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NIKHIL CHAKRAVARTHY CHUKKA
TopicsTopics
I.I. General principlesGeneral principlesII.II. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyIII.III. Initial AssessmentInitial AssessmentIV.IV. Airway Emergency(Choking)Airway Emergency(Choking)V.V. CPRCPRVI.VI. Physical ExaminationPhysical ExaminationVII.VII. Bleeding and WoundsBleeding and WoundsVIII.VIII. ShockShock
Topics - continueTopics - continue
IX.IX. Soft tissue injuriesSoft tissue injuries
X.X. FracturesFractures
XI.XI. Dressings and bandagesDressings and bandages
XII.XII. BurnsBurns
XIII.XIII. PoisoningPoisoning
XIV.XIV. Priorities of First AidPriorities of First Aid
XV.XV. Moving and Transporting Moving and Transporting
I.I. General PrinciplesGeneral Principles
Definition: Immediate treatment given to the Definition: Immediate treatment given to the victim of an accident or sudden severe victim of an accident or sudden severe illness before medical help is obtained.illness before medical help is obtained.
Aims: Aims: 1.1. Preserve lifePreserve life
2.2. Promote recoveryPromote recovery
3.3. Prevent worsening of the casualities conditionPrevent worsening of the casualities condition
Qualities of First Aider:Qualities of First Aider:
1.1. Observe carefullyObserve carefully2.2. Think clearlyThink clearly3.3. Act quicklyAct quickly4.4. Be Calm Cool and ConfidentBe Calm Cool and Confident5.5. Assess the situationAssess the situation
-Look for safety-Look for safety6.6. CommunicateCommunicate
-Call up emergency services-Call up emergency services
ETHANEETHANE message message
E E - - Exact locationExact location
T T -- Type of injuryType of injury
HH -- Hazards present/ProbableHazards present/Probable
A - A - Access RouteAccess Route
N N -- Number of casualties & SeverityNumber of casualties & Severity
E - E - Emergency services Emergency services present/requiredpresent/required
TriageTriage
Green -Green - Walking WoundedWalking Wounded
Red -Red - UnconsciousUnconsciousPulse > 130Pulse > 130
Capillary filling > 2 SecCapillary filling > 2 Sec
Respiratory Rate<8 & >30Respiratory Rate<8 & >30
Black -Black - Mortal Wounds Mortal Wounds
Scope of First AidScope of First Aid
SignsSigns
SymptomsSymptoms HistoryHistory
DiagnosisDiagnosis
DiagnosisDiagnosis
TreatmentTreatment
DisposalDisposal
II.II. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
AnatomyAnatomy Types of bonesTypes of bones
• Long bonesLong bones• Short bonesShort bones• Flat bonesFlat bones
Types of JointsTypes of Joints• Ball and socket TypeBall and socket Type• Hinge TypeHinge Type• Fixed JointFixed Joint
Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles• Voluntary MusclesVoluntary Muscles• Involuntary MusclesInvoluntary Muscles• Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
PhysiologyPhysiology
Respiration - Respiration - Airway & LungsAirway & Lungs Circulation - Circulation - Heart, Blood vessels and BloodHeart, Blood vessels and Blood
DigestionDigestion - - Small bowel andSmall bowel and Large bowelLarge bowel ExcretionExcretion - - Skin & KidneysSkin & Kidneys
III.III. Initial AssessmentInitial Assessment
D – Danger To self & casualityD – Danger To self & casuality R - Resources R - Resources Human & Equipment Human & Equipment R - Response Level of responseR - Response Level of response A - Airway Is the passage openA - Airway Is the passage open B - Breathing Is he breathing B - Breathing Is he breathing C – Circulation Heart beat & PulseC – Circulation Heart beat & Pulse
Recovery PositionRecovery Position
IV.IV. Airway emergenciesAirway emergencies
RespirationRespiration - - Breathing in and Breathing in and breathing breathing out of air out of air
AsphyxiaAsphyxia - Is a condition in which - Is a condition in which lungs do not get sufficient lungs do not get sufficient air supply for breathing air supply for breathing
Causes of Asphyxia:Causes of Asphyxia:
Affecting Air passages - Affecting Air passages - Spasm,Obstruction,CompressionSpasm,Obstruction,Compression
Affecting respiratory mechanism -Affecting respiratory mechanism -
