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PowerPoint on Washington's Administration thru Madison
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Goal 1.01: Domestic issues/conflicts during the Federalist EraGoal 1.02: Political freedoms of key groupsGoal 1.03: Commercial/political relationships with other nations
CHAPTER 2 (pages 58-89)
The New Nation:Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison
A New Nation July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence –
American colonies break away from Great Britain
1776-1783: Revolutionary War w/ GB, while France becomes our ally
1787: Constitutional Convention meets in Philly, creates plan for 3 branches of govt
Executive (Prez)Legislative (Congress)
Judicial (Supreme Court)
George WashingtonMilitary hero, longtime leader,
easy choice for 1st Prez.
ELECTED PREZ 1789 –who voted him in? Keyword: SUFFRAGE (right to vote) Who had the right to vote in this New Nation?
VP: John Adams (JA), another revolutionary leader
GW as Prez Running govt too much responsibility for 1
person. Solution? GW created the first Cabinet – key advisors, each running their own dept.
State
Thomas Jefferson
Treasury
Alexander Hamilton
War
Henry Knox
GW as PrezBill of Rights ratified 1791 Civics flashback: Constitutional Convention fight…
how much power to give to the national govt?
Federalists okay w/ Constitution as writtenAnti-Federalists wanted Bill of Rights guaranteeing
that individual/states rights would be protected
Both sides compromise, & by 1791 the Bill of Rights (first ten 10 amendments) added to the
Const
GW as PrezCivics flashback: Constitution created Supreme Court, gave Congress power to
add/create other courts)
Judiciary Act of 1789: Congress created federal district courts + attorney general
First Supreme Court had 6 justices(1 Chief Justice, 5 Associate)
GW as PrezKey problem facing new nation: NO MONEY
(War is expensive!)
Hamilton’s Economic Plan: Fed govt pays off state & foreign debtsSupport business with laissez-faire
economics (little govt regulation)Find new income (taxes/tariffs)Create Bank of US/national currency
GW as PrezOpposition to Hamilton’s Plan:
South has less debt, doesn’t like being made responsible for $ owed by northern states
Laissez-faire would make the rich richer, but how would ordinary Americans benefit?
Too much power to federal govtNo one likes taxes
Hamilton’s PlanLeave Business Totally Alone, Stupid!!
(LBTAS)
L: Laissez-faireB: Bank of UST: TaxesA: All debts paidS: Support from rich
GW as PrezWhiskey Rebellion: first
major domestic challenge of US
PA farmers hate new whiskey tax, fight back
Hamilton v. Jefferson1794, troops sent in &
rebellion falls apartDisagreements over
taxes/use of govt power
GW as PrezTwo-party system:
FEDERALISTS DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
GW, AH, John Adams
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
Supported by northerners, merchants
TJ, James Madison
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Supported by southerners, farmers
FederalistsWhat’s Happening Friend? Nothing Lately
W: Washington/AdamsH: HamiltonF: FEDERALISTSN: National govtL: Loose constructionists
Democratic-RepublicansJust Joking, Dear. Really, I’m So Sorry
J: JeffersonJ: James Madison/MonroeD: DEMOCRATICR: REPUBLICANI: Individual rights S: States’ rightsS: Strict constructionist
GW as Prez
Problems with Native Americans:
US gets NW Territory from GB, but filled with allied tribes trying to stop American expansion (NA helped by British!)
1794, NA defeated at Battle of Fallen TimbersTreaty of Greeneville signed 1795, NA
leaders give most of territory (modern-day Ohio) to US Govt
GW as PrezUS and GB:
British forts still in NW Territory, helping NA uprisings
Problem of British ships impressing (kidnapping) American sailors
1794, GW signs Jay’s Treaty with GB: British give up forts, US repays prewar debts to GB, no agreement on impressment
GW as PrezUS and France:1789 marked start of French
Revolution (no more kings!), eventually thousands executed by new govt
GB & France at war 1790s
1793, GW issues Proclamation of Neutrality (US will not get involved in European wars)
GW as PrezUS and Spain:
Land disputes with Spain over Florida borders, US farmer access to Mississippi River
1795, GW signed Pinckney’s Treaty: gives US access to Mississippi River & New Orleans
GW as Prez
GW as PrezServed two terms (1789-1797)Decided not to run again & set a
precedent followed by all other Prez’s until 1940s.
