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Center for Food TechnologyJiwaji University, Gwalior
Presentation Topic: CHEESE
Presented By: Ankur Gupta M.Sc. 3rd Semester ( 2015-17 )
IntroductionCheese has been defined as a product made from the curd obtained from milk by coagulating the casein with the help of rennet or similar enzymes in the presence of lactic acid produced by added or adventitious micro-organisms ,from which part of the moisture has been removed by the cutting ,cooking and pressing ,which has been shaped in a mould, then ripened by holding it for some time at suitable temprerature and humidities.
Classification of cheeseType of cheese Moisture % Examples
SOFT CHEESE 40-80 % Cottage , Neufchatel , Mozzarella etc.
SEMI HARD CHEESE 36-40% Limburger , Brick , Munster etc
HARD CHEESE 25-36% Cheddar , Gruyere , Gouda etc
VERY HARD CHEESE Less than 25 %Parmesan
Soft cheese( cottage, mozzarella)
Semi-hard cheese( limburger, Munster)
Hard cheese( gouda, cheddar)
Very hard cheese (parmesan)
General manufacturing method of cheese
Processed milk
Storage and ripening
Preparation of cheese mil
Heat treatment
Standardization
Pre-ripening
Pretreated cheese milk
Cont….Protein coagulation
Cheese mass
Curd preparation and treatment
Treated curd
Moulding
Pressing
Salting
Drying
Ripening
Packing
Cont. …
Percentage composition of cheeses
Name Moisture (%) Fat (%) Protein(%)
Cottage 69.8 1.0 23.3
Gouda 38.1 24.5 29.6
Swiss 33.0 30.5 30.4
Edam 38.1 22.7 30.9
Camembert 47.9 26.3 22.2
Cheddar 36.8 33.8 23.7
Parmesan 17.0 22.7 49.4
Manufacturing method of cottage cheese
Receiving (pasteurized) skim milk
Addition of calcium chloride
Addition of starter
Addition of rennet
Setting
Cutting
Cooking
Drainage of whey
Washing and draining curd
Salting
Creaming
Packaging and storage
Manufacturing method of cheddar cheese
Receiving milk
Pre-heating(35-40°C)
Filtration/clarification
Standardization
Pasteurization (63°C/30 min.)
Addition of starter(ripening at 31°C)
Addition of color
Adding rennet (renneting at 31°C)
Cont…..Cutting
Cooking (up to 37-39°C0
Drainage of whey
Cheddaring
Milling
Salting
Hooping
Dressing
Coagulation/ Setting
Cont……..Pressing
Drying
Paraffining
Curing/ Maturing
Storage of cheese• Natural cheeses should be stored at
preferably low temperatures (0-1°C/ 32-34°F), to ensure good quality
• A high temperature leads to the evaporation of moisture, growth of unwanted moulds and taint producing bacteria.
• A very low temperature also leads to mould growth because of relatively high humidity and may result in damaged texture.
• Processed cheese may be stored at 5-10°C.
Judging and grading of cheese
Quality of cheese can be determined by following factors:
• Tempering : holding cheese for sufficient time so as to determine its true body and texture characteristics
• Sensory parameters: Appearance, Color, Body and Texture, Flavor.
Defects in cheese(cheddar), causes and prevention
NAME OF DEFECT CAUSES PREVENTION1. Acid cut/
bleached/ fadedExcessive acid development
Optimum acid development in cheese curd
2. High/ Unnatural Excessive addition of color to cheese milk
Optimum addition of color to cheese milk
3. Seamy •Incorrect method of addition of salt to curd cubes•Pressing curd cubes soon after salting
•Correct method of addition of salt to curd cubes•Pressing curd cubes with sufficient time-gap after salting
Color defects
Defects in cheese(cheddar), causes and prevention
NAME OF DEFECT CAUSES PREVENTION
1. Fish eyes/ yeast holes
Contamination with yeast
Avoiding contamination with yeast
2. Pin holes/ gassy Contamination with gas producing micro-organisms
Avoiding contamination with gas producing micro-organisms
3. Mechanical holes Incorrect chhedaring of cheese curd
Correct chhedaring of cheese curd
Texture defects
Defects in cheese(cheddar), causes and prevention
Body defects
NAME OF DEFECT CAUSES PREVENTION
1. Cooky/ dry/ hard Insufficient fat, moisture content in cheese
Optimum fat, moisture content in cheese
2. Crumbly •Excessively acid development in cheese curd
Optimum acid development in cheese curd
3. Greasy High fat content in cheese
Optimum fat content in cheese
4.Pasty/ watery/ wet Excessive moisture content in cheese
Optimum moisture content in cheese
5. Weak/ soft High fat and/or moisture content in cheese
Optimum fat and/or moisture content
Defects in cheese(cheddar), causes and prevention
Flavor defects
NAME OF DEFECT CAUSES PREVENTION
1. High acid/ sour High acid development in cheese curd.
Optimum acid development in cheese curd
2. Bitter • Low quality milk• Low quality
starter• Excessive amount
of rennet• Insanitary
condition of equipment and surroundings
•Good quality milk•Good quality starter•Optimum amount of rennet•Sanitary conditions of equipments and surroundings
3. Mouldy •Adopting wrong cheese for curing•Adopting warm conditions for curing
•Selection of right cheese for curing•Adopting cold curing conditions
Popular cheese brands in India
Conclusion • From the slides presented, I conclude that
the cheese is a product obtained by draining after coagulation of milk with a harmless coagulating agent under the influence of bacterial cultures.
• Acceptability of cheese is even today a matter of concern for some orthodox vegetarians due to the use of rennet.
• The major brand that has its variety of cheese is AMUL and major varieties preferred in India are Cheddar, Mozzarella, and Swiss cheese.
References• Sukumar de; Outlines of Dairy Technology;
Oxford University Press; 2015• P. Walstra, Pieter Walstra, Jan T. M. Wouters,
Tom J. Geurts; Dairy Science and Technology, Second Edition
THANK YOU
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