Epillepsy,Tetanus,RabiesEpillepsy,Tetanus,Rabies
CNS – Paralysis of chest wall & diaphragmCNS – Paralysis of chest wall & diaphragm
Drugs – Marphia and barbituratesDrugs – Marphia and barbiturates
Compression of chest wall Compression of chest wall
Kinds of AsphyxiaKinds of Asphyxia
Strangulation & HangingStrangulation & Hanging DrowningDrowning Choking - HemilichsmaneuverChoking - Hemilichsmaneuver
Signs & Symptoms of AsphyxiaSigns & Symptoms of Asphyxia
Phase 1: Respiratory rate increasesPhase 1: Respiratory rate increases
Pulse rate increases Pulse rate increases
Shortness of breathingShortness of breathing
Neck veins swollenNeck veins swollen
Face,lips & nails turn blue Face,lips & nails turn blue Phase 2: Partial or total loss of Phase 2: Partial or total loss of
Consciousness Consciousness
Froth Froth may appearmay appear
Fits may occurFits may occur
Management of AsphyxiaManagement of Asphyxia
Remove the causeRemove the cause Open the airwayOpen the airway Loosen dress around neck,chest & Loosen dress around neck,chest &
WaistWaist CPRCPR
v.v. Cardioplumonary resuscitationCardioplumonary resuscitation
Look for danger to self & casualityLook for danger to self & casuality Look for responseLook for response
What is your name?What is your name?What is the time now?What is the time now?Where are you?Where are you?If no response – Shout for help If no response – Shout for help
Look for breathingLook for breathingLook,Listen,feel } 10 secsLook,Listen,feel } 10 secs
If no breathingIf no breathing
-Open mouth, do finger sweep-Open mouth, do finger sweep
-Place the casualty on back-Place the casualty on back
-Extend neck,head tilt,chin lift-Extend neck,head tilt,chin lift
-Jaw thrust forward-Jaw thrust forward
-Take deep breath with open mouth-Take deep breath with open mouth
-Close nostrils with left hand-Close nostrils with left hand
-Cover the mouth with your lips-Cover the mouth with your lips
-Blow air into the chest by watching -Blow air into the chest by watching the the chest till it raises chest till it raises
-Repeat again with 4 secs gap-Repeat again with 4 secs gap
Ext-Cardiac CompressionExt-Cardiac Compression
If heart is not workingIf heart is not working(No Carotid pulse,Tounge,lips become blue,pupils (No Carotid pulse,Tounge,lips become blue,pupils dilated & NR)dilated & NR)
1.1. Locate the heartLocate the heart2.2. Place the heel of Left palmPlace the heel of Left palm3.3. Place the right hand over left handPlace the right hand over left hand4.4. Compress the chest wall towards spine by Compress the chest wall towards spine by
transferring your body weight through shoulderstransferring your body weight through shoulders5.5. Nearly 1/3 of chest wall should go downNearly 1/3 of chest wall should go down6.6. 30 cardiac compressions and 2 artificial 30 cardiac compressions and 2 artificial
respiration(30:2)respiration(30:2)7.7. Incase of drowning and children & Infants(30:5)Incase of drowning and children & Infants(30:5)
Continue CPR tillContinue CPR till-Casualty revived-Casualty revived-Till tired-Till tired-Dr. arrives & asks to stop-Dr. arrives & asks to stop-Another first aider takes over-Another first aider takes over
Complications of CPRComplications of CPR-Fracture of sternum, ribs-Fracture of sternum, ribs-Laceration of liver lung-Laceration of liver lung-Pneumothorax-Pneumothorax
VI.VI. Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination
D – DangerD – Danger R – ResourceR – Resource R – ResponseR – Response A – AirwayA – Airway B – BreathingB – Breathing C – CirculationC – Circulation
-If DRRABC are O.K-If DRRABC are O.K
D – DeformityD – Deformity
O – Open WoundO – Open Wound
T - TendernessT - Tenderness
S - SwellingS - Swelling
1.1. Head : Scalp, face,nose,ears.eyes and Head : Scalp, face,nose,ears.eyes and mouthmouth
2.2. Neck : Trachea, Vessels, Spine.medic Neck : Trachea, Vessels, Spine.medic alert necklacealert necklace
3.3. Chest: Breath movements, Chest: Breath movements, DOTS, ribs, sternum,spine,crepitus,DOTS, ribs, sternum,spine,crepitus,
