NIKHIL CHAKRAVARTHY CHUKKA

TopicsTopics

I.I. General principlesGeneral principlesII.II. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyIII.III. Initial AssessmentInitial AssessmentIV.IV. Airway Emergency(Choking)Airway Emergency(Choking)V.V. CPRCPRVI.VI. Physical ExaminationPhysical ExaminationVII.VII. Bleeding and WoundsBleeding and WoundsVIII.VIII. ShockShock

Topics - continueTopics - continue

IX.IX. Soft tissue injuriesSoft tissue injuries

X.X. FracturesFractures

XI.XI. Dressings and bandagesDressings and bandages

XII.XII. BurnsBurns

XIII.XIII. PoisoningPoisoning

XIV.XIV. Priorities of First AidPriorities of First Aid

XV.XV. Moving and Transporting Moving and Transporting

I.I. General PrinciplesGeneral Principles

Definition: Immediate treatment given to the Definition: Immediate treatment given to the victim of an accident or sudden severe victim of an accident or sudden severe illness before medical help is obtained.illness before medical help is obtained.

Aims: Aims: 1.1. Preserve lifePreserve life

2.2. Promote recoveryPromote recovery

3.3. Prevent worsening of the casualities conditionPrevent worsening of the casualities condition

Qualities of First Aider:Qualities of First Aider:

1.1. Observe carefullyObserve carefully2.2. Think clearlyThink clearly3.3. Act quicklyAct quickly4.4. Be Calm Cool and ConfidentBe Calm Cool and Confident5.5. Assess the situationAssess the situation

-Look for safety-Look for safety6.6. CommunicateCommunicate

-Call up emergency services-Call up emergency services

ETHANEETHANE message message

E E - - Exact locationExact location

T T -- Type of injuryType of injury

HH -- Hazards present/ProbableHazards present/Probable

A - A - Access RouteAccess Route

N N -- Number of casualties & SeverityNumber of casualties & Severity

E - E - Emergency services Emergency services present/requiredpresent/required

TriageTriage

Green -Green - Walking WoundedWalking Wounded

Red -Red - UnconsciousUnconsciousPulse > 130Pulse > 130

Capillary filling > 2 SecCapillary filling > 2 Sec

Respiratory Rate<8 & >30Respiratory Rate<8 & >30

Black -Black - Mortal Wounds Mortal Wounds

Scope of First AidScope of First Aid

SignsSigns

SymptomsSymptoms HistoryHistory

DiagnosisDiagnosis

DiagnosisDiagnosis

TreatmentTreatment

DisposalDisposal

II.II. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

AnatomyAnatomy Types of bonesTypes of bones

• Long bonesLong bones• Short bonesShort bones• Flat bonesFlat bones

Types of JointsTypes of Joints• Ball and socket TypeBall and socket Type• Hinge TypeHinge Type• Fixed JointFixed Joint

Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles• Voluntary MusclesVoluntary Muscles• Involuntary MusclesInvoluntary Muscles• Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

PhysiologyPhysiology

Respiration - Respiration - Airway & LungsAirway & Lungs Circulation - Circulation - Heart, Blood vessels and BloodHeart, Blood vessels and Blood

DigestionDigestion - - Small bowel andSmall bowel and Large bowelLarge bowel ExcretionExcretion - - Skin & KidneysSkin & Kidneys

III.III. Initial AssessmentInitial Assessment

D – Danger To self & casualityD – Danger To self & casuality R - Resources R - Resources Human & Equipment Human & Equipment R - Response Level of responseR - Response Level of response A - Airway Is the passage openA - Airway Is the passage open B - Breathing Is he breathing B - Breathing Is he breathing C – Circulation Heart beat & PulseC – Circulation Heart beat & Pulse

Recovery PositionRecovery Position

IV.IV. Airway emergenciesAirway emergencies

RespirationRespiration - - Breathing in and Breathing in and breathing breathing out of air out of air

AsphyxiaAsphyxia - Is a condition in which - Is a condition in which lungs do not get sufficient lungs do not get sufficient air supply for breathing air supply for breathing

Causes of Asphyxia:Causes of Asphyxia:

