General pharmacology slide

MASUMA AKTERST.ID.20150109037

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General pharmacology

What is pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of science that includes history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, mode of action, excretion, the therapeutic use and side effects of drug.

Types of pharmacology

There are two types of pharmacology: 1. Pharmacokinetics: The part of

pharmacology that concerned with absorption, distribution, metabolism excretion of drugs.

What the organism does to the drugs.2.Pharmacodynamics: The part of pharmacology that concerned with the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mode of action.What drugs do to the organism.

Some definition Side effect: It is the effect of drug

which is therapeutically undesirable but unavoidable.

Toxic effect: It is the undesirable effect of a drug due to prolong use.

Prodrug: Those drugs do not produce any pharmacological effects until they are chemically altered within the body are called prodrug.

Efficacy: It is the first property of drug which gives a measure of the amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude.

Potency: The second drug property.This is the ability of a drug to elicit a response when it interacts with a receptor.

Route of drug administration1. Enteral: * Oral * Sublingual * Rectal2. Parenteral: * Intravenous * Intraarterial * Intramascular * Intracutaneous * Subcutaneous

Oral route

Oral is the most common.Advantages:1. Self medication is possible.2. Non invasive.3. Cheap,safe and painless.Disadvantages:4. Irritating and unpleasant drugs cannot be

administrated.5. Drug may discolor teeth.6. Drugs cannot be used unconscious patient.

Oral medication

Sublingual

A drug placed under the tongue, where it dissolved.

Advantages: 1. More potent than oral. 2. Rapidly absorbed into bloodstream. 3. Lipid soluble drugs rapidly absorbed.Disadvantage: 1.Large dose cannot be given. 2.Irritant dose cannot be given.

Subcutaneous

Hypodermic into subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin.

Advantages: 1. Onset drug action faster than oral. 2. Absorption rate is almost constant.Disadvantages: 1. More expensive than oral. 2. Irritating drugs cannot be given.

Dose response curve

It a relationship between dose & response.

Types:Graded dose-response relationshipQuantal dose response relationship

ED50 = effective dose in 50% of population

100

50

0DRUG DOSE

0 X

ED50% subjects

Factor affecting choice of route of administration Physical & chemical properties of

drug Site of action Effect of enzyme Rapidity of action Emergency of treatment Condition of the patient

Therapeutic index

• Effective dose (ED50) = dose at which 50%

population shows response• Lethal dose (LD50) =dose at which 50%

population dies• TI = LD50/ED50, an indication of safety of a

drug (higher is better

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