4.4. Abdomen:OTS,rigidity,tenderness,discoloAbdomen:OTS,rigidity,tenderness,discolourationuration
5.5. Pelvis:Spinal injury,Genetalia,DOTSPelvis:Spinal injury,Genetalia,DOTS
6.6. Lower limbs:DOTS,Pulse,movements of Lower limbs:DOTS,Pulse,movements of toes,sensation,discolouration &cyanosistoes,sensation,discolouration &cyanosis
Upper: limbs:DOTS,PMS,Cyanosis,Discolouration.Upper: limbs:DOTS,PMS,Cyanosis,Discolouration.Back: DOTS,Spine,ribs,flangsBack: DOTS,Spine,ribs,flangsVital signs:Vital signs:
Respiration – 16-20/mtRespiration – 16-20/mtPulse Pulse - 60-90/mt - 60-90/mt
Temp -98.6 FTemp -98.6 FSkin colour –Skin colour –
Mothing,Pale,Bluish,Redness,YellowishMothing,Pale,Bluish,Redness,YellowishHistoryHistory
Signs&Symptoms,Allergies,medication,past Signs&Symptoms,Allergies,medication,past history,last oral intake,events history,last oral intake,events
VI.VI. Wounds and bleedingWounds and bleeding
Wound:Loss of continuty of tissue Wound:Loss of continuty of tissue skin,muscle or boneskin,muscle or bone
Def:Partial or complete loss in the Def:Partial or complete loss in the continuity of tissuescontinuity of tissues
Dangers of wounds:Dangers of wounds:
Bleeding - immediateBleeding - immediate
Infection –lateInfection –late
Types of wounds: Types of wounds:
1.1. AbrasionAbrasion
2.2. ContusionContusion
3.3. Incised woundIncised wound
4.4. Lacerated woundLacerated wound
5.5. Punctured woundPunctured wound
Aims:Aims:Stop bleedingStop bleedingMinimizing the number of germsMinimizing the number of germs
Bleeding:Bleeding:Common cause of death in accidents. Caused by Common cause of death in accidents. Caused by repture of blood vesselsrepture of blood vessels
Types:Types:Internal bleedingInternal bleedingExternal bleedingExternal bleeding
Arterial bleeding – Bright red, Spurting natureArterial bleeding – Bright red, Spurting natureVenous bleeding – Dark red – continuous streamVenous bleeding – Dark red – continuous streamCapillary bleeding – Oozes out slowly Capillary bleeding – Oozes out slowly
Signs & Symptoms of bleedingSigns & Symptoms of bleeding
Pulse get rapid and weak(thready)Pulse get rapid and weak(thready) Respiration becomes shallow & deepRespiration becomes shallow & deep Skin becomes cold, clamy & paleSkin becomes cold, clamy & pale Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating Casuality feels thirstyCasuality feels thirsty Feels fainty & may even collapseFeels fainty & may even collapse
Management of Ext. bleedingManagement of Ext. bleeding
Capillary bleeding – Self limitingCapillary bleeding – Self limiting Major bleeding from arteries or veinsMajor bleeding from arteries or veins
Apply pressure over the wound, Apply pressure over the wound, Elevate the part above the heart Elevate the part above the heart levellevel
Management of Int. bleedingManagement of Int. bleeding
Lay the casuality down with head lowLay the casuality down with head low Keep the casuality calm&relaxedKeep the casuality calm&relaxed ReassureReassure Cover with thin blanketCover with thin blanket Don’t give anything to eat/drinkDon’t give anything to eat/drink Shift to hospital Shift to hospital
Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas Base of skullBase of skull
- Ear bleeding – don’t club- Ear bleeding – don’t club- Nose bleeding – don’t blow- Nose bleeding – don’t blow- Throat bleeding – don’t swallow- Throat bleeding – don’t swallow
ScalpScalp-Bleeds freely – Apply big pad and bandage-Bleeds freely – Apply big pad and bandage
NoseNose-Head bent forward-Head bent forward-Pinch soft part of nose for 10 mins-Pinch soft part of nose for 10 mins-Ask him to take breathe with mouth-Ask him to take breathe with mouth-Don’t blow nose-Don’t blow nose
Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas
PalmPalm -Apply pressure around the wrist-Apply pressure around the wrist
-Keep suitable pad over the wound & -Keep suitable pad over the wound & close close the fistthe fist-Apply bandage up to wrist-Apply bandage up to wrist-Triangular bandage-Triangular bandage
