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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2
HOME CONTENTS RESOURCESEssential Natural Science 1
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2
Contents
Planet Earth
Special characteristics Movements
The seasons
Characteristics The Sun’s rays
The Earth and Moon
How does the Moon move? The phases of the Moon Eclipses Tides
Spheres
The geosphereThe atmosphereThe hydrosphereThe biosphere HOME
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2
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What is the Earth like?
How does the Moon move?
The geosphere
Phases of the Moon
How does the Earth move?
The Sun’s rays
Eclipses Tides The atmosphere
The hydrosphere The biosphere
Characteristicsof the seasons
Links
Animation: The Earth’s movements
Animation: The phases of the Moon and eclipses
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What is the Earth like?
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An atmosphere containing oxygen
Intense magnetic field
A water cycle
A large, natural satellite, the Moon
Geological activity
Conditions for life exist.
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Moderate average temperature (15 ºC)
Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2
What is the Earth like?
A magnetic field protects living beings from dangerous solar radiation.
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Radiation
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What is the Earth like?
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The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases.
Main components:
nitrogen (4/5)
oxygen (1/5)
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What is the Earth like?
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Moderate average temperature (15 ºC)
This is possible because of: • the distance from the Sun • the composition of the atmosphere
3
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What is the Earth like?
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A water cycleWater exists in three statesdue to temperature variations:
• ice• liquid• water vapour
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What is the Earth like?
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A relatively large, natural satellite, the Moon.
The gravitational attraction of the Moon causes ocean tides.
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What is the Earth like?
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Geological activity:earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, erosion, etc.
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What is the Earth like?
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Conditions for life exist.
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How does the Earth move?
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Rotation
ENLARGE IMAGE
Revolution
ENLARGE IMAGE
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How does the Earth move?
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DAY NIGHT
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
equatorial plane
rotational axis
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Rotation
The Earth takes 24 hours (one day)
to rotate onceon its axis.
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How does the Earth move?
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Revolutionecliptic plane
The Earth takes 365¼ days (one year) to orbit the Sun once.
150,000,000 km
terrestrial orbit
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Animation: The phases of the Moon and eclipses
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2
Animation: The Earth’s movements
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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2
Characteristics of the seasons
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Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Days Days get longer until 21st June.
Days get shorter after 21st June.
Days get shorter until 22nd December.
Days get longer after 22nd December.
Nights Nights get shorter. Nights get longer. Nights get longer. Nights get shorter.
Summer
Winter
SummerWinter
WinterAutumnSummer
Autumn Spring
Spring
January February March April May June July August September October November December January February
Southern Hemisphere
Winter solstice
Summer solstice
Autumn equinox
Autumn equinox
Spring equinox
Winter solstice Spring equinox
Summer solstice
Northern Hemisphere
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Characteristics of the seasons
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Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
22nd SeptemberAutumn equinox
21st MarchSpring equinox
21st DecemberWinter solstice
21st JuneSummer solstice
Southern Hemisphere
Summer
Spring
Autumn
Winter
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Summer
Characteristics of the seasons
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Northern Hemisphere
Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere
Spring
22nd SeptemberSpring equinox
21st MarchAutumn equinox
21st DecemberSummer solstice
Autumn
Winter
21st JuneWinter solstice
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Summer solstice Winter solstice
The Sun’s rays
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Summer simulation Winter simulation
Indirect rays produce less heat.
Direct rays produce more heat.
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How does the Moon move?
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The red dot indicates the dark or hidden side.
The Moon takes 28 days to rotate once
on its axis (anticlockwise).
Rotation
Rotational axis
The Moon takes 27 days and 8 hours
to orbit the Earth once (anticlockwise).
Revolution
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Phases of the Moon
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NEW MOON
FIRST QUARTER
LAST QUARTER
FULL MOON
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Eclipses
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Nodes
Solar eclipse
Lunar eclipse
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Eclipses
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Nodes
Lunar eclipse
The Earth is between the Moon and the Sun.
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Eclipses
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Nodes
Solar eclipse
The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
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Tides
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Low tide in Spain
High tide in Mexico
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1
2
High tide in Spain
Low tide in Mexico
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2
90 degree
turn
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The geosphere
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70 km
2 900 km
5 150 km
6 370 km
0 km
inner core
outer core
70 km 10 km
mantle
crust
continental crust oceanic crust
MAIN FEATURES
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The geosphere
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Main relief features
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continental shelf
great plains
mountain range
mid-oceanic ridge
oceanic trench
abyssal plains
submarine volcano
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The atmosphere
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The layer of air which surrounds the Earth
78 % nitrogen
21 % oxygen
1 % carbon dioxide and other gases
MAIN COMPONENTS
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The hydrosphere
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All the water on, under and above the Earth
salt water
The water cyclewater vapour and clouds
fresh water
heat from the Sun+
the force of gravity
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The biosphere
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all the living things
on Earth
The Earth’s crustThe atmosphere The hydrosphere
Aquatic environments Terrestrial environments
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Links
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The Earth and beyond: phases of the Moon
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Observing the sky
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