Affecting Air passages - Affecting Air passages - Spasm,Obstruction,CompressionSpasm,Obstruction,Compression

Affecting respiratory mechanism -Affecting respiratory mechanism -

Epillepsy,Tetanus,RabiesEpillepsy,Tetanus,Rabies

CNS – Paralysis of chest wall & diaphragmCNS – Paralysis of chest wall & diaphragm

Drugs – Marphia and barbituratesDrugs – Marphia and barbiturates

Compression of chest wall Compression of chest wall

Kinds of AsphyxiaKinds of Asphyxia

Strangulation & HangingStrangulation & Hanging DrowningDrowning Choking - HemilichsmaneuverChoking - Hemilichsmaneuver

Signs & Symptoms of AsphyxiaSigns & Symptoms of Asphyxia

Phase 1: Respiratory rate increasesPhase 1: Respiratory rate increases

Pulse rate increases Pulse rate increases

Shortness of breathingShortness of breathing

Neck veins swollenNeck veins swollen

Face,lips & nails turn blue Face,lips & nails turn blue Phase 2: Partial or total loss of Phase 2: Partial or total loss of

Consciousness Consciousness

Froth Froth may appearmay appear

Fits may occurFits may occur

Management of AsphyxiaManagement of Asphyxia

Remove the causeRemove the cause Open the airwayOpen the airway Loosen dress around neck,chest & Loosen dress around neck,chest &

WaistWaist CPRCPR

v.v. Cardioplumonary resuscitationCardioplumonary resuscitation

Look for danger to self & casualityLook for danger to self & casuality Look for responseLook for response

What is your name?What is your name?What is the time now?What is the time now?Where are you?Where are you?If no response – Shout for help If no response – Shout for help

Look for breathingLook for breathingLook,Listen,feel } 10 secsLook,Listen,feel } 10 secs

If no breathingIf no breathing

-Open mouth, do finger sweep-Open mouth, do finger sweep

-Place the casualty on back-Place the casualty on back

-Extend neck,head tilt,chin lift-Extend neck,head tilt,chin lift

-Jaw thrust forward-Jaw thrust forward

-Take deep breath with open mouth-Take deep breath with open mouth

-Close nostrils with left hand-Close nostrils with left hand

-Cover the mouth with your lips-Cover the mouth with your lips

-Blow air into the chest by watching -Blow air into the chest by watching the the chest till it raises chest till it raises

-Repeat again with 4 secs gap-Repeat again with 4 secs gap

Ext-Cardiac CompressionExt-Cardiac Compression

If heart is not workingIf heart is not working(No Carotid pulse,Tounge,lips become blue,pupils (No Carotid pulse,Tounge,lips become blue,pupils dilated & NR)dilated & NR)

1.1. Locate the heartLocate the heart2.2. Place the heel of Left palmPlace the heel of Left palm3.3. Place the right hand over left handPlace the right hand over left hand4.4. Compress the chest wall towards spine by Compress the chest wall towards spine by

transferring your body weight through shoulderstransferring your body weight through shoulders5.5. Nearly 1/3 of chest wall should go downNearly 1/3 of chest wall should go down6.6. 30 cardiac compressions and 2 artificial 30 cardiac compressions and 2 artificial

respiration(30:2)respiration(30:2)7.7. Incase of drowning and children & Infants(30:5)Incase of drowning and children & Infants(30:5)

Continue CPR tillContinue CPR till-Casualty revived-Casualty revived-Till tired-Till tired-Dr. arrives & asks to stop-Dr. arrives & asks to stop-Another first aider takes over-Another first aider takes over

Complications of CPRComplications of CPR-Fracture of sternum, ribs-Fracture of sternum, ribs-Laceration of liver lung-Laceration of liver lung-Pneumothorax-Pneumothorax

VI.VI. Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination

D – DangerD – Danger R – ResourceR – Resource R – ResponseR – Response A – AirwayA – Airway B – BreathingB – Breathing C – CirculationC – Circulation

