Sem 1 Ch 2

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CCNA 1 v3.0 Module 2 Networking Fundamentals

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Objectives

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Networking Devices

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Network TopologyPHYSICAL AND LOGICALMost common Logical Topologies are Broadcast & Token ring

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NETWORK PROTOCOLS

How physical network is built How computers connect to the network How data is formatted for transmission How data is sent How to deal with errors

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Network Protocols

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LOCAL AREA NETWORKSLAN components Computers NICs Peripheral devices Networking Media Networking devicesLAN Technologies Ethernet Token Ring FDDI

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Local-area Networks (LANs)

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Wide-area Networks (WANs)

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Data Networks

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SANsMoves data between Server and Storage resources.Allows high speed connectivity for Server to storage Server to server Storage to storage

PERFORMANCE-AVAILIBILITY-SCALABILITY

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Storage-Area Networks (SANS)

Performance – SANs enable concurrent access of disk or tape arrays by two or more servers at high speeds.

Availability – SANs have disaster tolerance built in, because data can be mirrored using a SAN up to 10 kilometers (km) or 6.2 miles away.

Scalability – Like a LAN/WAN, it can use a variety of technologies.

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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)A private network constructed within a public network infrastructure.Using VPN, a Telecommuter can remotely access the network of company H/Qs.Through Internet secure Tunnel is built Between PC of Telecommuter and Router at Company H/Qs.VPNs offers secure, reliable over shared public network while maintaining same security and management policies as a private network.

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Intranet and Extranet VPN

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Importance of Bandwidth

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Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

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Bandwidth Highway Analogy

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Bandwidth Measurements

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Bandwidth Limitations

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Bandwidth > Throughput

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Digital Transfer Calculation

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EXAMPLE

Which would take less time?

1-Sending a floppy disk (1.44 MB) full of data over an ISDN BRI Line

OR2-Sending a 10GB hard drive full of data over an OC-48 line

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EXAMPLE ( Cont…..)

T = S/BW

1- S= 1.44 MB, BW=128 Kb

Thus time = 1.44 x 1000 K Bytes x 8 Bits / 128 Kbps

= 90 Seconds

2- S= 10 GB, BW= 2.488320 Gbps

Thus time = 10 G Bytes x 8 Bits/ 2.488320 Gbps

= 32.15 Seconds

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Using Layers to Describe Data Communication

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OSI Model

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

•Provides reliable transfer of data across media

•Provides physical/flat address

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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TCP/IP Model

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Encapsulation

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Names for Data at Each Layer

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Summary