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GLOBAL WARMING
PROF. PRITI THAKKARSIES COLLEGE OF COMM & ECO
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The Green House Gases
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Chlorofluorocarbons
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
(ABIOTIC)
1.Polar Ice Caps Melting.
2.Ozone Depletion.
3.Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves and economic loss.
4. Impact on health.
The 5 deadliest effects of global warming:
POLAR ICE CAP
Impacts in Alaska1. Melting
Glacial Retreat Accelerated melting of glaciers
and ice caps could add an additional 4 to 9.5 inches of sea level rise. (Science 7/07)
Alaska’s Columbia Glacier has decreased by approximately 9 miles since 1980 and thinned by as much as 1,300 feet.. (Science 7/07)
Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves
What Climate change is the concern?
Global surface temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius since late 19th century
Climate change predicted to increase global temperatures by 0.8 to 4.5 degrees Celsius by the year 2100
Evidence:
1. More warm dayssteady rise since 19821995-2006 rank as warmest since
1850 2. Melting of snow and ice 3. Record number of icebergs 4. Sea level rise 5. Changes in Gulf Stream 6. Changes in precipitation patterns 7. Coral reef damage from algae
Effect on Biotic World
Plants Animals Humans
HUMAN HEALTH
People with heart problems are vulnerable, and some respiratory problems increase.
The 2003 European heat wave killed 22,000–35,000 people, based on normal mortality rates
Ways to Reduce Carbon
Constrain use (efficiency) Carbon offsetting Use of renewable energy sources as
substitutes in operations
Carbon Trading- How it works1. A country caps emissions at a certain level
2. Issues permits to firms and industries to emit a stated amount of carbon dioxide over a time period
3. Firms trade these credits in a free market.
4. Firms whose emissions exceed the amount of credits they possess are heavily penalized.
GLOBAL COMBAT MEASURES
CARBON BANK - Milestones1972 Stockholm Declaration1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution1997 Kyoto Protocol2005 Kyoto Rulebook
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocolto the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
negotiated in 1997open for signature in 1998came into force February 16, 2005
Kyoto Rule BookDecember 2, 2005
Defines how each country’s emissions and sinks (e.g. reforestation) are accounted.
Developed countries can invest in other developed countries and earn carbon allowances.
Establishes the Clean Development Mechanism which allows developed countries to invest in sustainable development projects in developing countries.
JOHANNESBERG Earth Summit (26 Aug- 4 Sept 2002).
BALI SUMMIT ON CLIMATE (3 - 15 December 2007) The summit was to find an alternative
after expiry of Kyoto Protocol. Aimed at reduction of CO2 emissions Targeted developing nations to cut
emissions Did not provide a just mechanism. Not enough funds and new technologies in
the developing nations. Did not reach any firm agreements or
targets.
:
CHALLENGES ADDRESSED BY THE COPENHAGEN SUMMITT Thrash out a successor to
Kyoto Protocol. Targets and actions for
nations. Financing for low carbon
development. Building global carbon market.
PROPOSED CHANGES IN ABSOLUTE EMISSIONS
Norway−30% to −40%Japan−25%EU−20 to −30%Russia−20 to −25%South Africa−18%Iceland−15%
New Zealand−10 to −20%Australia−4 to −24%United States−4%Brazil+5 to −1.8%China−40 to −45% (per
GDP)India−20 to −25% (per
GDP)
BACKGROUND
192 countries have signed the climatic change agreement.
US had rejected Kyoto Protocol’s requirement to cut emissions by 5%
China has emerged to be highest emitter of CO2
Developing nations believe it is responsibility of developed nations to set a role model.
RESULTS
1. China, India, etc. have rejected caps.
2. They emit over half of GHGs. Their half is growing 7 times faster.
3. With quantity commitment ruled out — Carbon Pricing remains.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATIC CHANGE- IPCC International body which
comprehensively assess GHGs and gives envtal reports.
2007 Nobel Peace Prize 2007 report errotically states that the
Himalayan Glaciers will be completely wiped out by 2035
23/2/2010 IPCC chairman R K Pachauri apologised for it.
But there was no ambiguity that the glaciers were melting.
INDIA’S POSITION TO MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS Negotiations should proceed acc to
UNFCC’s principles and objectives. Shared vision for long term co-
operative action. Avoid deflecting the main purpose of
negotiations by trade factors. Long term and equitable approach to
climate change. Achieve specializations in
technological innovations.
COMBAT MEASURES HAVE TO BE
GEO-ENGINEERING
RAIN WATERSTORAGE
IRRIGATION
DROUGHTVARIANTVARITIES
AGRICULTURALPRODUCTION
BALANCE - ENVIRONMENT
&ECONOMY
COMBINED EFFORTS OF ALL SECTORS
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
ENERGY CONSERVATION(reduce 22m tons of CO2)
Technological development of high performance lasers, burners, furnaces
Introduction of energy management systems
Accelerated development and diffusion of low emission vehicles
NEW ENERGY(reduce 34m tons of CO2)
•Introducing use of bio-mass•Introduction of solar energy generation, solar thermal utilization, wind power generation, waste power generation and biomass energy•Strengthening of technological development for energy generation
FUEL CONVERSION(reduce 18m tons of CO2)
•Conversion of aging coal-fired power generation to natural gas power generation •Development of safety standards for natural gas pipelines
YOUR ROLE AS A TEACHER
Spread awareness Train them to walk on the right path Motivate the youth through interactive
talks Organize street plays with their help for
the common man Be a role model
What the teacher is, is more important than what he
teaches.Karl Menninger
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