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Discussion concentrates on classical and operant conditioning theories.
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Points of Discussion:
• Behavioristic View of Learning• Classical Conditioning Theory• Operant Conditioning Theory
Learning is…
CHANGE
… through experience
Through what we hear
Through what we smell
Through what we see or read
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring
them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and
train him to become any type of specialist I might select --
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man
and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of
his ancestors.“
--John Watson,Behaviorism, 1930
Behaviors can be measured, trained and changed!
What does he mean by that?
Theories in behaviorism suggest that it is possible.
Classical Conditioning
Operant ConditioningConnectionism
by Edward ThorndikeDrive Reduction
Theory-Clark Hull
With training &
time
Ivan Pavlov1849-1936
Why does the dog salivates JUST by the
sound of the bell?
Hmmm, I have a theory!
The theory is …
Unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
The dog ASSOCIATES the food to the bell that’s why he
salivates!
CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGThis is known as
How is this applied in the teaching-learning process?
• Maintain a positive learning environment.- the student must feel that the school is an enjoyable place to learn- The teacher must NOT terrorize the students
• Build positive associations between teaching and learning activities.
- The teacher must use audio-visual aid- Give examples that are related to the topic
• Facilitate emotional, behavioral and cognitive response to neutral stimuli through positive association with stimuli.
• Relate learning activities with pleasant events.• Assist every student to experience success.• Develop skills in recognizing differences and
similarities among situations to enable them to discriminate and generalize situations
IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS Teacher writes Na on the board
CONDITIONED STIMULUS
While writing she says, “Na is the chemical symbol for the element
Sodium”
RESPONSE The student associates the symbol Na with the element Sodium
CONDITIONED STIMULUS
The teacher asks the chemical symbol for element Sodium
CONDITIONED RESPONSE The student answers Na
OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORYAnother famous behavioral learning theory
The term operant conditioning (reinforcement learning), got its name
from the fact that in this type of learning the subject/learner must
perform some operation in order to receive the reinforcing outcome.
Remember these three important things…
Burrhus Frederic Skinner1904 - 1990
Operant Conditioning
• It is a learning process in which the consequences which follow a response determine whether the behavior will be repeated
• Behavior will likely be repeated if reinforced
• Behavior tend not to be repeated with punishment
POSITIVEREINFORCEMENT
• Reward• Praise• Privilege• Good grade
NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENT
• ESCAPE (not giving what he/she don’t like)
• ACTIVE AVOIDANCE (ignoring)
GOAL IS TO INCREASE DESIRED BEHAVIOR
POSITIVEPUNISHMENT
• Spanking• Reprimanding• Giving
additional work
NEGATIVEPUNISHMENT
• Grounding• Taking away
what’s making him/her happy
• Low grade
GOAL IS TO DECREASE UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR
As teachers, we should…
• Use secondary reinforcement (praise, rewards, etc.) more than giving additional grade when it comes to behavior modification.
• Control the use of reinforcement/punishment.• As much as possible, minimize the use of food
as reinforcement.• Encourage self-motivation (intrinsic
reinforcement) on our students.• investigate the situation of our students
before giving punishment or reinforcement.
COMPARATIVE CHART
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING(Ivan Pavlov)
• Involuntary response to stimuli
• Involves no such tempt• Passive on the part of the
learner
OPERANT CONDITIONING(B. F. Skinner)
• Voluntary behavior with a consequence
• Learner is rewarded with incentives
• Requires the learner to participate in order to be rewarded or punished
KRISTEL MAY B. AMISTADReported by
MAEd – ScienceTarlac College of Agriculture
All pictures used in this presentation were taken from the internet.