Varicose veinsVaricose veins-Lay down casuality-Lay down casuality-Raise the limb above the heart level-Raise the limb above the heart level-Apply pressure bandage-Apply pressure bandage
Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas
Closed abdominal woundsClosed abdominal wounds• From liver,spleen,kidney,uterus,bladder, From liver,spleen,kidney,uterus,bladder,
intestines,blood vesselsintestines,blood vessels• Signs & SymptomsSigns & Symptoms
Pain at the site of injuryPain at the site of injury Distention of abdomenDistention of abdomen
• Management Management NPONPO Make him calmMake him calm Loosen tight clothsLoosen tight cloths
Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas
Chest injuryChest injury• Bloody sputum – Apply bandageBloody sputum – Apply bandage
viii.viii. ShockShock Def:Def:
• Shock is a condition of collapseShock is a condition of collapse TypesTypes
• Emotional (Neurogenic)Emotional (Neurogenic) Due to strong emotional upsetDue to strong emotional upset
• Ex:Fear,pain,bad newsEx:Fear,pain,bad news
• Hypo volume shockHypo volume shock Due to sudden severe blood lossDue to sudden severe blood loss Loss of body fluidsLoss of body fluids
• Ex:Burns and GEEx:Burns and GE
• Cardiogenic ShockCardiogenic Shock• Anaphylactic ShockAnaphylactic Shock• Septic ShockSeptic Shock
Shock-Identification featuresShock-Identification features
Pulse – rapid & feablePulse – rapid & feable Respiration – Rapid & ShallowRespiration – Rapid & Shallow Skin – Sweatings,Cold & ClamySkin – Sweatings,Cold & Clamy Feels fainty and giddinessFeels fainty and giddiness May vomitMay vomit Finally becomes un consciousFinally becomes un conscious
Shock-ManagementShock-Management
DRRABCDRRABC Reassure casualityReassure casuality Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing Wrap in light blanketWrap in light blanket Shift to hospital in foot end elevationShift to hospital in foot end elevation
ix.ix. Soft tissue injuriesSoft tissue injuries
SprainSprain• Overstretching or tear of ligamentsOverstretching or tear of ligaments
StrainStrain• Over stretching of muscle Over stretching of muscle • Torn of muscle fibersTorn of muscle fibers
Identification featuresIdentification features• Pain & SwellingPain & Swelling• Stiffness of musclesStiffness of muscles• Painful movementsPainful movements
ManagementManagement• R – RestR – Rest• I - ImmobilisationI - Immobilisation• C - Compression bandageC - Compression bandage• E – ElevationE – Elevation
x.x. FracturesFractures
Def:Def:• Partial or complete breakage of bonePartial or complete breakage of bone
Identification featuresIdentification features• Pain and swellingPain and swelling• DiscolourationDiscolouration• TendernessTenderness• DeformityDeformity• Loss of normal movementLoss of normal movement• Presence of abnormal movementsPresence of abnormal movements• CrepitusCrepitus
ManagementManagement
Immobilize the partImmobilize the part Don’t wash open bone Don’t wash open bone Cover the open wound with ring padCover the open wound with ring pad Apply splint and bandageApply splint and bandage
• SplintSplint Rigid piece of wood or plastic or metalRigid piece of wood or plastic or metal Reasonable wide & longReasonable wide & long Well paddedWell padded
Special fracturesSpecial fractures
Fracture base of skullFracture base of skull Fracture lower jawFracture lower jaw Fracture spine – blanket liftFracture spine – blanket lift Fracture ribs –Short shallow breathingFracture ribs –Short shallow breathing Fracture collar bone – Hand helplessFracture collar bone – Hand helpless Scapula – Arm slingScapula – Arm sling Humerus-Triangular slingHumerus-Triangular sling Fracture around elbow – Triangular Fracture around elbow – Triangular
slingsling Fracture forearm – Arm sling Fracture forearm – Arm sling
Special fractures-Continue…Special fractures-Continue…
Fracture pelvisFracture pelvis Fracture thigh boneFracture thigh bone Fracture around kneeFracture around knee Fracture legFracture leg Fracture foot and toesFracture foot and toes
Learning first-aid is a civic Learning first-aid is a civic
responsibility of each citizen. responsibility of each citizen.
