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A presentation with guidelines on how to effectively manage medication and health.
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Managing Medication Managing
Health DR MICHELLE RUSSELLPharmD
History of Medicines
• God, demons, witches or the stars
• No record of first herbs used
• Shamans and apothocaries (herbalists) these
made simple drugs from crushing etc powders,
teas, pastes
• Folk medicine i.e. word of mouth
• 1800s advances in chemistry and extraction
• 1900s synthetic compounds
Basic Medication Design
Taken by mouth• Tablets coated and uncoated• Capsules• Softgels• Liquigels• Sub Lingual• Slow and extended
release
Liquids
• Syrups• Elixirs• Suspensions• Drops
Injections
Intra muscular InjectionSubcutaneous
injection
Intravenous Injections
Topical Applications
Tran dermal patch Creams, Ointments, Gels, Paints, Sprays & eyedrops
Inhalers – Metered Dose/nasal
Suppositories
How Medications Work
•Absorption
•Distribution
•Metabolism
•Excretion
AbsorptionIt can be absorbed :
• Through And Under Your Skin
• In Your Heart
• Into Your Stomach
• In Your Intestines
• In Your Kidneys Or Liver
• In Your Nose
• Under Your Tongue
• Through Your Eye
Absorption
Distribution
• Point of absorption to site of action• Blood flow - rate and amount• Size of molecule• Attraction to other components in
the blood• Crossing natural barriers e.g. blood
brain barrier
Metabolism
How the body changes what goes in to what comes out
• Enzymes
• Changing charges
• Breaking down
• Alcohol and insulin
• Toxification and Detoxification
Elimination
• The removal of drugs from the
body
• Water soluble through the kidneys
• Gall bladder
• Skin
Generics and Equivalents
• Identical or within an acceptable bioequivalent range to the brand name counterpart – In dose– Strength– Route of administration– Safety– Efficacy– and intended use
Generics and Brands
• Branded products usually do not have the drugs chemical name .
• Some generics have chemical name as product name
• Newer generics often have a “brand name” that does not include the chemical name.
• A drug may have several brand names
Therapeutic Equivalents
• A drug that has essentially the same effect in the treatment of a disease or condition as one or more other drugs.
• A drug that is a therapeutic equivalent may or may not be chemically equivalent, bioequivalent, or generically equivalent.
Over The Counter – OTC
List One
• Free sale
• Patient makes
choice
• Package sizes
limited
• No intervention
may occur
List Two
• Patient must
request item
• Some
intervention
• Package size
limited
Meds & Athletic Performance
Ergogenic Actions improves performance
• Performance enhancing
• Stimulants • Pain killers• Anti-inflammatory
Ergolytic Actions decreases
performance
• Alcohol and Marijuana• cocaine• Some blood pressure
meds• eye drops, and
diuretics.• Some
antidepressants• some antihistamines • even caffeine--
Ergogenic Drugs
Caffeine
• Improves athletic performance
• Increases energy and delays fatigue – (T)
• Improves fat burning by increasing fat metabolism (F)
• Spares muscle glycogen ( slightly)
• Enhances body fat loss (F)
• Acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant (T)
• Raises epinephrine levels (T)
• Increases alertness (T)
• Ephedrine Claims – Increases body fat loss – Improves athletic performance – Improves concentration
• Research Shows
– Research has found no effect of ephedrine on
strength, endurance, reaction time, anaerobic
capacity, or recovery time after prolonged exercise
– Caffeine potentiates the effect of Ephedrine and
the combination can be dangerous
Ergogenic Drugs
Ergolytic Drugs in Sports
Alcohol
Impairs motor skills including :
• reaction time, balance, accuracy,
hand-eye coordination and complex
coordination
• may impair strength, power, speed
and both muscular and cardiovascular
endurance as it reduces the force of
hearts contraction
Ergolytics Con’tCocaine and Marijuana.• Both increases the work
of the heart• Decreases performance. • Cocaine can also lead to
more serious complications, including – Heart attack– Cardiac arrhythmia
(heart rate changes)– Seizure (fits)– Stroke and death.
Ergolytics Con’t
Nicotine
• While nicotine will give
athletes a "high" and they may
feel more alert, their
performance decreases.
• Negative changes in the hearts
performance that impair heart
function.
