Credit seminar OA (organic farming & its impact on food grain security in india

Organic farming its impact on food grain security in India

Master Seminar on

Chairman: Dr. P. Laxminarayana,Credit seminar Course in Charge: Dr. P. Laxminarayana,Head of the Department of Agronomy.

K.Venkatkiran Reddy,ID.No: RAM/15-03,Dept. of Agronomy, M.Sc (Ag 2nd year).

Course No: AGRON-591

CONTENTS • Organic farming definition • History of organic farming • Need of organic farming, Principles &components • Constraints, advantages, disadvantages, challenges• Organic production in world and India • Organic portfolio in India & certification • Case studies • Food security frame work in India• Impact on food grain security trends • Conclusions • Future prospects

Organic Farming• Organic farming is a holistic production management system

which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity.

• It emphasizes, the use of management practices in preference to the use of off – farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems.

• As per the definition of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) study team on organic farming

• “organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides,hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection”.

• Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam stated that “Organic agriculture, a holistic system that focuses on improvement of soil health, use of local inputs and relatively high intensity use of local labor, is a admirable fit for dry lands in many ways and the dry land offer many benefits that would make it relatively easy to implement.” source: w w w . g j a r . o r g

Father of Organic farming

NEED FOR ORGANIC FARMING

1. Using less technological innovations,2. Sustainable soil management, 3. Pollution free environment,4. Efficient use of agriculture inputs as well as

production of poison free foods ..5. Rapidly degrading soil fertility status.6. Increased cost of production 7. Health hazards.

Inorganic V/s Organic farming

Inorganic Farming Organic Farming

Against Nature Harmony with Nature

Soil structure destroyed Soil structure improves

More chemical residues present in crops No chemical residues

Low quality produce Premium quality

Highly fluctuation in yield Satisfactory and reliable yield

Why Organic Food Is Better Than Conventional Food Organic

• Organic farming is better for wildlife.• Organic farming is better for the soil. • Organic food is better for animal reproduction Organic

food helps fight cancer, stroke and heart problems .• Organic food contains more nutrients. • Organic farming can feed the world .• Organic farming protects the climate. • Organic farming produces higher yields in drought

Conditions.• Organic food is safer.

The International Federation for Organic Agriculture Movement’s (IFOAM)

Core principles to Organic Farming

1.Soil Organic Matter2.Soil Organisms3.Bacteria & Fungi4.Organic Fertilizers5. Natural Predators6.Balance of envirnoment 7. Diversification

Organic manures &Fertilizers

Effect of Organic farming• long-term productivity of the

land• Food security and stability• Environmental impact• Social impact

• “Food Security exist when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

(FAO, 2002).Three dimensions of Food Security:

Availability of Food: Food production within the country, food imports and the previous years stock stored in government granaries,Accessibility: Food is within reach of every person andAffordability: An individual has enough money to buy sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet one's dietary needs.

The poorest section of the society might be food insecure most of the times while persons Above the Poverty Line (APL) might also be food insecure when the country faces:

a)Earthquakeb)Droughtc)Tsunamid)Floode)Famine

Policies and Programmes Taken For Food Security

Production and Agrarian Issues:

Decreasing Trend in GDP of Agricultural Sector (Central Statistics Office - advance Estimates 2010-11)

15.7% - 2008-0914.2% - 2010-11

Rice and wheat are the two essential food articles on which food security depends most

In 2009-10 : Cereals : 15% in total food grain production Wheat & Rice : 78% in total food grain production

Decrease in the production of rice and wheat from 3% during the 1980s to only 1.59% and 1.89% respectively during 2000-01 to 2009-10.

