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By A.R. Akanda, S.K. Biswas. Khokan K. Sarker, M.S. Mondal, A.F. Saleh, M.M. Rahaman, A.Z.M. Mosleuddin Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference 21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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¯ Title, Background, Objectives
¯ Materials and Methods
¯ Findings of the Field Trials
¯ Conclusions and Recommendations
¯ Acknowledgements
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Title
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A.R. Akanda, S.K. Biswas, Khokan K. Sarker [IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur]
M.S. Mondal, A.F. Saleh, M.M. Rahaman [IWFM, BUET, Dhaka]
A.Z.M. Mosleuddin [SSD, BAU, Mymensingh]
Year Area (m ha) 1973 0.833 2011 1.056
" Salt affected area 11.61% (of 67% of cultivable land of 147, 570 ha), remain fallow during dry/Rabi season.
" Shrimp cultivation also play major role to increase salinity.
Saline area remain fallow during dry season (November-May)
Shrimp culture Fallow land
" Farmers grow only T. Aman during monsoon (Soil Salinity ≤ 2 dS/m).
" Farmers preferable rabi crops are wheat, mustard, watermelon, Chili, Sunflower, etc.
" In General, cropping pattern in coastal areas: Fallow - Fallow - T. Aman.
" Pattern based water management received very little attention in the past.
" Cropping pattern based soil & water management is essential.
Unit production (t/ha) of wheat, mustard and watermelon are increasing in Bangladesh.
" Promising cropping pattern (selected) in coastal areas:
Wheat - T. Aus - T. Aman Watermelon - T. Aus - T.
Aman Mustard - Mungbean - T. Aman Mustard – Boro – T. Aman Sunflower – T. Aus – T. Aman
Hypothesis: " Rational use of the limited water.
" Soil salinity management .
Goal: To increase crop & water productivity under saline
conditions for ensuring food security. Field trials for wheat, mustard and watermelon were considered under salinity stress condition.
" To evaluate the physiological parameters at different growth stages of crops; " To find out the effect of irrigation on crop growth, yields, water productivity ; & " To find out the effect of salinity at different growth stages of crops.
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Objectives
10
l Appropriate soil and water management practice can
¯ increase crops yield, & water productivity in coastal areas. l With careful water management, soil salinity can be minimized in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
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11
Three experiments were conducted at farmers’ field for the field trials of Wheat, Mustard & Watermelon. Location: Debhata, Satkhira, Barguna
Fig. Coastal areas (Southern part) of Bangladesh
Rabi season (Nov. – April) 2013-14
Crops & Irrigation (IR) Treatments (TT)
TT Wheat Mustard Watermelon
T1
Farmer’s practice (IR at early vegeta/ve
stage)
Farmer’s practice (IR at vegeta/ve
stage)
IR at 5 days interval after emergence (AE) up to fruit
setting
T2 One IR at CRI stage
One IR at pre - flowering
stage
IR at 10 days interval AE up to fruit setting
T3 Two IR at CRI +
Booting stages One IR at pod formation stage
IR at 15 days interval AE up to fruit setting
T4 Three IR at CRI+ Booting + grain
filling stage
Two IR at pre -flowering + pod formation stage
Three IR at 25, 50 and 75 DAE (Farmer’s practice)
Crop/Variety Unit plot size
Sowing date Row spacing
Harvesting date
Wheat (BARI gom-25)
4 × 3 m 28 Nov. 2013 20 cm 11 March 2014
Mustard ( B A R I Sharisha-14)
5 × 3 m 15 Dec. 2013 30 cm 3 Feb. 2014
Watermelon (Hybrid-Big family)
3.5× 3.5 m 17 Jan. 2014 Pit : 1.5×1.5 m
15-25 April, 2014
" Intercultural operations were done as and when necessary.
" Soil salinity was monitored at different growth stages of crops by portable EC meter.
" Effect of irrigation levels for the crops of wheat, mustard and watermelon on :
" Growth, yield and yield contributing parameters
" Water use and Water productivity
" Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of wheat, mustard & watermelon.
Findings of the Field Trials
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" Growth, yield and yield contributing parameters of wheat, mustard & watermelon.