Organized worldwide effort at giving Organized worldwide effort at giving first-aid came in the year 1877 with first-aid came in the year 1877 with the formation of St.John Ambulance the formation of St.John Ambulance association of England.association of England.
Definition : “Definition : “first Aid is the immediate first Aid is the immediate treatment given to the victim of an treatment given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness, before accident or sudden illness, before medical help is obtained”.medical help is obtained”.
1.1. To preserve lifeTo preserve life
2.2. To promote recoveryTo promote recovery
3.3. To prevent worsening of the To prevent worsening of the causality's condition.causality's condition.
1.1. Diagnosis Diagnosis
2.2. TreatmentTreatment
3.3. DisposalDisposal
-- History --Symptoms --Signs
Removal of cause
Check A B C
hospital
home
• Reach the spot quickly
• Be calm, methodical and quick
• Look for ABC
• Use the first-aid equipment if available
• Take the causality away from danger
• Clear the crowd with nice words
• Reassure the causality with soft words
• Note the weather
• Arrange for dispatch
Human anatomyHuman anatomy
skull
humerus
shoulder
Ulna---
Radius--
femur
--tibia
-fibula
----vertebral column
Ribs--
Pelvis--
--scapula
front back
LEGLEG
organsorgans
Muscular system Muscular system
GOLDEN RULE OF FIRSTAID GOLDEN RULE OF FIRSTAID
►D dangerD danger►R responseR response►A airwayA airway►B breathingB breathing►C circulationC circulation
PRIORITY OF TREATMENTPRIORITY OF TREATMENT
Airway-artificial respirationAirway-artificial respiration
Circulation-cardio pulmonary resuscitationCirculation-cardio pulmonary resuscitation
Bleeding-control of bleeding Bleeding-control of bleeding
Shock-treatmentShock-treatment
Fractures-treatmentFractures-treatment
Burns-treatmentBurns-treatment
Eye,nose &ear injuries –treatmentEye,nose &ear injuries –treatment
Superficial injuries- treatment Superficial injuries- treatment
transportationtransportation
Reach the spot quickly
Be calm, methodical and quick
Ensure your safety and pt. safety from further damage
Look for ABC and perform CPR if required
If ABC are ok, communicate for help and arrangement
General survey of the patient:
take brief history
treat accordingly
Reassure the pt. with soft words
clear the crowd with nice words
Note the weather
Arrange for transport
Dispose
Ensure your safety and patient safety
Road traffic accidents
Collapsing buildings
Electrocution
Poisonous fumes etc.,
Ensure your safety and patient safety
Is the vehicle stable or roll or move
Are the power lines touching the car?
Is there split of fuel / risk of fire?
