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CHAPTER 12
THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
PRE-COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTFAIRFIELD BILL
COMMONWEALTH PEROIDSUPPORTERS VS. CRITIQUES (1935)
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1SAKDALISTA UPRISING
SOCIAL JUSTICE PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
LINGUA FRANCAECONOMIC CONDITIONAMERICAN INFLUENCES
GOVERNMENT
PERSPECTIVE
PRE- COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
CLARO M. RECTO One of the four
Democratas elected to the House in 1919.
NACIONALISTAWon 78 out of 82 seats during the
election of members of the House of
Representative held on June 3, 1919.
Economic Condition in 1919 were in bad shape, the price of rice went up and the Manila Railroad also
suffered losses because of the rains
and floods.
MANUEL L. QUEZON
Decided to separate from Sergio Osmena on the issue of personal
leadership.
CLARO M. RECTO
(DEMOCRATAS)
MANUEL ROXAS (COLECTIVISTA)
MARIANO CUENCO (UNIPERSONALISTA
)
CANDIDATESFOR
SPEAKERSHIPIN 1922
MANUEL ROXASWith the support of
Sergio Osmena,
Won.
THEFAIRFIELD
BILL
A compromised measure which provided for a long
transition period and many reservations of power for the
United States.
Main supporters are the American businessmen who have their investments in
the country.
GENERAL McIntyreClaimed to be the
main creator of the bill.
Background:
Parliamentary Mission
1919: First parliamentary mission was sent to U.S. during the administration of Woodrow Wilson, lead by
Manuel Quezon.
April 1922: Second parliamentary mission was
resent on Washington lead by Osmena and Quezon
Gen. Frank McIntyre, the chief of Bureau of Insular Affairs of
War Department directly supervised the country.
August 1922: Second parliamentary mission was returned with no more
assurances from the U.S.
November 1923: New House Speaker of the Philippines, Manuel A. Roxas lead the
special mission to asked for Woods relief the Philippine
Independence.
February 21, 1924: Pres. Calvin Coolidge delivered a reply to the memorial in
serve letter.
FAIRFIELD BILL was introduced on the House Committee on
Insular Affairs on April 1924
THECOMMONWEALT
HPERIOD
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD IS ALL
ABOUT THE CAMPAIGNS FOR PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE AND EDUCATING
FILIPINOS.
INDEPENDENCEMISSION
DEVELOPMENTS
o OsRox Mission
OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for self-government and US
recognition of the Philippine Independence led by former Senate President and House Speaker, Osmena
and Quezon respectively.
It was also the 9th Independence Mission in a series of missions
lasting from 1919 to 1933.
The mission secured the Hare–Hawes-Cutting Act, which was rejected by the Philippine Legislature and
Manuel Quezon
oHARE-HAWES-CUTTING ACT
BRONSON CUTTING
HARRY HAWES
BUTLER HARE
would establish the Philippine Commonwealth as a transition government for 10 years before receiving independence July 4,1946
reserved military bases from US and let American goods into the country for free
o US passed this bill as a means of granting Philippine Independence
o a product of OsRox mission
o on October 17, 1933 the legislature, through the concurrent resolution rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill
oTYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT
JOSEPH TYDINGS
JOHN MCDUFFIE
SAME AS HARE HAWES CUTTING BILL
IT WAS QUEZON AND QUIRINO WHO WENT TO US CLAMOR FOR THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
APPROVED ON MAY 1, 1934
SUPPORTERSAND
CRITIQUES
JOSE P. LAURELclaimed that the 1935 constitution is invalid for we don't need any other country's approval for our own constitution
but the bill (Tydings-McDuffie) was approved by then president of America
FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS TO REMEMBER
THECOMMONWEALT
HACT. 1
the National Defence Act
requiring all 21 year old able-bodied male citizen to render 5 and ½ months of military service through regular military force or through reserve force
THESAKDALISTA
UPRISING
in May 1935, approximately 65,000 Filipino peasants headed by Benigno Ramos surrounded Manila to dramatize their demand for:
genuine agrarian reform
abolition of unfair taxes
government policy against land grabbing; and
total independence from Americans
BENIGNO RAMOS
SOCIALJUSTICE
PROGRAM
MANUEL L. QUEZON
Father Of Social Justice
Minimum Wage LawEight Hour Labor LawTenant ActCourt Of Industrial RelationsHomestead Law
EDUCATION PERSPECTIV
E
THEDEPARTMENT
OF EDUCATION
FREE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION TO ALL FILIPINO CHILDREN
RAFAEL PALMA
appointed as Chairman of National Council of Education in 1936
THELINGUAFRANCA
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 570- DECLARING TAGALOG AS THE
BASIS OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE
SERGIO OSMENA
Head of the Department Of Education, the first time a Filipino assumed this position
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIV
E
PHILIPPINE’SECONOMIC CONDITION
MOST IMPORT
ANT SECTOR
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS
SOURCE OF
EMPLOYMENT
SOURCES OF NATIONAL
INCOME