-If DRRABC are O.K-If DRRABC are O.K

D – DeformityD – Deformity

O – Open WoundO – Open Wound

T - TendernessT - Tenderness

S - SwellingS - Swelling

1.1. Head : Scalp, face,nose,ears.eyes and Head : Scalp, face,nose,ears.eyes and mouthmouth

2.2. Neck : Trachea, Vessels, Spine.medic Neck : Trachea, Vessels, Spine.medic alert necklacealert necklace

3.3. Chest: Breath movements, Chest: Breath movements, DOTS, ribs, sternum,spine,crepitus,DOTS, ribs, sternum,spine,crepitus,

4.4. Abdomen:OTS,rigidity,tenderness,discoloAbdomen:OTS,rigidity,tenderness,discolourationuration

5.5. Pelvis:Spinal injury,Genetalia,DOTSPelvis:Spinal injury,Genetalia,DOTS

6.6. Lower limbs:DOTS,Pulse,movements of Lower limbs:DOTS,Pulse,movements of toes,sensation,discolouration &cyanosistoes,sensation,discolouration &cyanosis

Upper: limbs:DOTS,PMS,Cyanosis,Discolouration.Upper: limbs:DOTS,PMS,Cyanosis,Discolouration.Back: DOTS,Spine,ribs,flangsBack: DOTS,Spine,ribs,flangsVital signs:Vital signs:

Respiration – 16-20/mtRespiration – 16-20/mtPulse Pulse - 60-90/mt - 60-90/mt

Temp -98.6 FTemp -98.6 FSkin colour –Skin colour –

Mothing,Pale,Bluish,Redness,YellowishMothing,Pale,Bluish,Redness,YellowishHistoryHistory

Signs&Symptoms,Allergies,medication,past Signs&Symptoms,Allergies,medication,past history,last oral intake,events history,last oral intake,events

VI.VI. Wounds and bleedingWounds and bleeding

Wound:Loss of continuty of tissue Wound:Loss of continuty of tissue skin,muscle or boneskin,muscle or bone

Def:Partial or complete loss in the Def:Partial or complete loss in the continuity of tissuescontinuity of tissues

Dangers of wounds:Dangers of wounds:

Bleeding - immediateBleeding - immediate

Infection –lateInfection –late

Types of wounds: Types of wounds:

1.1. AbrasionAbrasion

2.2. ContusionContusion

3.3. Incised woundIncised wound

4.4. Lacerated woundLacerated wound

5.5. Punctured woundPunctured wound

Aims:Aims:Stop bleedingStop bleedingMinimizing the number of germsMinimizing the number of germs

Bleeding:Bleeding:Common cause of death in accidents. Caused by Common cause of death in accidents. Caused by repture of blood vesselsrepture of blood vessels

Types:Types:Internal bleedingInternal bleedingExternal bleedingExternal bleeding

Arterial bleeding – Bright red, Spurting natureArterial bleeding – Bright red, Spurting natureVenous bleeding – Dark red – continuous streamVenous bleeding – Dark red – continuous streamCapillary bleeding – Oozes out slowly Capillary bleeding – Oozes out slowly

Signs & Symptoms of bleedingSigns & Symptoms of bleeding

Pulse get rapid and weak(thready)Pulse get rapid and weak(thready) Respiration becomes shallow & deepRespiration becomes shallow & deep Skin becomes cold, clamy & paleSkin becomes cold, clamy & pale Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating Casuality feels thirstyCasuality feels thirsty Feels fainty & may even collapseFeels fainty & may even collapse

Management of Ext. bleedingManagement of Ext. bleeding

Capillary bleeding – Self limitingCapillary bleeding – Self limiting Major bleeding from arteries or veinsMajor bleeding from arteries or veins

Apply pressure over the wound, Apply pressure over the wound, Elevate the part above the heart Elevate the part above the heart levellevel

Management of Int. bleedingManagement of Int. bleeding

Lay the casuality down with head lowLay the casuality down with head low Keep the casuality calm&relaxedKeep the casuality calm&relaxed ReassureReassure Cover with thin blanketCover with thin blanket Don’t give anything to eat/drinkDon’t give anything to eat/drink Shift to hospital Shift to hospital

Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas Base of skullBase of skull