Findings
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Yield contributing parameters of wheat under different levels of irrigation at saline soils
*TT Spike/m2
Spikelet/ spike
TGW (g)
Grain yield (t/ha)
T1 437.67 18.00 54.26 3.02
T2 478.33 21.33 55.26 3.35
T3 502.33 22.33 57.36 3.90
T4 507.67 22.67 57.56 4.08 CV (%) 10.11 9.53 5.64 7.92
LSD 0.05 30.28 ns 2.41 0.52
T1 = Farmer’s practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages
Photographic view of wheat crop wheat under different levels of irrigation
Maturity stage of wheat
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Grain filling stage of wheat
*TT Plant population
(no./m2)
Pod / plant
Seed / pod
TGW (g) Seed yield (t/ha)
T1 82 75.00 36 3.53 1.42 T2 79 93.00 38 3.58 1.49
T3 81 87.67 37 3.58 1.44
T4 92 97.00 40 3.59 1.52 LSD ns 13.25 ns ns ns
CV(%) 9.34 7.84 8.14 5.54 7.47
T1 = Farmer’s practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage);T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage; T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages
Mustard
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*Treat- ment
Unit fruit Wt. (kg)
Yield (t/ha)
T1 3.32 37.70 T2 3.12 34.67
T3 2.62 28.41 T4 2.16 20.47
LSD0.05 0.63 6.08 CV(%) 5.67 5.86
* T1 = IR at 5 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T2 = IR at 10 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T3 = IR at 15 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T4 = 3 IRat 25, 50 and 75 DAE
Farmer’s prac/ce
Watermelon
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" Water use and water productivity of wheat, mustard and watermelon.
Findings
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Water use and water productivity (WP) of wheat
*TT Irrigation water (mm)
Rf (mm)
SMC (mm)
TWU (mm)
G r a i n yield (t/ha)
WP (kg/m3)
T1 53 32 54 139 3.02 2.17
T2 41 32 56 129 3.35 2.60
T3 92 32 48 172 3.90 2.27
T4 138 32 41 211 4.08 1.93
T1 = Farmers’ practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages
Water use and water productivity (WP) of mustard
*TT Irrigation water (mm)
SMC (mm)
TWU (mm)
Seed yield (t/
ha)
WP (kg/m3)
T1 60 54 114 1.42 1.25
T2 42 61 103 1.49 1.45 T3 56 46 112 1.44 1.29 T4 89 39 128 1.52 1.19
T1 = Farmers’ practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage); T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage; T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage;T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages
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Water use and water productivity (WP) of watermelon
*TT Irrigation water (mm)
Rf (mm)
SMC (mm)
TWU (mm)
Yield (t/ha)
WP (kg/m3
T1 391 21 43 455 37.70 8.29
T2 311 21 48 380 34.67 9.12
T3 250 21 52 323 28.41 8.79
T4 187 21 53 261 20.47 7.84
T1 = IR at 5 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T2 = IR at 10 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T3 = IR at 15 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T4 = 3 IRat 25, 50 and 75 DAE
Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of crops (wheat, mustard and watermelon).
Findings
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Soil salinity measurement at different growth stages of crops
Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of wheat
4.86
10.5
4.92
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
At sowing Early vegeta/ve
Vegeta/ve Boo/ng Heading Floweing Grain filling
At harvest
Soil salin
ity (d
S/m)
Growth stages of wheat
T1 T2 T3 T4 T4
T1 = Farmers practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages
Farmer’s prac/ce, T1
Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of mustard
2.57
8.23
2.62
7.65
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
At sowing Vegeta/ve Flowering Pod forma/on
Grain filling Maturity
Soil salin
ity (d
S/m)
Growth stages of mustard
T1 T2 T3 T4
T4
T1 = Farmers practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage);T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage; T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages
Farmer’s prac/ce, T1
Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of watermelon
2.0
5.47
2.03
8.52
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Soil salin
ity (d
S/m)
Days aZer plan/ng (DAP) of watermelon
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 = IR at 5 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T2 = IR at 10 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T3 = IR at 15 days interval AE up to fruit se?ng; T4 = 3 IRat 25, 50 and 75 DAE
Farmer’s prac/ce, T4
T1
Conclusions and Recommendations
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Conclusions
" Irrigation levels affect soil salinity as well as crop growth and yields. " Soil salinity has significant effect on yield components and yield of wheat, mustard and watermelon.
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Conclusions
" The highest wheat yield (4.08 t/ha) obtained from 3 irrigations. " Grain yield was higher by 11%, 29%, 35% than farmer’s practice when irrigation at CRI, CRI + Booting, CRI + Booting + Grain filling, respectively.
" The highest water productivity (2.6 kg/m3) obtained at CRI stage.
Wheat
¯ Mustard can be promoted in medium saline area having proper irrigation facilities. ¯ Highest yield (1.52 t/ha) observed at pre flowering and pod formation stages irrigations. ¯ Highest water productivity (1.45 kg/m3) obtained at pre - flowering stage irrigation.
Conclusions
Mustard
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Watermelon
Conclusions
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l Fruit yield (37.7, 34.67 t/ha) was found similar at 5 & 10 days interval irrigation.
l Lowest (20.47 t/ha) was obtained from farmer’s practice.
l Irrigation at 10 days interval can be a good option for watermelon production.
" Yield loss due to soil salinity can be minimized if the crops are irrigated properly.
" Cropping system based appropriate modern water management technologies may be promoted.
" Low-medium saline canal water may be a good source of irrigation in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Recommendations
¯ Further study is required to assess the physiological responses of crop at different levels of soil salinity and saline water at coastal areas of Bangladesh.
BUET
DFID
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CPWF
