Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Flora of Southern IllinoisPLB 451
June 20th, 2015 Instructor: Christopher David Benda
Camel Rock at Garden of the Gods Wilderness
Plant Ecologist Illinois Natural History SurveyPresidentIllinois Native Plant SocietyInstructor, Flora of Southern Illinois Southern Illinois UniversityInstructor, Tree ID and EcologyThe Morton ArboretumTechnical Expert ConsultantIllinois Endangered Species Protection Board
CHRISTOPHER DAVID BENDA, M.S.
Illinois Botanizer
Facebook Group
Illinois Botany
Illinois Native Plant Society
www.ill-inps.org
Illinois Natural Areas Inventory
Category I – High Quality Natural Communities
0.07% in a natural condition
Southern Illinois Natural Communities
FORESTUpland Forest
• Xeric• Dry• Dry-mesic• Mesic
Floodplain Forest• Mesic• Wet-mesic• Wet
Flatwoods• Southern Flatwoods
SAVANNABarren
• Dry Barren• Dry-mesic Barren• Mesic Barren
PRAIRIE• Loess Hill Prairie• Glacial Drift Hill Prairie
WETLANDSwamp
• Swamp• Shrub Swamp
Seeps and Springs• Seep • Acid Gravel Seep
OPEN WATER• Pond
STREAM• Small, Medium, Large
• High, Medium, Low Gradient
BEDROCK
Glades• Sandstone Glade• Limestone Glade• Shale Glade
Cliff• Dry Sandstone Cliff• Mesic Sandstone Cliff• Dry Limestone Cliff• Mesic Limestone Cliff• Sandstone Overhang
CULTURAL
Natural Community Soil Moisture Gradient
XericDry
Dry-mesicMesic
Wet-mesicWet
Hydric
The Flora of Southern Illinois
Go over syllabusIcebreaker Exercise
Plant Resources for Southern Illinois
Field Guide Books & Websites
Plant Resources for Southern Illinois
Field Guide Books & Websites
Simple leaf, magnolia
a. Simple versus compound leaves
Pinnately compound leaf,black walnut
Palmately compound leaf,buckeye
b. Arrangement of leaves on stem
Opposite leaves, maple
Whorled leaves,bedstraw
Alternate leaves,American beech
Leaf Characteristics
Simple leafMagnolia
petiole
Palmately compound leafOhio Buckeye
Aesculus glabra
Pinnately compound leafBlack Walnut
Alternate leavesAmerican beech
Whorled leavesBedstraw
Galium pilosum
Galium aparine
Opposite leavesMaples
MADCapBuckHorse
Exceptions to the rule:1. Bladdernut2. Euonymous (Wahoo)3. Wild Hydrangea4. Catalpa5. Buttonbush4. Catalpa5. Buttonbush
petiole
vs. petiolul
evs.
rachis
stipulevs.
stipel
Basic Flower Anatomy
• The male part is termed the Stamen, which consists of the anther and filament.
• The female part is the Carpel, which consists of the stigma, style and ovary.
Flower Structure
Perfect(bisexual flowers)
Vs. Imperfect
(unisexual flowers)
Perfect Flowers
• Flowers containing BOTH male (stamen) and female (carpel) sexual parts.
• Automatically monoecious
Imperfect Flowers• Flowers containing the reproductive
parts of only one sex.• These imperfect flowers may be on
the same plant (monoecious), • or on separate plants (dioecious)
Sparganium eurycarpum Thalictrum dioicum
Monoecious(one house)
Vs. Dioecious
(two houses)
Imperfect
flowersStaminate
Vs. Pistillate
Typha angustifolia
staminate
pistillate
Imperfect, monoecious
Imperfect, dioecious
Carex grayi Thalictrum dioicum
pedunclevs.