The per capita availability of milk in India is 263 gram/day which is much lower than that in developed countries [2009-10]

Present Scenario of Food Security in IndiaIndia is home to more than 230 million undernourished people - 21% population [FAO Report on (The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008]

About 1/2 of the population suffers from chronic under-nutrition especially Children, Women & Elderly (lower income groups)

The rise in food prices between 2005 and 2007 increased poverty by 3% on an average. Extrapolating these results globally suggest that as a result of the rise in food prices, total world poverty may have increased by 73-105 million people [A recent study by World Bank -2008 in 8 countries]

The rising prices have increased 41 million hungry in Asia and 24 million hungry in Sub-Saharan Africa

Among the farmers, 84% are marginal and small farmers operating not more than 2 hectares of land

Production and Agrarian Issues:

Farmers suicides have continued/increased in some states

Limited exposure of domestic agriculture to international competition

Steeper decline in per capita land availability (shrinking of farm size)

Farming is becoming a non-viable activity & scope for increase in net-sown

areas is limited

Increase in Land degradation in the form of depletion of soil fertility, erosion

and water logging

Decrease in the surface irrigation expansion rate & in ground water table

Disparities in productivity across regions and crops, between rainfed and

irrigated areas

Major producing crops under organic farming

Type Products

Commodity Tea, Coffee, Rice, Wheat

Spices Cardamom, Black pepper, white pepper, ginger, turmeric, vanilla, mustard, tamarind, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace chilly

Pulses Red Gram, Black Gram

Fruits Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Grape, passion fruit, Orange, Cashew nut, walnut

Vegetables Okra, Brinjal, Garlic, Onion, Tomato, Potato

Oilseeds Sesame, castor, sunflower

Others Cotton, herbal extract

Garibay and Jyoti(2003

ORGANIC FARMING STATUS IN SOUTH INDIA

National Centre of Organic Farming, Ghaziabad

Particulars Quantity, tonnes

Floriculture 46,398

Fresh Fruits & Veg. 17,24,574

Processed Fruits & Veg 7,74,849

Animal products 19,32,856

Cereals 97,52,246

Other processed products

32,20,200

National Centre of Organic Farming, Ghaziabad

2nd Green revolution as organic farming extended area North-East India – vandana Shiva

Organic Product Portfolio in India…

Organic certification

• Organic certification means having the farm and the farmer’s methods inspected by an organic certifying group to ensure that they comply with the guidelines on organic farming.

• Organic certification improves the image of organic agriculture and provides transparency in certification.

• Organic standards are defined as minimumproduction practices including storage, transportation, processing, handling, packing and labeling requirements which must be followed for certifying the products as organic.

CERTIFICATION IN INDIA

• The Ministy of Commerce launched NPOP(National Programme for Organic Production) in March 2000, designed to establish national standards for organic products, which could then be sold under the logo “India organic”.

• For the proper implementation of NPOP, NAPP(National Accreditation Policy and Programme) has been formulated with Accreditation Regulations announced in May 2001.

• There are 6 accreditation agencies in India.

For TS Organic certification Agency

Accreditation agencies in India :-

1. Agriculture Processed Food Products Exports Development Authority (APEDA).2. Coffee Board.3. Spices Board.4. Coconut Development Board.5. Tea Board.6. Directorate of Cashew and Cocoa Development.

Source:- Farm Guide 2009, Farm information Bureau, Government of Kerala

Constraints in organic farming

• Government Support• Lack of Financial support and• Defined Market structure• Consumer awareness• Training• Certification cost• Low yield in early stages• Labour Intensive

Challenges

• Transition time to organic• Policy Initiatives• Marketing of produce• Infrastructure and Funds for scientific

studies

Organic farming Disadvantages

• Low Productivity

• Skilled labour is required

• Cost effective

• Lack of market facilities

 Recommendations• Provide financial incentives• Research and technology

development• Incentive campaign• Ensure food security and low-cost

sustainable agriculture.

Development of the number of organic producers 1999 2014‐

STATUS OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN INDIA

Total area undercertified organic

2.8Mha

Total production 0.59 Million tonnes

Total quantity exported 0.02 Million tonnes

Value of total export Rs. 30124 lakh

Number of farmers 141904

IMPACT OF ORGANIC FARMING case study (1st VILLAGE EXAMPLE IN TELANGANA)

Typical marketing channel of organic products in India

(Singh, 2009)

Energy usage in different corn production systems

(Pimentel, 2006).

