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5/2/2015
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© Project SOUND
Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. County Project SOUND – 2015 (our 11th year)
© Project SOUND
Alice Eastwood: an unusual California botanist
and her legacy
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh Preserve
May 2 & 7, 2015
Important CA plantspersons we have ‘met’
© Project SOUND
Kate Sessions (1857-1940)
Blanche Trask (1865-1916)
Lester Rountree (1879 -1979)
Theodore Payne (1872-1963)
Alice Eastwood (1859-1951)
Alice Eastwood: difficult childhood
Born 1859, Toronto, Canada (eldest of three)
Lived on grounds of mental institution father managed (Toronto Asylum for the Insane)
Age 6 – mother dies
Father’s financial situation becomes dire; sent to live with physician uncle (William Eastwood)
Age 8 - returns to Toronto; becomes a boarder (with her sister) at a Catholic School (Oshawa Convent) outside Toronto
© Project SOUND
http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-PCR-
1213&R=DC-PCR-1213
http://news.ourontario.ca/oshawa/41833/data
5/2/2015
2
Alice Eastwood: difficult childhood
Age 14 (1873) – reunited with father and brother in Denver, CO
Father was just getting started as business owner & in real estate
Responsible for much of the household management
Takes job as nanny for wealthy ranching family until father builds a proper home
Family finances also force her to work as a seamstress
1879 (age 19) graduates as valedictorian from Denver East High School
© Project SOUND
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=108051991
Early experiences with plants gave focus
Uncle: An avid gardener and amateur botanist
From him she began to learn the scientific names of plants
Catholic School in Toronto: Influenced by a priest (Father Pugh) who
was an amateur botanist
Encouraged her interest in plants, gardening and nature
High School: Job as nanny takes her to nearby Rockies in
summer – first exposure to CO plants
Teacher gives her key books: Gray’s Manual & the Flora of Colorado; encourages collecting plants
© Project SOUND
Teaching and collecting
in Colorado: 1879-89
No funds to attend college – though she would have loved to
High school teacher in Denver
Spent summers collecting, on foot, horseback & by rail
Lived frugally; spent salary on botany books, supplies – made real estate investments with her father
1890 - $10,000 windfall from sale of building; invested wisely in real estate - provided needed income the rest of her life
© Project SOUND
Collecting in
Colorado
‘Though it was considered somewhat improper for a woman to roam about the countryside by herself collecting plants, Eastwood cared little about convention and borrowed a horse, shortened her skirts at the ankles so she might hike hills more easily, and carried a plant press on her back.’
‘Yet she also lived in an age when the American West was still uncharted territory in some places. She was robbed on one occasion, and on another became lost near Colorado's border with Utah and spent the night on a canyon ledge.’
Your Dictionary: Alice Eastwood. http://biography.yourdictionary.com/alice-eastwood
© Project SOUND
Many trips to Mesa Verde & Four
Corners region
http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g60900-d125453-Reviews-
Cliff_Palace-Mesa_Verde_National_Park_Colorado.html
5/2/2015
3
The importance of self-taught botanists:
1850-1920
Fewer people attended college; fewer departments of botany
Closer connection between medicine and plants; many physicians were amateur botanists
Some women had leisure to pursue amateur pursuits – including biology
Increased interest in the natural world during Victorian era
Founding of museums, scientific societies, etc.
© Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era
Eastwood’s impact on Colorado botany
Well-known for knowledge of local botany – guided Alfred Russel Wallace on collecting hike on Gray's Peak.
She maintained her own herbarium and published A Popular Flora of Denver, Colorado in 1893.
First botanist of record to investigate Utah's Great Basin - made of number of collecting expeditions in Colorado and the Four Corners region
The University of Colorado Herbarium claims, "the real beginning of the herbarium [at the University of Colorado] was our acquisition of the early collections of Alice Eastwood, Colorado's first resident botanist." © Project SOUND
The herbarium at CU holds over
1400 specimens from
Eastwood's collections.
