea

Decodon verticillatus

Magnoliacaeae (Magnolia family)

Magnolia acuminata

Tulip Tree – Liriodendron tulipifera

Melastomaceae (Meadow Beauty family)

Rhexia virginica

Malvaceae (Mallow family)

Hibiscus lasiocarpos

Nelumbo lutea

Nelumbonaceae (Water Lotus family)

Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family)

Oenothera linifoliaLudwigia alternilfolia

Oenothera pilosella & O. fruticosa

Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family)

Orobanche unifloraEpifagus virginiana

Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)

Phlox bifida

Polygonaceae (Smartweed family)

Persicaria coccineaPersicaria amphibia

Virginia Knotweed - Antenoron virginianum

Portalacaceae (Purslane family)

Phemeranthus parviflorus

Dodecatheon frenchii, Steironema ciliatum, & Hottonia inflata

Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)

Delphinium tricorne Ranunculus septentrionalis

Aquilegia canadensis & Thalictrum dioicum

Goldenseal – Hydrastis canadensis

Rosaceae (Rose family)

Potentilla simplex Rosa setigera

Carolina Rose - Rosa carolina

Indian Physic – Porteranthus stipulatus

Rubiaceae (Madder family)

Diodia teresGalium aparine

Houstonia lanceolata & H. pusilla

Partridge-berry – Mitchella repens

Buttonbush – Cephalanthus occidentalis

Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)

Small-flowered Alumroot - Heuchera parviflora

Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon family)

Physostegia virginiana

Penstemon pallidus

Castilleja coccinea & Chelone obliqua

Mimulus alatus & Veronicastrum virginicum

Ulmaceae (Elm family)

Winged Elm - Ulmus alata

Urticaceae (Nettle family)

Boehmeria cylindrica & Laportea canadensis

Valerianaceae (Valerian family)

Valeriana pauciflora & Valerianella radiata

Violaceae (Violet family)

Viola palmata

Viola striata & V. pubescens

Bird’s-foot Violet - Viola pedata

MONOCOTS

Agavaceae (Agave family)

American Agave - Manfreda virginiana

Arrowhead - Sagittaria latifolia

Alismataceae (Water Plantain family)

Spider Lily – Hymenocallis caroliniana

Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis family)

Araceae (Arum family)

Arisaema dracontium & A. triphyllum

Araceae (Arum family)

Symplocarpos foetidus & Peltrandra virginica

Commelinaceae (Dayflower family)

Tradesantia subaspera & Commelina communis

Cyperaceae (Sedge family)

Carex grayi & Carex davisii

Iridaceae (Iris family)

Iris fulva & Iris schrevei

Blue-eyed Grass – Sisrhynchium albidum

Juncaceae (Rush family)

Luzula multiflora & Juncus balticus

Sedges Vs.

RushesVs.

Grasses

Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have joints when the cops

aren’t around!

Sedges vs. Rushes vs. Grasses

Sedges (Cyperaceae) have one bract subtending each flower, tristichous leaves (though some are round)Grasses (Poaceae) have two bracts subtending each flower (palea and lemma), distichous leaves, hollow stemRushes (Juncaceae) have six petals/sepals (called tepals) that subtend a capsule, leaves reduced or absent, pithy stem

Sedges vs. Rushes vs. Grasses

Juncaceae (Rush family)

Juncus tenuis

Liliaceae (Lily family)

Erythronium americanum Lilium michiganense

Alliaceae (Onion family)

Wild Leek – Allium tricoccum

Wild Onion – Allium cernuum

False Garlic – Nothoscordum bivalve

Colchicaceae (Colchicicum family)

Bellwort – Uvularia grandiflora

Hyacinthaceae (Hyacinth family)

Wild Hyacinth – Camassia scilloides

Ruscaceae (Ruscus family)

Smilacina racemosa

Polygonatum biflorum

Trilliaceae (Trillium family)

Trillium flexipes

Trillium recurvatum

Melanthiaceae (Melanthium family)

Melanthium virginicum

Pontederiaceae (Pickerelweed family)

Pickerelweed – Pontederia cordata

Cypripedium pubescens & Calopogon oklahomensis

Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Spring Coralroot Orchid - Corallorhiza wisteriana

Crested Coralroot Orchid– Hexalectris spicata

Cranefly Orchid -Tipularia discolorAdam & Eve Orchid – Aplectrum

hyemale

Galearis spectabilis & Goodyera pubescens

Twayblade Orchid – Liparis lilifolia

Platanthera peramoena & P. flava var. flava

Spiranthes vernalis & S. cernuus

Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Triphora trianthophora & Isotria verticillata

Poaceae (Grass family)

Large Fruited Panic Grass – Dichanthelium boscii

Poverty Oats Grass - Danthonia spicata

Japanese Stiltgrass – Microstegium vimineum

Smilacaceae (Greenbrier family)

Greenbrier – Smilax ecirrhata

Sparganiaceae (Bur-reed family)

Sparganium eurycarpum

Typhaceae (Cattail family)

Typha angustifolia & T. latifolia

Southern Illinois Natural Areas

Field Schedule

Fern Rocks Nature Preserve

Camp Ondessonk – Pakentuck

Camp Ondessonk

Little Grand Canyon

Wild Leek – Allium triccocum

Bishop’s Cap - Mitella diphylla

Forbe’s Saxifrage – Saxifraga forbesii

Rothrock Prairie

Rothrock Prairie

Heron Pond Nature Preserve

Simpson Township Barrens

Bell Smith Springs

Cave Creek Glade Nature PreserveJune 2010

Full Glorious Bloom!!!

Cave Creek Glade Nature PreserveJune 2011

Pale Purple Coneflower - Echinacea simulata

Pale Purple Coneflower - Echinacea simulata

Blue Sage – Salvia azurea var. grandiflora

Round Bluff Nature Preserve

Exams• One 100 point exam each week• 25 questions relating to information presented in class (50 pts)

• 25 plant identification questions (50 pts)– You can use your notes– Scientific names only and must be spelled

correctly!• You cannot make up field portion of exam if you miss class

Field Notebook for Each Class

•Date•Site•County•Ownership•Natural Division•Natural Community Type(s)

Field Notebook for Each Plant• Plant name (scientific and common)• Plant family• Synonyms• Meaning of scientific name• Monoecious or dioecious• Imperfect vs. perfect flowers• General group (grass, forb, fern, tree)• Leaf arrangement, type, and margin• Flower color• CC value (native vs. non-native)• Habitat • How to ID (terminology)• Other species in same genus/similar species• Plant humor/folklore/uses/medicinal/edible

• Quercus alba• White Oak• Fagaceae (Beech family)• None• Quercus = latin for oak, alba = latin for white• Monoecious• Imperfect flowers• Woody plant, tree• Alternate, simple, lobed• Brown• C value = 5, native • Upland forests• White oak group without bristle tips, leaves with

rounded lobes and no hairs, light colored bark• Illinois state tree, produces acorns after one year,

important oak to Native Americans.

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