Food security framework for the poor in India

K G Karmakar & Gaurang Karmakar , 2012

Differences in nutritional status between Organic and non-organic produce

Lockeretz et at. (1978)

CASE STUDIES

Diet Vit-c (mg) Iron (mg) Magnesium(mg) Phosphorous(mg)

Organic 89.2 3.7 80.0 124.0

Conventional 67.9 3.0 68.6 111.8

NUTRIENT CONTENT OF AN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL DIET: MILLIGRAMS OF VITAMIN C, IRON, MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS IN ONE DAY’S VEGETABLE INTAKE

Influence of organic manures and fertilizers on nutrient uptake, quality and yield in cabbage during rabi 2010, Rajedranagar.

Srinivasan etal., 2014 RDF 100:50:50 kg ha-1 N,P and K

100% RDN 30kg ha-1

Grain yield ( t ha -1) in paddy as influenced by different organic sources under organic farming during kharif 2008 and rabi 2008-09, ARI, Hyderabad.

Figure in row within same season with different letters differ significantly (p= 0.05)

Jagadeeswar et al., 2012

Fig.1 Dehydrogenase activity in soil under different nutrient management practices in onion

Sridevi et al., 2011Rajendranagar

Sridevi et al., 2011RDF 150:60:60 kg NPK ha-1 Rajendranagar

effects foliar spray of urea and soil application ofvermicompost on essential oil and chlorophyll content f Mint.

Mahmmodabad et al. 2014

International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Grain and straw yield(kg ha-1)-kharif 2005Treatments Grain yield

Kharif 2005 Rabi 2005

Straw yield Kharif 2005 Rabi 2005

T1 2997 2507 3215 2715T2 4995 4494 5900 5400T3 4250 4006 5010 4510T4 4016 3524 5515 5015T5 4002 3500 5720 5220T6(FYM + Neemcake 90kg Nha-1 ) 5675 5175 6520 6020T7 4620 4118 4900 4400T8 4327 3822 5710 5210T9 4130 3622 5720 5220T10 5300 4797 6200 5700T11 4116 3620 5820 5320T12 4711 4209 5130 4630SED 106 106 129 129CD(P=0.05) 218 218 265 265

Krishnakumar et.al 2005

Treatments Bulk density(Mg m-3) Hydraulic conductivity (cm h-1)

Water holding capacity (%)

Porespace (%)

T1 1.40 4.40 38.40 52.70

T2 1.40 4.50 38.30 52.70

T3 1.30 5.40 45.70 55.30

T4 1.36 5.10 45.00 55.80

T5 1.32 5.20 45.20 55.90

T6 1.24 6.30 51.20 56.90

T7 1.36 5.10 44.80 54.60

T8 1.27 5.80 47.50 56.80

T9 1.29 4.70 42.70 54.40

T10 1.27 6.10 47.10 56.30

T11 1.32 4.90 42.80 54.90

T12 1.30 4.90 39.50 53.30

T13 1.30 4.70 39.00 53.40

T14 1.30 4.70 39.40 53.40

Mean 1.32 5.13 43.33 54.74

CD (p=0.05) 0.02 0.02 1.30 0.50

Chemical composition and quantity of nutrients added to soil through various sourcesOrganic manures, crop residue management effect on soil

Organic manure/fertilizer Nutrient content of organic sources (%)

N P K

Quantity of nutrients added in soil (kg/ha)

N P K

25% N through FYM (12.50 q/ha) Phosphocompost (24.4 q/ha) 25% N through pigeonpea stalk (4.46 q/ha)Phosphocompost (25 q/ha) 100% RDF - - - 25 50 -

0.48 0.20 0.44

1.23 1.94 0.70

1.40 0.20 0.89

1.23 1.94 0.70

------ ---- ----

6.25 2.50 5.50

30.25 47.35 17.08

6.25 0.90 4.00

30.75 48.50 17.50

25 50 -----

Nagar et al .,2016International Journal of Farm Sciences 2016

Effect of organic farming practices on soil and performance of soybean (Glycine max) under semi-arid

tropical conditions in Central India Crop productivity under different management practices (Mean of 2 years).