pedicel
Obligate(requires a specific habitat for survival)
Vs. Facultative
(requires a general habitat for survival)
Plant Taxonomy• Non-Vascular
• Early Plants (spores)• Archaeplastida (algae)• Bryophyta (mosses)• Marchantiophyta (liverworts)• Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
• Vascular• Seedless plants
• Pteridophyta (Ferns)• Fern Allies
• Equisetaceae (Horsetail)• Isoetaceae (Quillwort)• Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss)• Marsileaceae (Water-Clover)• Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss)
• Seed Plants• Gymnosperms (Conifers/Evergreens)
• Juniperus, Pinus, Taxodium• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
• Monocots (Orchids, Lilies, Irises, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, aquatic plants)• Dicots (most other flowering plants)
Sphagnum Moss – Sphagnum compactum
Non-Vascular Plants
Ferns
Spleenwort Fern - Asplenium platyneuron
Spleenwort Fern - Asplenium pinnatifidum
Walking Fern – Asplenium rhizophyllum
Maidenhair Spleenwort Fern – Asplenium trichomanes
Maidenhair Fern – Adiantum pedatum
Mosquito Fern – Azolla mexicana
Netted Chain Fern – Woodwardia areolata
Sensitive Fern – Onoclea sensibilis
Lady Fern – Athyrium filix-femina
Bladder Fern – Cystopteris bulbifera
Silvery Spleenwort – Deparia acrostichoides
Gladefern– Diplazium pycnocarpon
Marginal Shield Fern – Dryopteris marginalis
Spinulose Woodfern – Dryopteris carthusiana
Common Woodsia Fern – Woodsia obtusa
Grape Fern – Sceptridium dissectum
Adder’s Tongue Fern – Ophioglossum vulgatum
Royal Fern – Osmunda spectabilis
Resurrection Ferns – Polypodium virginianum and Pleopeltis polypodioides
Hairy Lip Fern – Cheilanthes lanosa
Purple Cliffbrake Fern – Pellaea atropurpurea
Broad Beech Fern – Phegopteris hexagonoptera
Scouring Rush – Equisetum hyemale
Quillwort– Isoetes melanopoda
Shining Clubmoss – Huperzia lucidula
Gymnosperms Vs.
Angiosperms
• plants that don’t produce a protective fruit around the seed.
• all the conifers - pines, cedar, tamarack, yew, and cypress.
Gymnosperms (“naked seed”)
Pinus echinata Taxodium distichum
Larix laricina
Red Cedar - Juniperus virginiana
• flowering plants where the seed is encased in a protective fruit.
• This is the dominant group of plants on Earth today.
Angiosperms (“hidden seeds”)
AngiospermsMonocot
Vs.Dicot
One cotyledon in seed
Leaf veins form a parallel pattern
Flower parts in threes and multiples of three, irregular (nonsymmetrical)
Two cotyledons in seed
Leaf veins form a net pattern
Flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
Dichotomous Keys and
Plant Collections
Dichotomous key demonstration
Erigenia linkhttp://www.ill-inps.org/Erigenia
T & E Species Linkhttp://
www.dnr.illinois.gov/ESPB/Documents/2015_ChecklistFINAL_for_webpage_051915.pdf
Binomial Nomenclature
“The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their rightful names.”
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animalia Cordata Reptilia Testudines Emydidae Emydoidea E. blandingii
Latin PronunciationPronounce every letter except diphthongs
Echinacea, Tradescantia, Opuntia, Ambrosia“ch” is a “k” sound
Polystichum, Heuchera, AristolochiaIf a word has two syllables, the accent always goes with the next to the last (called the penult);
e.g., Àcer.If a word has three or more syllables, the accent always goes either with the next to the last (penult) or the third from the last (called the antepenult).
