Response of Wheat, Mustard and Watermelon to Irrigation in Saline Soils

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¯  Title, Background, Objectives

¯  Materials and Methods

¯  Findings of the Field Trials

¯  Conclusions and Recommendations

¯  Acknowledgements

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Title

         BARI  

A.R. Akanda, S.K. Biswas, Khokan K. Sarker [IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur]

M.S. Mondal, A.F. Saleh, M.M. Rahaman [IWFM, BUET, Dhaka]

A.Z.M. Mosleuddin [SSD, BAU, Mymensingh]

Year Area (m ha) 1973 0.833 2011 1.056

"   Salt affected area 11.61% (of 67% of cultivable land of 147, 570 ha), remain fallow during dry/Rabi season.

"   Shrimp cultivation also play major role to increase salinity.

Saline area remain fallow during dry season (November-May)

Shrimp culture Fallow land

"   Farmers grow only T. Aman during monsoon (Soil Salinity ≤ 2 dS/m).

"   Farmers preferable rabi crops are wheat, mustard, watermelon, Chili, Sunflower, etc.

"   In General, cropping pattern in coastal areas: Fallow - Fallow - T. Aman.

"   Pattern based water management received very little attention in the past.

"   Cropping pattern based soil & water management is essential.

­  Unit production (t/ha) of wheat, mustard and watermelon are increasing in Bangladesh.

"   Promising cropping pattern (selected) in coastal areas:

Wheat - T. Aus - T. Aman Watermelon - T. Aus - T.

Aman Mustard - Mungbean - T. Aman Mustard – Boro – T. Aman Sunflower – T. Aus – T. Aman

Hypothesis: "   Rational use of the limited water.

"   Soil salinity management .

­  Goal: To increase crop & water productivity under saline

conditions for ensuring food security. ­  Field trials for wheat, mustard and watermelon were considered under salinity stress condition.

"   To evaluate the physiological parameters at different growth stages of crops; "   To find out the effect of irrigation on crop growth, yields, water productivity ; & "   To find out the effect of salinity at different growth stages of crops.

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Objectives

10  

l  Appropriate soil and water management practice can

¯ increase crops yield, & water productivity in coastal areas. l  With careful water management, soil salinity can be minimized in coastal areas of Bangladesh.

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11  

Three experiments were conducted at farmers’ field for the field trials of Wheat, Mustard & Watermelon. Location: Debhata, Satkhira, Barguna

Fig. Coastal areas (Southern part) of Bangladesh

Rabi season (Nov. – April) 2013-14

Crops & Irrigation (IR) Treatments (TT)

TT Wheat Mustard Watermelon

T1

Farmer’s practice (IR  at  early  vegeta/ve    

stage)

Farmer’s practice (IR  at  vegeta/ve    

stage)

IR at 5 days interval after emergence (AE) up to fruit

setting

T2 One IR at CRI stage

One IR at pre - flowering

stage

IR at 10 days interval AE up to fruit setting

T3 Two IR at CRI +

Booting stages One IR at pod formation stage

IR at 15 days interval AE up to fruit setting

T4 Three IR at CRI+ Booting + grain

filling stage

Two IR at pre -flowering + pod formation stage

Three IR at 25, 50 and 75 DAE (Farmer’s practice)

Crop/Variety Unit plot size

Sowing date Row spacing

Harvesting date

Wheat (BARI gom-25)

4 × 3 m 28 Nov. 2013 20 cm 11 March 2014

Mustard ( B A R I Sharisha-14)

5 × 3 m 15 Dec. 2013 30 cm 3 Feb. 2014

Watermelon (Hybrid-Big family)

3.5× 3.5 m 17 Jan. 2014 Pit : 1.5×1.5 m

15-25 April, 2014

"   Intercultural operations were done as and when necessary.

"   Soil salinity was monitored at different growth stages of crops by portable EC meter.

"   Effect of irrigation levels for the crops of wheat, mustard and watermelon on :

"   Growth, yield and yield contributing parameters

"   Water use and Water productivity

"   Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of wheat, mustard & watermelon.

Findings of the Field Trials

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"   Growth, yield and yield contributing parameters of wheat, mustard & watermelon.

Findings

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Yield contributing parameters of wheat under different levels of irrigation at saline soils

*TT   Spike/m2    

Spikelet/ spike  

TGW (g)  

Grain yield (t/ha)  

T1   437.67   18.00   54.26   3.02  

T2   478.33   21.33   55.26   3.35  

T3   502.33   22.33   57.36   3.90  

T4   507.67   22.67   57.56   4.08  CV (%)   10.11   9.53   5.64   7.92  

LSD 0.05   30.28   ns   2.41   0.52  

T1 = Farmer’s practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages

Photographic view of wheat crop wheat under different levels of irrigation

Maturity stage of wheat

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Grain filling stage of wheat

 *TT   Plant population  

(no./m2)  

Pod / plant  

Seed / pod  

TGW (g)   Seed yield (t/ha)  

T1   82   75.00   36   3.53   1.42  T2   79   93.00   38   3.58   1.49  

T3   81   87.67   37   3.58   1.44  

T4   92   97.00   40   3.59   1.52  LSD   ns   13.25   ns   ns   ns  

CV(%)   9.34   7.84   8.14   5.54   7.47  

T1 = Farmer’s practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage);T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage; T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages

Mustard

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*Treat- ment  

Unit fruit Wt. (kg)  

Yield (t/ha)  

T1   3.32   37.70  T2   3.12   34.67  

T3   2.62   28.41  T4   2.16   20.47  

LSD0.05   0.63   6.08  CV(%)   5.67   5.86  

 *  T1  =  IR  at  5  days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;  T2  =  IR  at  10  days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;    T3  =  IR  at  15    days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;  T4  =  3  IRat  25,  50  and  75  DAE  

Farmer’s  prac/ce

Watermelon

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"   Water use and water productivity of wheat, mustard and watermelon.