Parameter Organic Integrated Inorganic Mean

Seed yield (kg ha-1) 601 498 426 508

Total biomass (kg ha-1) 1927 1807 1587 1774

Harvest index (HI) (%) 31.19 27.56 26.84 28.53

Note: LSD (P < 0.05) for seed yield: management, 30.86; total biomass: management, 92.13; harvest index: management, 3.06.

( Aher et al.) (2015)

Benefit cost ratio of sequential crop as influenced by organic and biofertilizers treatments under paddy based cropping systems

Control 2.18 2.09 1.04 0.68 1.47 1.72 1.53

Azolla 2.72 2.90 1.45 3.33 2.34 2.34 2.21

vermicompost 2.71 2.79 1.30 0.97 1.96 2.02 1.96

Eupatorium 2.57 2.64 1.30 0.92 2.25 1.65 1.89

Glyricidia 3.52 3.45 1.38 1.21 2.15 2.20 2.35

(Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences ) Nayak et.al 2005

Food Security and Nutrition: Vision 2020 Projections of Households food demand - All India

(million tons per annum)

2010 2020

Rice 97.99 118.93

Wheat 72.07 92.37

Other Cereals 14.11 15.57

All Cereals 181.12 221.11

Pulses 14.58 19.53

Oilseeds 195.69 230.64

Food grains 106.43 240.64

Milk & Milk products 7.67 165.84

Edible oils 7.67 10.94

Meat and Fish 7.25 10.80

Sugar & Gur 17.23 25.07

Fruits & Vegetables 75.21 113.17

R. Radhakrishna and K. Venkata Reddy 2008

Effect of organic manures and vartieties on tillers,yield attributes and yield of rice

Treatment Tillers/m-2 Panicles/m-2 Totalgrains/panicle Filled grains/panicle Grain yield(kg/ha)

Straw yield (kg/ha)

HI(%)

Organic manures M1-60kg ha-1 FYM-N

424 294 109 92 3739 5210 41.78

M2-60 kg ha-1 Neem leaf –N

479 353 129 101 4127 5739 41.83

M3-60kg ha-1 sheep manure -N

451 312 110 88 3914 5517 41.50

M4-60kg ha-1 Poultry manure-N

546 376 121 106 4405 5931 42.62

SEm± 14.2 11.8 3.7 3.2 120 147 -CD(P=0.05) 49 41 13 11 415 509 -

Tejeswara rao etal..,2013International.J.current.Microbiology Applied sciences

Effect of different treatments on yield(t ha-1 )of groundnut and economics Treatment Pod

(t/ha) Haulm(t/ha)

Net realization(Rs ha-1 )

B:C ratio (Re/Rs)

T1 ( Control) 1.02 1.88 22,750 2.71

T2 Recommended dose of fertilizers (12.5:25.0 kg NP ha-1)

1.19 2.13 27,815 2.98

T3 (T2 + 40 kg K2O ha-1) 1.24 2.24 29,196 3.03

T4 (T2 + 500 kg gypsum ha-1) 1.28 2.43 31,417 3.21

T5 ( T2 + 10 kg zinc sulphate ha-1) 1.28 2.39 30,611 3.14

T6 ( T2 + spraying 1.0% ferroussulphate at 45 and 55 DAS)

1.17 2.26 27,704 2.95

T7 ( T2 + 5 kg borax ha-1) 1.16 2.05 27,124 2.91

T8 (T2 + inoculation (Rhizobium +PSM each of 1 kg ha-1)

1.22 2.22 28,158 2.80

T9 (50% of T2 + 500 kg castor cake ha-1) 1.43 2.62 35,326 3.33

C.D.(P=0.05) 0.12 0.18

Akbari et.al 2011

Colony forming units(cfu) of different microbes during composting and vermicomposting