Synandra hispidula, Onoclea sensibilis, Liriodendron tulipifera phyllum – rhizophyllum, Podophyllum, triphyllum
ae Pellaea, Arisaema, Chamaecristaau Daucus carotaEu Teucrium, LeucanthemumOe (phoebe), Platanthera peramoena, IpomoeaUi Equisetum
“oi” is not a diphthong!Pleopeltis polypodioides
Pronounce when ending with “e”Silene, canadense, sessile, hyemale
Latinized last names (one or two i’s) Dodecatheon frenchii, Emydoidea blandingii
Most trees have been feminized!Quercus rubra, Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus americana
Latin Pronunciation
English pronunciation of vowels
A – E – I – O - ULatin pronunciation of
vowelsAh – Eh – EE – Oh - OO
Gee whiz?! informationIf you can’t tell a joke about it, explain where the name comes
from, or tell story about the plant then:
WHO CARES!!!
Plant HumorHow can you ID a dogwood
tree?
By its bark!
Illinois Glaciation
Natural Areas in Southern Illinois
109 sites
Shawnee Hills & Shawnee Nat’l Forest
BREAK
Common Plant Families
AngiospermsDicots and Monocots
DICOTS
Coefficient of Conservatism
The native species most successful in badly damaged habitats were given C
values of 0. At the other end of the spectrum, species virtually restricted to natural areas in Illinois received C
values of 10. (Taft et al. 1997)
Further reading http://
www.conservationresearchinstitute.org/assets/illinoisfqa.pdfhttp://
www.fws.gov/verobeach/Home/S1029%20Mortellaro%20monograph.pdf
Araliaceae (Spikenard family)
Wild Ginseng Panax quinquefolia
Wild Petunia - Ruellia sp.
Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)
Water Willow – Justicia americana
Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)
Apiaceae (Carrot family)
Zizia aurea Osmorhiza claytonii
Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family)
Wild Ginger – Asarum canadense
Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family)
Mead’s Milkweed – Asclepias meadii
Asclepias tuberosa & A. perennis
Asclepias syriaca & A. variegata
Asclepias exaltata & A. purpurescens
Asclepias hirtella & A. verticillata
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias sullivantii
Asclepias quadrifolia
Asclepias viridiflora & A. viridis
Climbing Milkweed – Matelea gonocarpos
Climbing Milkweed – Matelea obliqua
Asteraceae (Composite family)
Helenium autumnale
Leucanthemum vulgare
Prairie Dock - Silphium terebinthinaceum
Blazing Stars – Liatris scabra & aspera
False Dandelion - Krigia biflora
Pussytoes – Antennaria parlinii
Boraginaceae (Borage family)
Lithospermum canescens
Lithospermum latifolium & Mertensia virginica
Heliotropium indicum & Cynoglossum virginianum
Marbleseed – Onosmodium molle var. hispidissimum
Brassicaceae (Mustard family)
Dentaria laciniata & Cardamine bulbosa
Cactaceae (Cactus family)
Opuntia humifusa
Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)
Lobelia cardinalis & Lobelia puberula
Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)
Lobelia spicata & Lobelia siphilitica
Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)
Lonicera reticulata
Elderberry – Sambucus canadensis
Coralberry – Symphoricarpus orbiculatus
Rusty Black Haw – Viburnum rufidulum
Caryophyllaceae (Pink family)
Stellaria longifolia
Silene stellata
Fire Pink – Silene virginica
Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory family)
Calystegia sepium Ipomoea pandurata
Flowering Dogwood – Cornus florida
Cornaceae (Dogwood family)
Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)
Sedum pulchellum
Wild Orpine - Sedum telephioides
Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family)
Sicyos angulatus
Cuscutaceae (Dodder family)
Cuscuta gronovii
Ericaceae (Heath family)
Chamaedaphne calyculata
Wild Azalea - Rhododendron prinophyllum
Farkleberry – Vaccinium arboreum
Lowbush Blueberry - Vaccinium pallidum
Vaccinium venation
Vaccinium arboreum
Vaccinium stamineum
Vaccinium pallidum
Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)
Euphorbia corollata
Acalypha gracilens
Rushfoil – Crotonopsis elliptica
Fabaceae (Pea family)
Lotus corniculatus Tephrosia virginiana
Pencil Flower - Stylosanthes biflora
Caesalpiniaceae (Caesalpinia family)
Chamaecrista fasciculata
Senna marilandica
Redbud - Cercis canadensis
Blackjack Oak - Quercus marilandica
Fagaceae (Beech family)
Post Oak - Quercus stellata
Rock Chestnut Oak - Quercus prinus
Gentianaceae (Gentian family)
Obolaria virginica
Gentiana andrewsii
Wild Columbo – Frasera caroliniensis
Hippocastanaceae (Horse Chestnut family)
Aesculus pavia Aesculus glabra
Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort family)
Hypericum prolificumAscyrum multicaule
Pineweed - Hypericum gentianoides
Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Bee-balm - Monarda bradburiana & fistulosa
Pagoda Plant – Blephilia hirsuta
Wild Oregano (Dittany) – Cunila origanoides
Skullcaps – Scutellaria sp.
