Behaviorism

Points of Discussion:

• Behavioristic View of Learning• Classical Conditioning Theory• Operant Conditioning Theory

Learning is…

CHANGE

… through experience

Through what we hear

Through what we smell

Through what we see or read

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring

them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and

train him to become any type of specialist I might select --

doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man

and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of

his ancestors.“

--John Watson,Behaviorism, 1930

Behaviors can be measured, trained and changed!

What does he mean by that?

Theories in behaviorism suggest that it is possible.

Classical Conditioning

Operant ConditioningConnectionism

by Edward ThorndikeDrive Reduction

Theory-Clark Hull

With training &

time

Ivan Pavlov1849-1936

Why does the dog salivates JUST by the

sound of the bell?

Hmmm, I have a theory!

The theory is …

Unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

The dog ASSOCIATES the food to the bell that’s why he

salivates!

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGThis is known as

How is this applied in the teaching-learning process?

• Maintain a positive learning environment.- the student must feel that the school is an enjoyable place to learn- The teacher must NOT terrorize the students

• Build positive associations between teaching and learning activities.

- The teacher must use audio-visual aid- Give examples that are related to the topic

• Facilitate emotional, behavioral and cognitive response to neutral stimuli through positive association with stimuli.

• Relate learning activities with pleasant events.• Assist every student to experience success.• Develop skills in recognizing differences and

similarities among situations to enable them to discriminate and generalize situations

IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS Teacher writes Na on the board

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

While writing she says, “Na is the chemical symbol for the element

Sodium”

RESPONSE The student associates the symbol Na with the element Sodium

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

The teacher asks the chemical symbol for element Sodium

CONDITIONED RESPONSE The student answers Na

OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORYAnother famous behavioral learning theory

The term operant conditioning (reinforcement learning), got its name

from the fact that in this type of learning the subject/learner must

perform some operation in order to receive the reinforcing outcome.

Remember these three important things…

Burrhus Frederic Skinner1904 - 1990

Operant Conditioning

• It is a learning process in which the consequences which follow a response determine whether the behavior will be repeated

• Behavior will likely be repeated if reinforced

• Behavior tend not to be repeated with punishment

POSITIVEREINFORCEMENT

• Reward• Praise• Privilege• Good grade

NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENT

• ESCAPE (not giving what he/she don’t like)

• ACTIVE AVOIDANCE (ignoring)

GOAL IS TO INCREASE DESIRED BEHAVIOR

POSITIVEPUNISHMENT

• Spanking• Reprimanding• Giving

additional work

NEGATIVEPUNISHMENT

• Grounding• Taking away

what’s making him/her happy

• Low grade

GOAL IS TO DECREASE UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR

As teachers, we should…

• Use secondary reinforcement (praise, rewards, etc.) more than giving additional grade when it comes to behavior modification.

• Control the use of reinforcement/punishment.• As much as possible, minimize the use of food

as reinforcement.• Encourage self-motivation (intrinsic

reinforcement) on our students.• investigate the situation of our students

before giving punishment or reinforcement.

COMPARATIVE CHART

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING(Ivan Pavlov)

• Involuntary response to stimuli

• Involves no such tempt• Passive on the part of the

learner

OPERANT CONDITIONING(B. F. Skinner)

• Voluntary behavior with a consequence

• Learner is rewarded with incentives

• Requires the learner to participate in order to be rewarded or punished

KRISTEL MAY B. AMISTADReported by

MAEd – ScienceTarlac College of Agriculture

All pictures used in this presentation were taken from the internet.