- Ear bleeding – don’t club- Ear bleeding – don’t club- Nose bleeding – don’t blow- Nose bleeding – don’t blow- Throat bleeding – don’t swallow- Throat bleeding – don’t swallow

ScalpScalp-Bleeds freely – Apply big pad and bandage-Bleeds freely – Apply big pad and bandage

NoseNose-Head bent forward-Head bent forward-Pinch soft part of nose for 10 mins-Pinch soft part of nose for 10 mins-Ask him to take breathe with mouth-Ask him to take breathe with mouth-Don’t blow nose-Don’t blow nose

Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas

PalmPalm -Apply pressure around the wrist-Apply pressure around the wrist

-Keep suitable pad over the wound & -Keep suitable pad over the wound & close close the fistthe fist-Apply bandage up to wrist-Apply bandage up to wrist-Triangular bandage-Triangular bandage

Varicose veinsVaricose veins-Lay down casuality-Lay down casuality-Raise the limb above the heart level-Raise the limb above the heart level-Apply pressure bandage-Apply pressure bandage

Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas

Closed abdominal woundsClosed abdominal wounds• From liver,spleen,kidney,uterus,bladder, From liver,spleen,kidney,uterus,bladder,

intestines,blood vesselsintestines,blood vessels• Signs & SymptomsSigns & Symptoms

Pain at the site of injuryPain at the site of injury Distention of abdomenDistention of abdomen

• Management Management NPONPO Make him calmMake him calm Loosen tight clothsLoosen tight cloths

Bleeding from special areasBleeding from special areas

Chest injuryChest injury• Bloody sputum – Apply bandageBloody sputum – Apply bandage

viii.viii. ShockShock Def:Def:

• Shock is a condition of collapseShock is a condition of collapse TypesTypes

• Emotional (Neurogenic)Emotional (Neurogenic) Due to strong emotional upsetDue to strong emotional upset

• Ex:Fear,pain,bad newsEx:Fear,pain,bad news

• Hypo volume shockHypo volume shock Due to sudden severe blood lossDue to sudden severe blood loss Loss of body fluidsLoss of body fluids

• Ex:Burns and GEEx:Burns and GE

• Cardiogenic ShockCardiogenic Shock• Anaphylactic ShockAnaphylactic Shock• Septic ShockSeptic Shock

Shock-Identification featuresShock-Identification features

Pulse – rapid & feablePulse – rapid & feable Respiration – Rapid & ShallowRespiration – Rapid & Shallow Skin – Sweatings,Cold & ClamySkin – Sweatings,Cold & Clamy Feels fainty and giddinessFeels fainty and giddiness May vomitMay vomit Finally becomes un consciousFinally becomes un conscious

Shock-ManagementShock-Management

DRRABCDRRABC Reassure casualityReassure casuality Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing Wrap in light blanketWrap in light blanket Shift to hospital in foot end elevationShift to hospital in foot end elevation

ix.ix. Soft tissue injuriesSoft tissue injuries

SprainSprain• Overstretching or tear of ligamentsOverstretching or tear of ligaments

StrainStrain• Over stretching of muscle Over stretching of muscle • Torn of muscle fibersTorn of muscle fibers

Identification featuresIdentification features• Pain & SwellingPain & Swelling• Stiffness of musclesStiffness of muscles• Painful movementsPainful movements

ManagementManagement• R – RestR – Rest• I - ImmobilisationI - Immobilisation• C - Compression bandageC - Compression bandage• E – ElevationE – Elevation

x.x. FracturesFractures

Def:Def:• Partial or complete breakage of bonePartial or complete breakage of bone

Identification featuresIdentification features• Pain and swellingPain and swelling• DiscolourationDiscolouration• TendernessTenderness• DeformityDeformity• Loss of normal movementLoss of normal movement• Presence of abnormal movementsPresence of abnormal movements• CrepitusCrepitus

ManagementManagement

Immobilize the partImmobilize the part Don’t wash open bone Don’t wash open bone Cover the open wound with ring padCover the open wound with ring pad Apply splint and bandageApply splint and bandage

• SplintSplint Rigid piece of wood or plastic or metalRigid piece of wood or plastic or metal Reasonable wide & longReasonable wide & long Well paddedWell padded