Blue Curls - Trichostema dichotomum
Loganiaceae (Logania family)
Indian Pink - Spigelia marilandica
Lythraceae (Loosestrife family)
Ammannia coccinea
Decodon verticillatus
Magnoliacaeae (Magnolia family)
Magnolia acuminata
Tulip Tree – Liriodendron tulipifera
Melastomaceae (Meadow Beauty family)
Rhexia virginica
Malvaceae (Mallow family)
Hibiscus lasiocarpos
Nelumbo lutea
Nelumbonaceae (Water Lotus family)
Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family)
Oenothera linifoliaLudwigia alternilfolia
Oenothera pilosella & O. fruticosa
Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family)
Orobanche unifloraEpifagus virginiana
Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)
Phlox bifida
Polygonaceae (Smartweed family)
Persicaria coccineaPersicaria amphibia
Virginia Knotweed - Antenoron virginianum
Portalacaceae (Purslane family)
Phemeranthus parviflorus
Dodecatheon frenchii, Steironema ciliatum, & Hottonia inflata
Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)
Delphinium tricorne Ranunculus septentrionalis
Aquilegia canadensis & Thalictrum dioicum
Goldenseal – Hydrastis canadensis
Rosaceae (Rose family)
Potentilla simplex Rosa setigera
Carolina Rose - Rosa carolina
Indian Physic – Porteranthus stipulatus
Rubiaceae (Madder family)
Diodia teresGalium aparine
Houstonia lanceolata & H. pusilla
Partridge-berry – Mitchella repens
Buttonbush – Cephalanthus occidentalis
Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
Small-flowered Alumroot - Heuchera parviflora
Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon family)
Physostegia virginiana
Penstemon pallidus
Castilleja coccinea & Chelone obliqua
Mimulus alatus & Veronicastrum virginicum
Ulmaceae (Elm family)
Winged Elm - Ulmus alata
Urticaceae (Nettle family)
Boehmeria cylindrica & Laportea canadensis
Valerianaceae (Valerian family)
Valeriana pauciflora & Valerianella radiata
Violaceae (Violet family)
Viola palmata
Viola striata & V. pubescens
Bird’s-foot Violet - Viola pedata
MONOCOTS
Agavaceae (Agave family)
American Agave - Manfreda virginiana
Arrowhead - Sagittaria latifolia
Alismataceae (Water Plantain family)
Spider Lily – Hymenocallis caroliniana
Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis family)
Araceae (Arum family)
Arisaema dracontium & A. triphyllum
Araceae (Arum family)
Symplocarpos foetidus & Peltrandra virginica
Commelinaceae (Dayflower family)
Tradesantia subaspera & Commelina communis
Cyperaceae (Sedge family)
Carex grayi & Carex davisii
Iridaceae (Iris family)
Iris fulva & Iris schrevei
Blue-eyed Grass – Sisrhynchium albidum
Juncaceae (Rush family)
Luzula multiflora & Juncus balticus
Sedges Vs.
RushesVs.
Grasses
Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have joints when the cops
aren’t around!