Washington’ Farewell Address: goodbye speech to American people, offers political advice for Prez’s to come.
Election of 1796Prez: John Adams (GW’s VP/Federalist)VP: Thomas Jefferson (former SS/Dem-Rep)
First Lady Abigail Adams says “Remember the Ladies” (women should have rights too!)
JA as PrezXYZ Affair: 1797, Americans told they
have to pay a bribe to France (makes US angry/unofficial war with France)
Convention of 1800: AKA “Treaty of Montefortaine” resolves US-France conflict
JA as PrezAlien and Sedition Acts: laws passed by
Federalists 1798, as reaction to conflict with France
Alien Act: Prez could arrest/deport immigrants (immigrants D-R!)
Sedition Act: made it a crime to criticize the govt
JA as PrezStates protest Alien & Sedition Acts!
Jefferson & Madison write Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, passed by state
legislatures 1798/1799, declare A&S Acts unconstitutional
Nullification: idea that states could reject, or “nullify,” federal laws they didn’t like
States (VA, KY, NC, Mass, Conn,
etc)
Federal Government
Election of 1800
Election of 1800 called “Revolution of 1800”: D-R take power peacefully!
Tie between TJ & Aaron Burr; House of Reps picks TJ for Prez, TJ reelected 1804
JA as sore loser: Adams appointed “midnight judges” to keep Federalists in power, including Chief Justice John Marshall for SC
TJ as PrezD-R Political Changes:A&S Acts not renewed Taxes stoppedTJ a strict constructionist…OR WAS HE?
Louisiana Purchase (1803) – TJ buys LA from France for 15 million, doubled size of US, becomes loose constructionist
1804, Lewis and Clark explore Louisiana Purchase
TJ as PrezMarbury vs. Madison, 1803
Established judicial review: SC has power to review ALL laws (less power to states, more power to national govt – esp judicial branch)
Chief Justice John Marshall expands power of fed govt through M v. M & other SC decisions
TJ as PrezNapoleonic wars in Europe, US tried to stay
neutral
Impressment continues: 1790s 2400 sailors were impressed by GB; 1802-1811 British impressed 8000 sailors
TJ as Prez
TJ ordered Embargo of 1807: American ships must stay home, no longer trading with GB.
Embargo FAILS: doesn’t hurt British, instead hurts American merchants, farmers, sailors
Election of 1808James Madison elected 4th President (friend to TJ, fellow D-R)
Key challenges:Conflict with GBShawnee warrior Tecumseh and his
brother “The Prophet” tried to unite Indian nations against American expansion.
1811, Tecumseh & allies defeated by William Henry Harrison at Battle of Tippecanoe
JM as Prez“War Hawks” demand war with GB.
Mostly young politicians from south/west (Ex: John Calhoun/SC, Henry Clay/KY)
Fiery nationalists who spoke out against impressments, British support for NA
Called for invasion of British Canada
JM as PrezMadison asks Congress to declare war on GB
in 1812 (War of 1812 begins)
Adv for US: close to Canada, know the territory.
Disadv for US: internal conflict, smaller military
American attempts to invade Canada in 1812/1813 fail; by late 1814 – US changes strategy, plays defense
JM as PrezHartford Convention: Federalist meeting
Dec 1814, during the war
Federalists oppose war, consider secession (breakaway) from US, separate peace with GB.
Federalist party loses popularity
JM as PrezBattle of New Orleans: American victory
in the War of 1812, troops led by Andrew Jackson.
• Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812
• After 1812: Rise in American nationalism/confidence; other countries began to see the US as successful, independent country
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