Special fracturesSpecial fractures

Fracture base of skullFracture base of skull Fracture lower jawFracture lower jaw Fracture spine – blanket liftFracture spine – blanket lift Fracture ribs –Short shallow breathingFracture ribs –Short shallow breathing Fracture collar bone – Hand helplessFracture collar bone – Hand helpless Scapula – Arm slingScapula – Arm sling Humerus-Triangular slingHumerus-Triangular sling Fracture around elbow – Triangular Fracture around elbow – Triangular

slingsling Fracture forearm – Arm sling Fracture forearm – Arm sling

Special fractures-Continue…Special fractures-Continue…

Fracture pelvisFracture pelvis Fracture thigh boneFracture thigh bone Fracture around kneeFracture around knee Fracture legFracture leg Fracture foot and toesFracture foot and toes

Learning first-aid is a civic Learning first-aid is a civic

responsibility of each citizen. responsibility of each citizen.

Organized worldwide effort at giving Organized worldwide effort at giving first-aid came in the year 1877 with first-aid came in the year 1877 with the formation of St.John Ambulance the formation of St.John Ambulance association of England.association of England.

Definition : “Definition : “first Aid is the immediate first Aid is the immediate treatment given to the victim of an treatment given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness, before accident or sudden illness, before medical help is obtained”.medical help is obtained”.

1.1. To preserve lifeTo preserve life

2.2. To promote recoveryTo promote recovery

3.3. To prevent worsening of the To prevent worsening of the causality's condition.causality's condition.

1.1. Diagnosis Diagnosis

2.2. TreatmentTreatment

3.3. DisposalDisposal

-- History --Symptoms --Signs

Removal of cause

Check A B C

hospital

home

• Reach the spot quickly

• Be calm, methodical and quick

• Look for ABC

• Use the first-aid equipment if available

• Take the causality away from danger

• Clear the crowd with nice words

• Reassure the causality with soft words

• Note the weather

• Arrange for dispatch

Human anatomyHuman anatomy

skull

humerus

shoulder

Ulna---

Radius--

femur

--tibia

-fibula

----vertebral column

Ribs--

Pelvis--

--scapula

front back

LEGLEG

organsorgans

Muscular system Muscular system

GOLDEN RULE OF FIRSTAID GOLDEN RULE OF FIRSTAID

►D dangerD danger►R responseR response►A airwayA airway►B breathingB breathing►C circulationC circulation

PRIORITY OF TREATMENTPRIORITY OF TREATMENT

Airway-artificial respirationAirway-artificial respiration

Circulation-cardio pulmonary resuscitationCirculation-cardio pulmonary resuscitation

Bleeding-control of bleeding Bleeding-control of bleeding

Shock-treatmentShock-treatment

Fractures-treatmentFractures-treatment

Burns-treatmentBurns-treatment

Eye,nose &ear injuries –treatmentEye,nose &ear injuries –treatment

Superficial injuries- treatment Superficial injuries- treatment

transportationtransportation

Reach the spot quickly

Be calm, methodical and quick

Ensure your safety and pt. safety from further damage

Look for ABC and perform CPR if required

If ABC are ok, communicate for help and arrangement

General survey of the patient:

take brief history

treat accordingly

Reassure the pt. with soft words

clear the crowd with nice words

Note the weather

Arrange for transport

Dispose

Ensure your safety and patient safety

Road traffic accidents

Collapsing buildings

Electrocution

Poisonous fumes etc.,

Ensure your safety and patient safety

Is the vehicle stable or roll or move

Are the power lines touching the car?

Is there split of fuel / risk of fire?