On coming traffic?
responsivenessresponsiveness shake the shake the shoulders and shoutshoulders and shout
If responsive treat other injuriesIf responsive treat other injuries
Checking Vital SignsChecking Vital Signs
unresponsiveunresponsive
check breathingcheck breathing
looklook
listenlisten
feelfeel
If breathing recovery position
AIR WAYAIR WAY
not breathingnot breathing
clear the airway-clear the airway---Clear any debris or dentures in mouthhead tilt & chin lift
mechanism of mechanism of respirationrespiration
Airway ObstructionAirway Obstruction
Blood Clots, Teeth Blood Clots, Teeth Soft Tissue & BonesSoft Tissue & Bones SwellingSwelling Position of HeadPosition of Head Head InjuryHead Injury
BREATHINGBREATHING
Not breathing
Pinch the nose
Seal the mouth with yoursgive 2 breaths (1 second or longer)
CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION
Check circulation
Blue face & lips
No pulse
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONCARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Locate proper hand position for chest Locate proper hand position for chest compressionscompressions Place heel of one hand on center of chest Place heel of one hand on center of chest
between the nipplesbetween the nipples
C P RC P R Using both hands, give 15 chest Using both hands, give 15 chest
compressionscompressions Count 1001, 1002,1003 …Count 1001, 1002,1003 …
Depth of compressions: 1 .5 to 2 Depth of compressions: 1 .5 to 2 inchesinches
For children: ½ to For children: ½ to 1/31/3 of chest of chest depth and depth and use 1 or 2 hands use 1 or 2 hands (keep one hand on forehead if (keep one hand on forehead if possible)possible)
C P RC P R 2 slow breaths2 slow breaths After 15 chest compressions After 15 chest compressions
give: give: 2 slow breaths2 slow breaths If the victim starts moving: check If the victim starts moving: check
breathingbreathing Continue until help arrives or Continue until help arrives or
victim recoversvictim recovers
How CPR WorksHow CPR Works Combines rescue breathing Combines rescue breathing
and chest compressionsand chest compressions
Revives heart (cardio) and Revives heart (cardio) and lung (pulmonary) functioninglung (pulmonary) functioning
Provides O2 to the brainProvides O2 to the brain
Effective CPR provides 1/4 to 1/3 normal blood flow Rescue breaths contain 16% oxygen (21%)
if breathingif breathing
look for bleedinglook for bleeding (bleeding is the most (bleeding is the most common cause of death in accidents)common cause of death in accidents)
if major bleeding foundif major bleeding found
Apply direct pressure with Apply direct pressure with dressing/kerchief dressing/kerchief (do not remove (do not remove deeply buried foreign objects,if deeply buried foreign objects,if dressings soak add more dressing)dressings soak add more dressing)
Raise the part Raise the part (only it a fracture (only it a fracture not suspected)not suspected)
Apply pressure on the Apply pressure on the pressure point for 10minpressure point for 10min
Apply tourniquet for not more Apply tourniquet for not more than 15 minthan 15 min
Raise the foot endRaise the foot end
If minor bleedingIf minor bleeding
Remove loose dirtRemove loose dirt Wash under the tapWash under the tap Apply pressure with clean dressing/kerchiefApply pressure with clean dressing/kerchief Raise the partRaise the part
Lacerated woundsLacerated wounds
woundswounds
Punctured wound Punctured wound abrasionabrasion
If the wound is on the chest seal itIf the wound is on the chest seal it
Immediately with dressingImmediately with dressing
If abdominal viscera seen outside don't try toIf abdominal viscera seen outside don't try to
replace it, cover it with a wet dressingreplace it, cover it with a wet dressing
Don’t try to remove the deeply penetrated Don’t try to remove the deeply penetrated
objectobject
SHOCKSHOCK
A condition in which insufficient blood supply to A condition in which insufficient blood supply to brain and other organs occurs.brain and other organs occurs.
