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GENDER - WOMEN AS DRIVERS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH Catherine Candea, OECD Deputy Director for Public Affairs and CommunicationsYumiko Murakami, Head of OECD Tokyo Centre
OECD Global Parliamentary Network Meeting in Tokyo (12 April 2016)
Gender equality as a driver of progress
Gender equality, a cross-cutting issue
Taxation
Entrepreneur-ship
Publicgovernanc
e
Employment
Health Education
Women and men’s access to education has converged
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1896
-190
0
1901
-05
1906
-10
1911
-15
1916
-20
1921
-25
1926
-30
1931
-35
1936
-40
1941
-45
1946
-50
1951
-55
1956
-60
1961
-65
1966
-70
1971
-75
1976
-80
Men Women
Aver
age
year
s of s
choo
ling
Source: Barro and Lee, 2013
Years of schooling over the 20th century - OECD average
Gender differences persist among low achievers
Year: 2012Source: OECD, PISA 2012
More boys than girls are all-round low-achievers
Performance disparities in school subjectsSc
ore-
poin
t diff
eren
ce (b
oys-
girls
at 1
5 yr
of a
ge)
Boys perform better
Girls perform better
Year: 2012Source: OECD, 2015
Gender gap across fields of study
Source: OECD (2012b), Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Education Health and welfare Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields Computing
Percentage of qualifications awarded to women in tertiary-type A and advanced research programmes, by field of education, 2010 or latest available year
Girls are generally less confident in their ability in mathematics than boys…. (OECD average)
Year: 2012Source: OECD, 2015
Parents are more likely to expect their sons to enter a STEM career – even when boys and girls perform equally well in school
Gender gap among
boys and girls with similar
results in mathematics, reading and
science performance
Percentage of students whose parents expect that they will work in STEM occupations, 2012
Source: OECD, 2012
Boys
Gender equality, a cross-cutting issue…
Taxation
Entrepreneur-ship
Publicgovernanc
e
EmploymentEducation
Gender differences in employment rates
Source: OECD Employment Database, 2016
Gender gaps in employment rates and full-time equivalent employment rates, 2014
Gender differences in earnings
Source: OECD (2016), Gender wage gap (indicator).
Gender differences in access to finance
Source: OECD , 2016
Tax systems can affect men & women differently:
•Explicitly, where the tax code is legally linked to gender
•Implicitly, where tax interacts with differences in underlying patterns of economic behaviour
• Due to different patterns of behaviour, an otherwise neutral tax system may have different impacts upon men and women
Gender biases in taxation dynamics
Implicit gender differences in taxation
Under-taxation ofextra hours worked
Capital and wealth ownership
Consumption
Savings patterns
Company car taxation
Tax evasion
Company cars are predominantly used by men (70% in Belgium, 80-90% in the Netherlands)
Men typically spend a higher proportion of the income they control on fuel, alcohol & tobacco
Who benefits the most from lower taxes on capital income at household level?
Men likely benefit more from tax privileges for private pension savings
Women tend to be more compliant than men
High taxes on second earners discourage labour participation, especially women
Lower taxes on extra hours worked typically induces men to work more
Gender equality, a cross-cutting issue
Taxation
Entrepreneur-ship
Publicgovernanc
e
Employment
Health Education
… and a inter-generational issue
Which policies should we adopt to promote gender equality?
Some policy recommendations…
• Facilitate women’s access to scientific fields and encourage men’s presence in social professions
• Encourage men to use entitlements to
improve family/work-life balance (parental leave, flexible work arrangements)
• Diminish gender-biases in the labour market and strengthen women’s access to finance and presence in high ranking jobs
• Ensure that tax design does not exacerbate existing gender disparities
• Mainstream gender equality in the design, implementation and evaluation of relevant public policies and budgets
Gender equality in policy making
Women in key decision-making positions and income inequality
Women ministers and confidence in national governments
BETTER LIFE INDEX
Better Life Index
Top 101.U.S.2.Mexico3.France4.Canada5.UK6.Germany7.Australia8.Russia9.Spain10.Italy--12. Japan
Over 8 million visits from over 180 countries
Global participation
Based on over 104,000 indexes submitted by users betweenMay 2011 and December 2015.
Global well-being priorities
Life satisfaction, health and education are most important well-being topics for female users
globally.
Global well-being priorities by gender
Participation in Japan
Top 10 by # of visits
1.Tokyo2.Kanagawa 3.Osaka4.Aichi5.Saitama6.Chiba7.Kyoto8.Hyogo9.Hokkaido10.Fukuoka
Well-being priorities for Japanese users
Safety, life satisfaction and health are most important for users based in Japan
Well-being priorities by gender in Japan
Safety, life satisfaction and health are most important well-being topics for female users based in Japan
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