Sampling Period (Days) Bacteria×106

Fungi × 104 Actinomycetes × 105

Noncompost Vermicompost Noncompost Vermicompost Noncompost VC

1 41a 41a 15a 15a 38 a 38a

7 56b 63b 15a 18b 44b 59b

14 62c 79c 18b 22 c 59c 71c

21 70d 96d 20c 26 de 66d 80d

28 77e 126e 20c 28 e 69e 93e

35 80f 101f 23d 27 e 80f 92e

42 85g 96d 25e 23 c 82g 90e

9 93h 92e 22d 19b 86h 87f

Values are g-1 compost, a Nutrient agar, b Rose Bengal agar, c Kenknights agar same letter are not significantly different (p<0.05)

Journal of Environmental Biology 2009 Haritha Devi et.al 2009

Effect of different sources of organic manures on Cane yield and sugar yield (t/ha) at harvest of sugarcane plant – ratoon system.

Treatments Cane yield (t/ha)

Sugar yield(t/ha)

Plant Ratoon Plant Ratoon

RDF(112-100-120NPK kg/ha ) 87.42 80.22 11.06 9.72FYM (25t/ha)+RDF (10.62) 84.90 94.18 86.12 12.92

PMC (12 t/ha) + RDF 90.12 84.88 11.67 10.36VC (2.5t/ha) + RDF 93.88 85.94 12.59 10.60

NADEP compost(5.0 t/ha) + RDF

91.58 82.12 12.20 10.14

CD (5 %) 4.52 3.59 1.52 1.26

Rama Lakshmi et.al 2011INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Yield parameters, yield and quality of table purpose groundnut as influenced by organic nutrient management

Ramakrishna et al., 2015

Effect of different organic treatments on the performance of okra

Sl.no Treatment Height (cm)

No.fruits per plant

Yield (t ha )

BC ratioCrude (%)

Q u a l i t yCharactersMoisture(%)

T1 FYM @ 20 t ha-1 19.3 10.39 10.31 87.4

T2 Vermicompost @ 5 t ha 11.0 8.65 13.40 87.5

T3 Neemcake @ 2 t ha 15.6 9.13 13.00 88.1

T4 Poultry manure 5 t ha 11.0 8.58 13.20 88.0

T5 FYM @ 10 t ha + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha

13.7 9.81 11.44 87.9

T6 FYM @ 10 t ha + Neemcake @ 2.5 t ha

15.7 9.46 14.86 87.7

T7 FYM @ 10 t ha + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha

15.0 9.26 14.56 88.5

T8 Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha + Neemcake 1 t ha

15.0 8.24 12.93 88.3

CD (5%) 2.25 0.01 - -

Premsekhar, M. and. Rajashree, V. 2009

American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2009

Effect of organics on growth, yield and biochemical parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.)

The effect of organics on yield parameters Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b Carotenoid, ,Protein, Ascorbic acid chilli (Capsicum annum L.) c versus : Suryamukhi.

Treatment Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoid Protein Ascorbic acid Control 0.38 0.60 0.22 014 1.14

FYM(12.5t/ha) 0.42 0.85 0.23 0.17 1.35 Vermicompost(2.5t/ha) 0.49 0.90 0.26 0.18 1.48 Biofertilizer (@2.5kg/ha Azospirillum+2.5kg/ha PSB) 0.41 0.87 0.24 0.16 1.28

FYM(12.5t/ha)+ Biofertilizer (@2.5kg/ha Azospirillum+2.5kg/ha PSB)

0.58 0.91 0.27 0.22 1.52

Vermicompost(2.5t/ha)+ Biofertilizer (@2.5 kg/ha Azospirillum+ 2.5kg/ha PSB)

0.55 0.80 0.29 0.19 1.51

FYM (12.5t/ha) + Vermicompost (2.5t/ha) +Biofertilizer(@2.5kg/ha Azospirillum+ 2.5kg/ha PSB)

0.59 0.92 0.31 0.25 1.62

Chandra kishor Singh et.al 2014 IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science

Effect of different organic manures on yield attributes of turmeric (mean of 2 years).