Findings

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Water use and water productivity (WP) of wheat

*TT Irrigation water (mm)

Rf (mm)

SMC (mm)

TWU (mm)

G r a i n yield (t/ha)  

WP (kg/m3)

T1 53 32 54 139 3.02   2.17

T2 41 32 56 129 3.35   2.60

T3 92 32 48 172 3.90   2.27

T4 138 32 41 211 4.08   1.93

T1 = Farmers’ practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages

Water use and water productivity (WP) of mustard

*TT   Irrigation water (mm)  

SMC  (mm)  

TWU  (mm)  

Seed yield (t/

ha)  

WP  (kg/m3)  

T1   60   54   114   1.42   1.25  

T2   42   61   103   1.49   1.45  T3   56   46   112   1.44   1.29  T4   89   39   128   1.52   1.19  

T1 = Farmers’ practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage); T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage; T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage;T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages

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Water use and water productivity (WP) of watermelon

*TT Irrigation water (mm)

Rf (mm)

SMC (mm)

TWU (mm)

Yield (t/ha)  

WP (kg/m3

T1 391 21 43 455 37.70   8.29

T2 311 21 48 380 34.67   9.12

T3 250 21 52 323 28.41   8.79

T4 187 21 53 261 20.47   7.84

 T1  =  IR  at  5  days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;  T2  =  IR  at  10  days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;    T3  =  IR  at  15    days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;  T4  =  3  IRat  25,  50  and  75  DAE

Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of crops (wheat, mustard and watermelon).

Findings

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Soil salinity measurement at different growth stages of crops

Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of wheat

4.86  

10.5  

4.92  

10  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

At  sowing   Early  vegeta/ve  

Vegeta/ve   Boo/ng   Heading   Floweing   Grain  filling  

At  harvest  

Soil  salin

ity  (d

S/m)  

Growth  stages  of  wheat      

T1   T2   T3   T4   T4

T1 = Farmers practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages

Farmer’s  prac/ce,  T1

Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of mustard

2.57  

8.23  

2.62  

7.65  

0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  

At  sowing   Vegeta/ve   Flowering   Pod  forma/on  

Grain  filling   Maturity  

Soil  salin

ity  (d

S/m)  

Growth  stages  of  mustard  

T1   T2   T3   T4  

T4

T1 = Farmers practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage);T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage; T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages

Farmer’s  prac/ce,  T1

Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of watermelon

2.0  

5.47  

2.03  

8.52  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

0   10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80   90  

Soil  salin

ity  (d

S/m)  

Days  aZer  plan/ng  (DAP)  of  watermelon  

T1   T2   T3   T4  

 T1  =  IR  at  5  days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;  T2  =  IR  at  10  days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;    T3  =  IR  at  15    days  interval  AE  up  to  fruit  se?ng;  T4  =  3  IRat  25,  50  and  75  DAE

Farmer’s  prac/ce,  T4

T1

Conclusions and Recommendations

BARI  

Conclusions

"   Irrigation levels affect soil salinity as well as crop growth and yields. "   Soil salinity has significant effect on yield components and yield of wheat, mustard and watermelon.

BARI  

Conclusions

"  The highest wheat yield (4.08 t/ha) obtained from 3 irrigations. "  Grain yield was higher by 11%, 29%, 35% than farmer’s practice when irrigation at CRI, CRI + Booting, CRI + Booting + Grain filling, respectively.

"  The highest water productivity (2.6 kg/m3) obtained at CRI stage.

Wheat

¯  Mustard can be promoted in medium saline area having proper irrigation facilities. ¯  Highest yield (1.52 t/ha) observed at pre flowering and pod formation stages irrigations. ¯  Highest water productivity (1.45 kg/m3) obtained at pre - flowering stage irrigation.

Conclusions

Mustard

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Watermelon

Conclusions

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l  Fruit yield (37.7, 34.67 t/ha) was found similar at 5 & 10 days interval irrigation.

l  Lowest (20.47 t/ha) was obtained from farmer’s practice.

l  Irrigation at 10 days interval can be a good option for watermelon production.

"   Yield loss due to soil salinity can be minimized if the crops are irrigated properly.

"   Cropping system based appropriate modern water management technologies may be promoted.

"   Low-medium saline canal water may be a good source of irrigation in coastal areas of Bangladesh.

Recommendations

¯ Further study is required to assess the physiological responses of crop at different levels of soil salinity and saline water at coastal areas of Bangladesh.

BUET

DFID

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CPWF  

Thanks BARI  

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