On coming traffic?

responsivenessresponsiveness shake the shake the shoulders and shoutshoulders and shout

If responsive treat other injuriesIf responsive treat other injuries

Checking Vital SignsChecking Vital Signs

unresponsiveunresponsive

check breathingcheck breathing

looklook

listenlisten

feelfeel

If breathing recovery position

AIR WAYAIR WAY

not breathingnot breathing

clear the airway-clear the airway---Clear any debris or dentures in mouthhead tilt & chin lift

mechanism of mechanism of respirationrespiration

Airway ObstructionAirway Obstruction

Blood Clots, Teeth Blood Clots, Teeth Soft Tissue & BonesSoft Tissue & Bones SwellingSwelling Position of HeadPosition of Head Head InjuryHead Injury

BREATHINGBREATHING

Not breathing

Pinch the nose

Seal the mouth with yoursgive 2 breaths (1 second or longer)

CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION

Check circulation

Blue face & lips

No pulse

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONCARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

Locate proper hand position for chest Locate proper hand position for chest compressionscompressions Place heel of one hand on center of chest Place heel of one hand on center of chest

between the nipplesbetween the nipples

C P RC P R Using both hands, give 15 chest Using both hands, give 15 chest

compressionscompressions Count 1001, 1002,1003 …Count 1001, 1002,1003 …

Depth of compressions: 1 .5 to 2 Depth of compressions: 1 .5 to 2 inchesinches

For children: ½ to For children: ½ to 1/31/3 of chest of chest depth and depth and use 1 or 2 hands use 1 or 2 hands (keep one hand on forehead if (keep one hand on forehead if possible)possible)

C P RC P R 2 slow breaths2 slow breaths After 15 chest compressions After 15 chest compressions

give: give: 2 slow breaths2 slow breaths If the victim starts moving: check If the victim starts moving: check

breathingbreathing Continue until help arrives or Continue until help arrives or

victim recoversvictim recovers

How CPR WorksHow CPR Works Combines rescue breathing Combines rescue breathing

and chest compressionsand chest compressions

Revives heart (cardio) and Revives heart (cardio) and lung (pulmonary) functioninglung (pulmonary) functioning

Provides O2 to the brainProvides O2 to the brain

Effective CPR provides 1/4 to 1/3 normal blood flow Rescue breaths contain 16% oxygen (21%)

if breathingif breathing

look for bleedinglook for bleeding (bleeding is the most (bleeding is the most common cause of death in accidents)common cause of death in accidents)

if major bleeding foundif major bleeding found

Apply direct pressure with Apply direct pressure with dressing/kerchief dressing/kerchief (do not remove (do not remove deeply buried foreign objects,if deeply buried foreign objects,if dressings soak add more dressing)dressings soak add more dressing)

Raise the part Raise the part (only it a fracture (only it a fracture not suspected)not suspected)

Apply pressure on the Apply pressure on the pressure point for 10minpressure point for 10min

Apply tourniquet for not more Apply tourniquet for not more than 15 minthan 15 min

Raise the foot endRaise the foot end

If minor bleedingIf minor bleeding

Remove loose dirtRemove loose dirt Wash under the tapWash under the tap Apply pressure with clean dressing/kerchiefApply pressure with clean dressing/kerchief Raise the partRaise the part

Lacerated woundsLacerated wounds

woundswounds

Punctured wound Punctured wound abrasionabrasion

If the wound is on the chest seal itIf the wound is on the chest seal it

Immediately with dressingImmediately with dressing

If abdominal viscera seen outside don't try toIf abdominal viscera seen outside don't try to

replace it, cover it with a wet dressingreplace it, cover it with a wet dressing

Don’t try to remove the deeply penetrated Don’t try to remove the deeply penetrated

objectobject

SHOCKSHOCK

A condition in which insufficient blood supply to A condition in which insufficient blood supply to brain and other organs occurs.brain and other organs occurs.

Causes:Causes:

. External/internal bleeding. External/internal bleeding

. loss of body fluid in diarrohea,. loss of body fluid in diarrohea,

vomiting,burnsvomiting,burns

. heart attacks. heart attacks

. abdominal conditions. abdominal conditions

Signs & symptomsSigns & symptoms

Giddiness Giddiness Cold clammy skin with sweatingCold clammy skin with sweating PallorPallor Feeble pulseFeeble pulse vomitingvomiting

TreatmentTreatment of of shockshock

Put the casualty on his backPut the casualty on his back

Raise the foot-endRaise the foot-end

Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing

Wrap in light bed sheet or thin rugWrap in light bed sheet or thin rug don’t rub the bodydon’t rub the body