Ergolytics Cont’t
Diuretics (water tablets)
• Throw off the body's electrolyte balance
• Causes muscle cramps
• Reductions in strength and power
• They also affect hydration
• Cardiovascular performance decreases Diuretic use has played a role in the
collapse of runners during hot-weather races .
Blood pressure pills and eye drops
• Beta-blocker reduces the heart's ability to respond to
exercise stress.
• It can reduce maximal oxygen uptake by up to 15
percent among elite athletes.
• The same thing happens to performance capacity
during exercise.
• Competitive athletes should avoid beta-blockers;
calcium channel blockers, seem to have very little
negative effect on exercise capacity.
Ergolytics Cont’t
Ergolythics Con’t
Other drugs• Sleeping tablets-
hangover effect• Tranquilizers • Most anti allergy –
cause drowsiness and listlessness
• Caffeine high then low, sleep disruption
Ergolytics Cont’t
Storing Medications
Factors affecting medication stability
• Heat• Cold• Dampness• Drying out because left open• Keep out of the reach of children
How to take Medications
• Route, frequency, and
duration
• Before , during or after meals
• Breaking and crushing and
dissolving tablets
ANY QUESTIONS?
Exercise because…
• Sufficient Flexibility
• Adequate Muscular
Endurance
• Adequate Strength
• Cardiovascular
Endurance
• Healthy Body
Composition
What & How Much To Eat?
• Learn the body’s nutrient needs
• Categorize the body’s nutrient
needs
• Learn the foods that meet these
needs
• Learn how to think critically about
food choices, read labels, and
evaluate foods
• Apply the above information to
create a personalized food plan
Causes of Athlete’s Fatigue
• Glycogen depletion (stored
carbohydrate )
• Hypoglycemia
• Dehydration
• Lactic acid accumulation
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Amino acid imbalances
• Muscle overuse
• Lack of muscle recovery
How much do you need
• Active people and athletes should consume a
majority (65-75%) of their Calories from
Carbohydrates. Average person 55% may be
enough
• The government recommends less that 30% of
Calories come from Lipids, but many nutritionists
recommend less than 20%.
• Proteins should be approximately 10-15% of one’s
Calories
Functions of Carbohydrates
• Blood glucose maintenance (80 Calories)
• Glycogen storage in the liver (400 Calories)
• Glycogen storage in the muscle (1400-1800 Calories)
• Primary brain fuel
• Protein-sparing; prevents ketosis
• Essential for athletes, especially endurance athletes
Wholesome Unrefined Complex Carbohydrates
• Whole-grain cereals, waffles, and
breads
• Beans and legumes
• Pastas
• Brown rice
• Barley, quinoa, oats
• Fresh veggies
• Fresh fruits
• Polenta (coarse cornmeal)
Functions of Fat
• Stores energy
• Cushions vital organs
• Insulates the body and maintain body temperature
• Transports essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
• Part of cell membrane structure
• Offers satiety in meals
• Enhances food flavor and aroma
Water
• Vital to life
• Is a solvent, lubricant, medium for transport, and temperature regulator
• Makes up majority (2/3) of our body
• Yields no energy
Dehydration Causes Fatigue
Hydration
• Thirst is not a reliable indicator of fluid
needs
• General guideline: 2-3 Cups of fluids per
each pound of weight loss during activity
• Drink fluid freely 24 hours before the event
• Drink 1.5-2.5 Cups two-three hours before
the event
• Consume 3-8 ounces every 15 minutes for
events lasting longer than 30 min.
• At 3% water loss, performance shown to
decrease 10%
Rehydration
• Water good for first 90 minutes
• >90 mins blood sugar falls
• Sodium and potassium lost
through sweat
• Sports drink can raise blood sugar
levels
• Not all sports drinks are created
equal
• Juice and sodas too sugary need to
be diluted
Supplements
• Something added to the diet, to make up for a nutritional deficiency.