Sedges vs. Rushes vs. Grasses
Sedges (Cyperaceae) have one bract subtending each flower, tristichous leaves (though some are round)Grasses (Poaceae) have two bracts subtending each flower (palea and lemma), distichous leaves, hollow stemRushes (Juncaceae) have six petals/sepals (called tepals) that subtend a capsule, leaves reduced or absent, pithy stem
Sedges vs. Rushes vs. Grasses
Juncaceae (Rush family)
Juncus tenuis
Liliaceae (Lily family)
Erythronium americanum Lilium michiganense
Alliaceae (Onion family)
Wild Leek – Allium tricoccum
Wild Onion – Allium cernuum
False Garlic – Nothoscordum bivalve
Colchicaceae (Colchicicum family)
Bellwort – Uvularia grandiflora
Hyacinthaceae (Hyacinth family)
Wild Hyacinth – Camassia scilloides
Ruscaceae (Ruscus family)
Smilacina racemosa
Polygonatum biflorum
Trilliaceae (Trillium family)
Trillium flexipes
Trillium recurvatum
Melanthiaceae (Melanthium family)
Melanthium virginicum
Pontederiaceae (Pickerelweed family)
Pickerelweed – Pontederia cordata
Cypripedium pubescens & Calopogon oklahomensis
Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Spring Coralroot Orchid - Corallorhiza wisteriana
Crested Coralroot Orchid– Hexalectris spicata
Cranefly Orchid -Tipularia discolorAdam & Eve Orchid – Aplectrum
hyemale
Galearis spectabilis & Goodyera pubescens
Twayblade Orchid – Liparis lilifolia
Platanthera peramoena & P. flava var. flava
Spiranthes vernalis & S. cernuus
Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Triphora trianthophora & Isotria verticillata
Poaceae (Grass family)
Large Fruited Panic Grass – Dichanthelium boscii
Poverty Oats Grass - Danthonia spicata
Japanese Stiltgrass – Microstegium vimineum
Smilacaceae (Greenbrier family)
Greenbrier – Smilax ecirrhata
Sparganiaceae (Bur-reed family)
Sparganium eurycarpum
Typhaceae (Cattail family)
Typha angustifolia & T. latifolia
Southern Illinois Natural Areas
Field Schedule
Fern Rocks Nature Preserve
Camp Ondessonk – Pakentuck
Camp Ondessonk
Little Grand Canyon
Wild Leek – Allium triccocum
Bishop’s Cap - Mitella diphylla
Forbe’s Saxifrage – Saxifraga forbesii
Rothrock Prairie
Rothrock Prairie
Heron Pond Nature Preserve
Simpson Township Barrens
Bell Smith Springs
Cave Creek Glade Nature PreserveJune 2010
Full Glorious Bloom!!!
Cave Creek Glade Nature PreserveJune 2011
Pale Purple Coneflower - Echinacea simulata
Pale Purple Coneflower - Echinacea simulata
Blue Sage – Salvia azurea var. grandiflora
Round Bluff Nature Preserve
Exams• One 100 point exam each week• 25 questions relating to information presented in class (50 pts)
• 25 plant identification questions (50 pts)– You can use your notes– Scientific names only and must be spelled
correctly!• You cannot make up field portion of exam if you miss class
Field Notebook for Each Class
•Date•Site•County•Ownership•Natural Division•Natural Community Type(s)
Field Notebook for Each Plant• Plant name (scientific and common)• Plant family• Synonyms• Meaning of scientific name• Monoecious or dioecious• Imperfect vs. perfect flowers• General group (grass, forb, fern, tree)• Leaf arrangement, type, and margin• Flower color• CC value (native vs. non-native)• Habitat • How to ID (terminology)• Other species in same genus/similar species• Plant humor/folklore/uses/medicinal/edible
• Quercus alba• White Oak• Fagaceae (Beech family)• None• Quercus = latin for oak, alba = latin for white• Monoecious• Imperfect flowers• Woody plant, tree• Alternate, simple, lobed• Brown• C value = 5, native • Upland forests• White oak group without bristle tips, leaves with
rounded lobes and no hairs, light colored bark• Illinois state tree, produces acorns after one year,
important oak to Native Americans.