If conscious & no chest or abdominalIf conscious & no chest or abdominal Wounds give sips of water/hot teaWounds give sips of water/hot tea /coffee/coconut water/coffee/coconut water

FRACTURES FRACTURES

► ““A fracture is the partial or complete A fracture is the partial or complete breakage of bone”breakage of bone”

Signs & symptomsSigns & symptoms

deformity of the limbdeformity of the limb

Irregularity of the boneIrregularity of the bone

Swelling & discolorationSwelling & discoloration

Bone tenderness(pain on gentleBone tenderness(pain on gentle

pressurepressure

Abnormal movementAbnormal movement

FRACTURES FRACTURES

FRACTURES FRACTURES

FRACTURES FRACTURES ► Immobilize the limb with a splint Immobilize the limb with a splint (a hard object to (a hard object to

support and restrict the movement of injured part)support and restrict the movement of injured part)► See that distal blood circulation is maintained (See that distal blood circulation is maintained (do do

not apply the bandage too tight)not apply the bandage too tight)

FRACTURESFRACTURESimmobilizationimmobilization

BURNSBURNS

► Burns caused by dry heat like flame/fireBurns caused by dry heat like flame/fire► Scalds caused by moist heat like boiling water/steamScalds caused by moist heat like boiling water/steam► Chemical burns by strong acids/alkalisChemical burns by strong acids/alkalis► Nuclear burns by nuclear explosionNuclear burns by nuclear explosion

Degrees of burnsDegrees of burns

11stst degree: skin is red degree: skin is red

22ndnddegree: blisters on the skindegree: blisters on the skin

33rdrddegree: destruction of deeper tissues/charringdegree: destruction of deeper tissues/charring

11stst degree burn degree burn

22ndnd degree burns degree burns

33rdrd degree burn degree burn

Danger from burns depends on the area of burns rather Danger from burns depends on the area of burns rather than the degreethan the degree

DEALING WITH BURNSDEALING WITH BURNS

►Rule of 9: for estimating the area of Rule of 9: for estimating the area of burn burn

any burn over 30% is dangerousany burn over 30% is dangerous put out the flames by available meansput out the flames by available means Don’t allow the person to runDon’t allow the person to run Lay him down quickly Lay him down quickly Don’t remove adhesive particlesDon’t remove adhesive particles Remove encircled objects like ringsRemove encircled objects like rings Cover the burn area with sterile dressingCover the burn area with sterile dressing Don’t burst blistersDon’t burst blisters Treat for shockTreat for shock

chockingchocking

Foreign body in eyeForeign body in eyeNever try to remove Never try to remove FB in the FB in the cornea(black area) cornea(black area) Rinse in clean Rinse in clean water water

POISONINGPOISONING

► Method of poisoningMethod of poisoning

by swallowing: acids, alkalis, pesticides, by swallowing: acids, alkalis, pesticides, disinfectantsdisinfectants

alcohol, drugs etc.,alcohol, drugs etc.,

by inhalation : poisonous gaseous like CO by inhalation : poisonous gaseous like CO

First aidFirst aid Preserve packets/bottlesPreserve packets/bottles

Don’t induce vomitingDon’t induce vomiting

Give cold water to dilute the Give cold water to dilute the poisonpoison

Snake biteSnake bite

► There are more than 2,500 types of snake of which There are more than 2,500 types of snake of which only about 10 types are poisonous only about 10 types are poisonous

AIMSAIMS .reassure (.reassure (most deaths are because of fearmost deaths are because of fear)) .stop spreading of venom.stop spreading of venom .obtain medical help.obtain medical help MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT - lay down the casualty- lay down the casualty - never make him walk- never make him walk - keep the bitten part low down - keep the bitten part low down

FITSFITS

““involuntary jerky movements”involuntary jerky movements”

dangersdangers InjuriesInjuries

Tongue biteTongue bite

Respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest ManagementManagement

keep the casualty on floor keep the casualty on floor

keep the mouth gagkeep the mouth gag

keep in recovery position keep in recovery position

Triangular bandageTriangular bandage

TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

cradlecradle

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

Fireman's carryFireman's carry

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

Hand seatsHand seats

TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

Fore & AFT methodFore & AFT method