INCOME FROM
EXPORTS
MAJOR IMPORT
AND EXPORT PARTNE
R
AGRICULTURE
RICECOCONUTSUGARABACATOBACCO
65 % OF THE
LABOR FORCE
40% OF THE NATIONAL INCOME
75% FROM THE VALUE OF EXPORTS
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 has its natural consequences in the Philippine economy where the practically free and limited only by congressionally set quotas and a fairly small processing tax which was returned to the Philippine government
after the Second World War, 25% of the American tariffs will be implemented by force in every Philippine product entering the united states of America; during the 10 year transition period from 1935-1946 there was no reciprocal limits on us products entering the Philippines
IN SUMMARY:
THEAMERICAN
INFLUENCES
COLONIAL MENTALITY (ECONOMICALLY DEPENDENT ON AMERICAN PRODUCTS)
PARTIAL LOSS OF FILIPINO CULTURE
BAD:
5SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
HIGHER EDUCATION
CO-EDUCATION
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
ADVANCE SYSTEM ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION
IMPROVEMENTS IN COUNTRY TRADING SYSTEM
DEMOCRACY: CHANCE TO PARTICIPATE IN
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS
POLITICAL PARTIED WERE FORMED
EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN
GOOD:
END OF CHAPTER 12:
THE COMMONWEAL
TH GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER 13
THE PHILIPPINES UNDER
THE JAPANESE PUPPET
GOEVERNMENT
REAL 1930CORREGIDOR
WAR IN PACIFICCHRISTMAS 1941
MILITARY ORDER NO. 2LAST ATTEMPT TO DEFEND
COLLABORATIONISTSECONOMIC CONDITIONS
SOCILA CONDITIONNEXT TO WARSAW POLAND
RECONQUERING MANILA
THEREAL
1930’S
JAPANESE MAIN
OBJECTIVES:
to prevent use of Philippines as an advance American military base.
to acquire staging areas and supply basses to enhance operations
to secure communication lines from Japanese home land
CORREGIDOR DURING
SPANISH PERIOD
tadpole shaped defensive fort of the three square miles of island at the mouth of manila bay
three supporting islands:• Caballa• Carabao• El Fraile
WARIN THEPACIFIC
July 26, 1941- USAFEE (United States Army Forces In The Far East) was founded
December 8, 1941- received some news
1.Japanese carrier forces strikes Pearl Harbor
2.Thailand surrendered to Japanese troops
3.Battle of the Philippines begins: Japanese bombers blast Clark Field, 60 miles north of Manila
1.
2.
3.
December 9, 1941
1. Malaya invaded and Guam captured
2. Japanese make initial landings in the Philippines (striking the beaches of Vigan, Ilocos Sur, and Aparri on the north)
1.
2.
DECEMBER 22, 1941
JAPANESE ADVANCING FORCES MADE THIER MAJOR LANDINGS AT ILINGAYEN, PANGASINAN
THECHRISTMAS
1941
Christmas time, Manila, the capital, had been declared an open city and the withdrawal of the Fil-American forces to Bataan was under way. The long night of the Japanese occupation had begun.
The Filipino observed Christmas under black-out conditions: the enemy was no respecter of open cities and the advent of Christmas did not interrupt his bombing schedules.
MILITARYORDERNO. 1
February 17, 1942
promoting the Filipino culture, spiritual enrichment among the Filipino families, propagation of Japanese Language - Niponggo and the implementation of greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere
public school were reopened June 1942
LAST ATTEMPTTO
DEFEND
April 9, 1942
General Edward King, Commander of Allied Forces In Bataan, composed of 78,000 soldiers, surrendered
April 10, 1942
Death March, soldiers walked from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga
May 6, 1942
Corregidor fell to the advancing Japanese troops
THECOLLABO-RATIONIST
1ST GROUP
Top leadership who collaborate with the Japanese invaders.
2ND GROUP
Guerrilla leaders and their followers who supported their resistance on the return of the Americans.
THEECONOMIC
CONDITIONS
•Mickey Mouse Money – currency used during Japanese era
•malnutrition was rampant
•Kangkong became a common food to fight hunger
THESOCIAL
CONDITION
•People lived with fear from Japanese authorities.
•Many people died of starvation.
•Comfort Women increased.
NEXTTO
WARSAW, POLAND
Warsaw, Poland was the most devastated capital city of the Second World War. Manila, Philippines came in second. Our own capital city was flattered by carpet bombing during the Battle of Manila. It was General Douglas McArthur who Actually called Manila “the most devastated city in the world, next to Warsaw,” when he saw the city after the long battle. It feels sad thinking about the heritage Manila lost, particularly the gem that was the walled city of Intramuros.
THERECONQUERING
MANILA
Feb. 3, 1945- American soldiers together with their Filipino comrade were within 15 miles of Manila
Aug. 6, 1945- Hiroshima was bombed
Aug. 9, 1945- Nagasaki was bombed
Sept. 2, 1945- Emperor Hirohito of Japan had accepted the unconditional surrender offered by the Allied Forces and war in the Asia Pacific was over
END OF CHAPTER 13:
THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE JAPANESE PUPPET
GOVERNMENT
NOCULAN, NIA NOELLECAJELIG, REX
TABELL, PATRICK LAWRENCEGANOT, JUDY LYN
VIERNES, JOHN FRANZ KHYLEDIAZ, TRISHA MAE
GONDONG, PATRECIA
UNIVERSITYOF
BEAUTY AND BRAINS
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