Causes:Causes:
. External/internal bleeding. External/internal bleeding
. loss of body fluid in diarrohea,. loss of body fluid in diarrohea,
vomiting,burnsvomiting,burns
. heart attacks. heart attacks
. abdominal conditions. abdominal conditions
Signs & symptomsSigns & symptoms
Giddiness Giddiness Cold clammy skin with sweatingCold clammy skin with sweating PallorPallor Feeble pulseFeeble pulse vomitingvomiting
TreatmentTreatment of of shockshock
Put the casualty on his backPut the casualty on his back
Raise the foot-endRaise the foot-end
Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing
Wrap in light bed sheet or thin rugWrap in light bed sheet or thin rug don’t rub the bodydon’t rub the body
If conscious & no chest or abdominalIf conscious & no chest or abdominal Wounds give sips of water/hot teaWounds give sips of water/hot tea /coffee/coconut water/coffee/coconut water
FRACTURES FRACTURES
► ““A fracture is the partial or complete A fracture is the partial or complete breakage of bone”breakage of bone”
Signs & symptomsSigns & symptoms
deformity of the limbdeformity of the limb
Irregularity of the boneIrregularity of the bone
Swelling & discolorationSwelling & discoloration
Bone tenderness(pain on gentleBone tenderness(pain on gentle
pressurepressure
Abnormal movementAbnormal movement
FRACTURES FRACTURES
FRACTURES FRACTURES
FRACTURES FRACTURES ► Immobilize the limb with a splint Immobilize the limb with a splint (a hard object to (a hard object to
support and restrict the movement of injured part)support and restrict the movement of injured part)► See that distal blood circulation is maintained (See that distal blood circulation is maintained (do do
not apply the bandage too tight)not apply the bandage too tight)
FRACTURESFRACTURESimmobilizationimmobilization
BURNSBURNS
► Burns caused by dry heat like flame/fireBurns caused by dry heat like flame/fire► Scalds caused by moist heat like boiling water/steamScalds caused by moist heat like boiling water/steam► Chemical burns by strong acids/alkalisChemical burns by strong acids/alkalis► Nuclear burns by nuclear explosionNuclear burns by nuclear explosion
Degrees of burnsDegrees of burns
11stst degree: skin is red degree: skin is red
22ndnddegree: blisters on the skindegree: blisters on the skin
33rdrddegree: destruction of deeper tissues/charringdegree: destruction of deeper tissues/charring
11stst degree burn degree burn
22ndnd degree burns degree burns
33rdrd degree burn degree burn
Danger from burns depends on the area of burns rather Danger from burns depends on the area of burns rather than the degreethan the degree
DEALING WITH BURNSDEALING WITH BURNS
►Rule of 9: for estimating the area of Rule of 9: for estimating the area of burn burn
any burn over 30% is dangerousany burn over 30% is dangerous put out the flames by available meansput out the flames by available means Don’t allow the person to runDon’t allow the person to run Lay him down quickly Lay him down quickly Don’t remove adhesive particlesDon’t remove adhesive particles Remove encircled objects like ringsRemove encircled objects like rings Cover the burn area with sterile dressingCover the burn area with sterile dressing Don’t burst blistersDon’t burst blisters Treat for shockTreat for shock
chockingchocking
Foreign body in eyeForeign body in eyeNever try to remove Never try to remove FB in the FB in the cornea(black area) cornea(black area) Rinse in clean Rinse in clean water water
POISONINGPOISONING
► Method of poisoningMethod of poisoning
by swallowing: acids, alkalis, pesticides, by swallowing: acids, alkalis, pesticides, disinfectantsdisinfectants
alcohol, drugs etc.,alcohol, drugs etc.,
by inhalation : poisonous gaseous like CO by inhalation : poisonous gaseous like CO
First aidFirst aid Preserve packets/bottlesPreserve packets/bottles
Don’t induce vomitingDon’t induce vomiting
Give cold water to dilute the Give cold water to dilute the poisonpoison
Snake biteSnake bite
► There are more than 2,500 types of snake of which There are more than 2,500 types of snake of which only about 10 types are poisonous only about 10 types are poisonous
AIMSAIMS .reassure (.reassure (most deaths are because of fearmost deaths are because of fear)) .stop spreading of venom.stop spreading of venom .obtain medical help.obtain medical help MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT - lay down the casualty- lay down the casualty - never make him walk- never make him walk - keep the bitten part low down - keep the bitten part low down
FITSFITS
““involuntary jerky movements”involuntary jerky movements”
dangersdangers InjuriesInjuries
Tongue biteTongue bite
Respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest ManagementManagement
keep the casualty on floor keep the casualty on floor
keep the mouth gagkeep the mouth gag
keep in recovery position keep in recovery position
Triangular bandageTriangular bandage
TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
cradlecradle
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
Fireman's carryFireman's carry
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
Hand seatsHand seats
TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
Fore & AFT methodFore & AFT method
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