The Enlightenment Review

Period 9 Review

http://meadperiod9.webs.com

11/24/08

“A philosophical movement of the eighteenth century that rejected traditional ideas and values, emphasized the notion of human progress, and promoted the use of reason and direct observation in science”◦ Newberry.org

An intellectual movement that brought reform◦ Mr. Mead

Salon- A place for intellectual conversation Problem Solving

◦ Eliminate Poverty◦ Improve Government◦ Fix Economy

Philisoph- Intellectualspeaker

Expand methods of communication◦ Salon◦ Theaters◦ Newspapers◦ Books

Change people’s views of current institutions.◦ Nobility, social structure of Europe

Merit- What one produces over who your family is.

Shed the dependency of viewpoint Not everyone listens to the church anymore.

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Experimentation due to questioning of the accepted.◦ Natural World◦ Society

“Old Science”◦ Based on Ancient Texts and the Church◦ Believed in a Geocentric Universe (Earth

Centered)◦ Believed there were the planets, then the sun,

then the moon (perfect), then the stars (angelic), then heaven.

“New Science”◦ Heliocentric Theory- Sun Centered◦ Based off of:

Renaissance Secular thought Ancient Texts Skepticism Individual Achievement (motive)

Reformation Church is already challenged Religious diversity in thought

Age of Exploration Seeking wealth and power Discovering new land Technology Courage Old beliefs disproven

Printing Press Rapid spread of information Rise of Literacy Vernacular Surgery Math Physics Astronomy

Discovery leads to enhanced innovation.◦ Europeans believed they were setting the

standards for the world. These standards were basically that their culture was the best so they have every right to impose it on others.

Out with the old, in with the new.◦ Out with nobles and church◦ Middle class is excited to change the world

around them.◦ Want to fulfill their potential◦ Record keeping and tax collection begins.

First to challenge old order.◦ Galileo Moon (is actually imperfect)◦ Vesalius Anatomy (body is like a machine, and

everything works out)◦ Bacon Scientific Method (formula for problem

solving)◦ Newton Natural Laws

11/25

Natural Laws◦ Natural laws must be implemented in society

being manipulated by forces that must be broken. For example, according to Newton, Mercantilism is unnatural because it controlled by the government.

Monarchs Support Scientists◦ Weaken the Church◦ More technology

Bridges Military Mining etc.

Schools begin to open and compete◦ French Royal Academy◦ English Royal Society Shared power in England created a

more relaxed environment. Those who went from France, to England, back to France

became jealous and furious.◦ Rich would form own societies

Paying great minds to come to “parties,” more formally known as debates (in salons with Beethoven?) and brilliant communities would be raised where people work together to find information.

Educated Militaries◦ Military Schools

Normal subjects are taught: Strategies Tactics Weapon Handling

12/2/08Sapre Aude-DARE TO KNOW

Reason, Nature, Progress, Liberty, Happiness

CHANGE

Government Religion Social Order

How?

Education Law

Believed culture interfered with change Philisophs were the key to the

enlightenment. Everything should happen naturally.

◦ Deism- Belief in nature, not god. There is an ultimate power = the “clock maker”

12/4/2008

SOCIETY IS CORRUPT!

What is the purpose of government?◦ Provide for the best interests of the people◦ Serve general will/welfare

Social Contract: Common ideas of philosophes on how government should be run in respect to the government/citizens relationship.

“Man is born free, but everywhere, he is in chains.”

- Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Locke: Inequality of Society◦ All are born free and equal with the same chance.◦ Tabala Rasa “Blank Slate”

Everyone is born with this slate, which means everyone has the same opportunity. Life experiences will fill the slate. (i.e. education/travel)

Main Goal of Philosophes during the Enlightenment:

Change the government Change the laws Change Society!!

12/5/2008

Absolute Freedom•Everyone does as they please.•This can be dangerous!!

Freedom in a Box•Everyone is controlled by laws.•Safer for society.

Government liked to feel like their citizens were more intelligent, positive reflection on themselves, egotistical.

Some thinkers such as Hobbes still supported Absolutism

King wanted intelligent advisers who could solve problems

Monarchs doubted the power of Enlightened Thinkers, thought they had no possibility of taking over the King.

Increase in weaponry/military technology.

Many Parisians who went to London and returned began to like English ideas.

Philadelphia became the major Enlightened city in the colonies, followed closely by the city of Boston.

Northern colonies had more enlightened thinkers because southern colonies had their own customs which they did not want to abandon (slavery)

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12/10/2008

Charles I (1625-1649) Financial crisis continues to worsen, yet he still engages England in costly wars. Demands that money should be used in order to pay for artwork to glorify his father (James I), although people on the streets are starving.

Calls Parliament into session and states he wants Parliament’s support to raise taxes. Parliament states that a vote will be held only if they are given a larger role in governing

Charles I is disgraced with their lack of support and closes Parliament. As a result, he decides to raise taxes on his own. Under his tax plan, everyone, including Nobles, must pay taxes or face imprisonment/death. For example, ship money, a tax typically paid by people living only on the coast, used to protect harbors, is extended to include then entire country

Charles I sends soldiers to live in people’s homes while collecting their taxes. Issue begins to develop of no taxation, without consent. As a result, Charles I begins to institute martial law, such as dress codes, curfews, etc.

Due process: Explanation of why you’re in trouble:

Non-existent under Charles I UNFAIR!)

12/11/2008

Charles I passed strict laws on Anglican worship, forcing people to worship how he wanted

Made high taxes Imprisoned anyone who did not follow his tax and

worship laws Spread harsh laws to Scotland too (Scotland

Presbyterian) Charles I first absentee ruler of Scotland: never has

been to Scotland As absentee ruler, higher chance of rebellion

Wants to declare war on

Goes to parliament to ask for permission, but the present him with the petition of rights.◦ Petition of Rights

No taxation without consent No quartering Parliament gets a say

But KING WON’T SIGN◦ Do we need a king?

12/10/200812/11/2008

English Civil War: (1625-1689) 1689- The Glorious Revolution

Long Term Causes:◦ Magna Carta (1215) First social contract between

government/people◦ Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) Financial crisis in

England begins due to expensive wars◦ James I (1603-1625) People realize financial

trouble, parliament does nothing. Great Britain (under James I) He resented Puritans/Parliament

Roundheads win and arrest Charles I◦ He is guilty of treason and publicly behead him◦ Cromwell is declared the leader

Oppressive leader of “commonwealth”◦ Not allowed to have fun- “Puritan Taliban”◦ He is “Lord Protector” ◦ “I’m not a god, I work for God”

Back to where we started

12/11/2008

The Merry Monarch Reopens theaters, celebrates holidays,

makes England back to normal Pretty much makes England back to normal

before Cromwell Secretly putting Catholic in Parliament due

to French ties and devotion to France?◦ Brother is openly Catholic

12/12/2008

James II new ruler Openly catholic but Anglican rule James II has a son

◦ Catholic Baptism◦ Sends a message that says “We’re gonna be

Catholic!” English Rebellion Parliament divides

Whigs Tories

Reunite to prevent another civil war

Reunited parliament wants new Protestant ruler

James IIMary (Daughter)

Prince William of Orange

Married

When he dies daughter Mary and William come to throne◦ Protestant, not Catholic

Parliament makes deal with her◦ Create English Bill of Rights

Outlines the power of citizens of England Parliament and monarch almost totally

equal