• Supplements include the following: – Vitamins – Amino Acids –Minerals –Herbs – Other Botanicals
Supplements are not
• Required to meet the same safety requirements as over-
the-counter or prescription drugs or food ingredients
• Held to specific manufacturing standards
• Guaranteed to meet product potency or purity ratings
• Required to prove the effectiveness of any health claim
they make
• Required to meet safety or efficacy testing prior to
going to the market
Supplement FactsServing Size 1 Tablet Amount Per Serving % Daily Value
Thiamin (Vitamin B-1)(as Thiamin Hydrochloride and Brewer’s
Yeast) 7 mg 467%
Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2)(as Riboflavin and Brewer’s
Yeast) 14 mg 824%
Niacin (as Niacin and Brewer’s Yeast) 4.5 mg 23%
Vitamin B-12 (as Cyanocobalamin and Brewer’s
Yeast) 25 mcg 417%
Protease (as Papain Powder) 10 mg * *
Supplement Facts Sheet
Supplements
Vitamin Bs
• May be a link between the B-
vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin,
vitamin B-6, B-12 and folate) and
performance in high-level athletes
• Even a small B-vitamin deficiency
can result in reduced
performance and recovery.
Essential Fatty Acids
Omega 3, 6 and 9
• Body can’t make it
• Needed for immune function
• Vision
• Cell membrane
• Production of hormone-like
compounds
Nutrient needs
Adequate nutrients can
mean
• Quicker recovery time
• Lower infection rates
• Less fatigue
• Ultimately, can help
athletes reach their desired
performance levels.
The Female Athlete Triad (or Triple Threat to Female Athletes
1. Eating Disorders
2. Cessation of
Menstruation
(Amennorhea)
3. Bone Fractures (and
ultimately
osteoporosis
Supplements –The Good
Antioxidants
• A • C• E• Co-enzyme Q 10
Anti -Inflammatory • Omega 3• Turmeric• Bromelian • Capsaicin • Pycnogenol • Glucosamine and
chondrotin & MSM
Supplements –the good
• Calcium 1000 - 1500/d
• Iron > 6 hours/week
10- 15mg/d
• Magnesium 500-800mg/d
• Potassium
• Selenium 100-200mcg
• Sodium
• Zinc
Minerals
Supplements –The Good
May 1999 Issue of Nutrition Science News
Health ,Harm or Rip Off?
• Energy drinks — which are often loaded with caffeine, sugar and herbal stimulants may pose various health risks, including:– Restlessness and irritability head aches n&v– Increased blood pressure– Possible dehydration – Weight gain– Excessive amounts of energy drinks have been
associated with manic episodes, seizures, chest pain, heart attacks and sudden cardiac death
Mayo clinic
Supplements – The Dangerous
• All athletes need to be proactive in asking questions so they don’t jeopardize their sporting careers.
• If you have a question - ASK! • If you cannot be 100% sure of the
ingredients or don’t know the status of a substance – DON’T TAKE IT!
WADA
www .easy access. com
We sell only the highest quality pharmaceutical grade anabolics.
** Warning: Deca-Durabolan, Dianabol, Winstrol, Clenbuteral, Anavar, and Trenbolone are toxic Anabolic Steroids
Too good to be True
• Performance enhancing
• Bulk and cut• Extreme muscle
development• Quicker recovery time• Less injury• More power• Muscular
development
ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS
• They increase protein synthesis
within cells
• They reduce the rate of muscle
breakdown
• Muscle cells formed
preferentially over fat cells
• Increase of Basal Metabolic Rate
( BMR) burning fat stores
MEDICINAL USES
• Replace testosterone after surgery or cancer
• Adolescent males with pituitary malfunction
• After certain kinds of surgery and cancer.
Anabolic steroids are used , with exercise and
diet, to build up lost muscle tissue.
• AAS are given by mouth, via injections or by
adhesive patches.
SPECIFIC USES OF AAS
• Danazol –Endometriosis• Mesterolone (Proviron) – low
sperm count• Stanozolol - anemia and
hereditary angioedema• Oxymetholone (Anadrol) –anemia
osteoporosis
Beta Blockers
• Asthma• High blood pressure• Glaucoma in the eye• Racing heart
Beta blocker widen blood vessels and reduce muscle
spasms.
Aromatase Inhibitors
EstroBlock
Anti-Estrogen/Aromatase Inhibitor
� Conquers Estrogen
Bodybuilders and strength athletes are well aware that the female hormone estrogen can seriously harm their attempts to build muscle and strength. Estrogen MUST be kept under control or some pretty undesirable conditions may arise in the body.
Hormone Antagonists and Modulators
• Many used to treat various forms
of breast cancer
• Low sperm count
• Infertility in both men and women
Stimulants
• Appetite suppression
• Attention deficit disorder with
hyperactivity
• Narcolepsy
• May 1999 Issue of Nutrition Science News
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