Treatment Primaryfingers/plant Secondaryfingers/plant Rhizome weight/plant (g)

Yield (t/ha)

Control 5.8 8.6 285.0 19.36

FYM@18t/ha 6.6 16.8 597 39.29Poultry manure 6.4 14.0 583 38.63Pig manure 5.5 12.2 483 30.83Rabbit manure 6.2 10.2 411 27.34Bioplus 6.0 9.0 315 22.43Neem Shield 6.0 11.0 421.5 28.99100% NPK 5.6 10.6 430.0 29.58CD (P = 0.05) 0.4 1.2 40.3 1.05

Indian Journal of Horticulture,2007 Sanwal et.al 2007

Effect of different organic manures on quality traits of turmeric

Treatment Curcumin(%) Oleoresin(%)

Control 5.02 6.68

FYM @ 18t/ha 6.35 8.96

Poultry manure 6.50 8.99

Pig manure 6.40 8.19

Rabbit manure 6.45 8.06

Bio plus 6.45 8.04

Neem shield 6.76 8.30

100%NPK 6.27 8.73

CD(P=0.05) 0.22 0.41

Sanwal et.al 2007Indian Journal of Horticulture,2007

Test weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1), stover yield (t ha-1) and Protein content (%) of sorghum as influenced by different organic nutrient sources

Bharath et al., 2015

Grain yield ( t ha -1) in paddy as influenced by different organic sources under organic farming during kharif 2008 and rabi 2008-09, ARI,Hyderabad.

Grain yield ( t ha -1) as influenced by varieties under organic farming during kharif 2008 and rabi 2008-09,Rice section, ARI, Hyderabad.

Managing soil fertility in organic farming systems

Watson et.al 2005 Source : Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

Developing appropriate and strong extension services.Developing strong linkage between producer and consumer.Reducing the cost of certification and easily approachable to farmer.Making the organic inputs available to small holders like bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticide.Developing the domestic market.Providing subsidies and other financial support.Enhancing linkages in the supply chain promoting research on organic agricultural research and development.Providing regular training on organic agriculture.Maintain a stable resource balance. Avoid over exploitation of renewable resource.Conserving inherent soil nutritional quality and soil health, and biodiversity.

CONCLUSIONS:

FUTURE PROSPECTS:• The movement started with developed world is gradually picking up in developing

countries. But demand is still concentrated in developed and most affluent countries.

• Local demand for organic food is growing. • India is poised for faster growth with growing domestic market.• Success of organic movement in India depends upon the growth of its own

domestic markets. • India has traditionally been a country of organic agriculture, but the growth of

modern scientific, input intensive agriculture has pushed it to wall.• But with the increasing awareness about the safety and quality of foods, long term

sustainability of the system and accumulating evidences of being equally productive,

• The organic farming has emerged as an alternative system of farming which not only addresses the quality and sustainability concerns, but also ensures a debt free, profitable livelihood option and secure the food grain.

References Akbari, K.N., Kanzaria, K.K., Vora, V.D., Sutaria, G.S and Padmani, D. R. 2011. Nutrient

Management Practices for Sustaining Groundnut Yield and Soil Productivity on Sandy Loam Soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 59 (3) : 308-311.

Krishnakumar,S.,Saravanan,A., Ramesh,K., Natarajan,S.K., Veerabadran,V and Mani,S. 2005 Organic farming: Impact on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Productivity and Soil Health. Asian Journal of Plant sciences. 4 (5) : 510-512.

Rama Laxmi, Ch.S., Sreelatha, T., Usha Rani, T. Rao, S. R. K. and Naidu, N .V 2011.Effect of organic manures on soil fertility and productivity in North coastal zone of A.P. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 45(4) : 307-313.

Ramakrishna,K., Suneetha Devi,K.B.,Vani,K.P.,Sailaja,V 2016. Nodule, plant and yield characters of organically grown table purpose groundnut as influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management. Ecosystem Environmental and Conservation 22(4) : 2016.

Srinivasan, R., Jeevan Rao, K., Sailaja, V and Kalaivanan,D 2014. Influence of organic manures and fertilizers on nutrient uptake, yield and quality in cabbage-baby corn cropping sequence. Journal of Horticultural sciences 64(4) : 444-449

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