A trip to CA in early 1890’s changes her life
1891-2 - Could finally afford to quit teaching
First trip to CA (1890-91):
Visited San Diego and the Santa Cruz and Monterey Peninsula areas
In San Francisco, introduced to T. Brandegee & Katharine Brandegee, the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences
After reviewing Eastwood’s herbaria, offered a job as a writer for the Academy's (actually Bradegee’s) botanical magazine, Zoe, and a job in its herbarium
© Project SOUND
http://gpi.myspecies.info/content/brandegee-mk-0
Mary Katherine Brandegee
1844-1920
California Academy of Sciences
Founded 1853 – three years after CA statehood – founders propose to undertake "a thorough systematic survey of every portion of the State and the collection of a cabinet of her rare and rich productions.“
1853 – vote to include women
1860 – first geologic survey
1873 – first museum opens
1891 – grand new museum in downtown San Francisco
1896 – closer relations, University scientists
1903 – first major conservation expedition © Project SOUND
http://expeditionology.com/collecting-evolution/
Museum around 1900
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Eastwood joined Academy at an interesting
time Before 1883, curatorship of the Botany
Dept. was yearly, voluntary position
1891 - Alice Eastwood became joint Curator of the Botany Department at the Academy, with Mary Katharine Curran/Brandegee (first paid curator).
Brandegee’s retirement (1894) resulted in Eastwood becoming the sole Curator and Head of the Botany Department (1894-1950)
Eastwood completed many trips in the early years, collecting and discovering a number of plants on the California coast.
Made important friends in botany community world-wide
© Project SOUND
One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the
California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)
Early years at the Academy were busy
The organization of the Academy’s herbarium was haphazard at the time – and the politics were a bit caustic
Her first task was to organize the Academy's vast collections of specimens, and then to bring in more to fill in the gaps.
Against conventional practices of the time, Eastwood segregated type specimens (e.g. those one which the original description of the species is based) from the main collection.
© Project SOUND
Responsible for managing the
California Botanical Club (until
1952)
Herbarium in 1893
Never to marry…
Twice was close to suitable men – both died before they were married.
Eastwood, perhaps because of the hardships of her early life, had stated on occasion that she feared a romantic attachment might stand in the way of her first love, botany.
© Project SOUND
http://www.cpp.edu/~larryblakely/whoname/eastbyft.jpg
A true passion for botany
© Project SOUND
In between stints at the Academy, Eastwood continued to explore on her own and gather specimens; many of these were "type" specimens-the first sample of a species to be described and named.
She usually did so under the roughest of conditions; once, in a California's San Joaquin Valley, she slept in an abandoned shed for two nights, but discovered a new member of the sunflower family.
Eastwood knew by heart all the stagecoach routes to the counties surrounding the Bay Area and on foot was said to clock a rate of four miles per hour. ©2010 Neal Kramer
Eastwoodia elegans Brandegee
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Parallels in the lives of notable CA plantspersons
Theodore Payne
Lester Rowntree
Alice Eastwood
Lost a parent early X X
Difficult childhood; jobs, other household responsibilities
+/- +/- X
Boarding school/time away from family
X +/- X
Move to CA at impressionable age X X X
Financial difficulties X X X
College education
Unconventional; self-motivated X X X
Unmarried for much of life X X
Early love of plants fostered by significant adults
X +/- X
© Project SOUND
Mission of the Academy: document new
species before they disappear
Many common species had already been well-described – were even used in gardens
Eastwood needed to search for rarer species
Focused on places that were:
More remote – less well studied
Had unique geologic, geographic or other characteristics
© Project SOUND Peninsula onion – Allium peninsulare
Alice Eastwood’s Alliums (onions)
Allium cratericola Eastw. – Cascade onion
Allium fimbriatum var. purdyi (Eastw.) Ownbey & Aase - Purdy's fringed onion
Allium hickmanii Eastw. - Hickman's onion
Allium howellii Eastw. – Howell’s onion
Allium lacunosum var. micranthum Eastw. – Pitted onion
Allium yosemitense Eastw. – Yosemite onion
© Project SOUND
Eastwood had a
lifelong interest in bulb
plants in the family
Liliaceae
http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/
BlueAlliums
*Allium howellii - Howell’s onion
var. clokeyi is known only from the Mount Piños region and San Bernardino Mountains
Grows in the granite and serpentine soils of several of the local mountain ranges, hills, and valleys from San Joaquin County to San Bernardino County
© Project SOUND
©1995 John Game
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101365
http://jaysullivan.org/socal/o
nionhw3.htm
5/2/2015
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Eastwood’s type descriptions were
excellent
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
* Purdy's fringed onion – Allium fimbriatum var. purdyi
©2014 Steve Matson
Known only from the vicinity of Clear Lake, Lake & Colusa Counties.
Serpentine clay; 300--600 m
Proposed by A. Eastwood as Allium purdyi
© Project SOUND
* Purdy's fringed onion – Allium fimbriatum var. purdyi
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102148
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2405/2366307291_cac276fd81_m.jpg
Full scientific name: Allium
fimbriatum S. Watson var.
purdyi (Eastw.) Ownbey & Aase
Serpentine soils and California onions
Serpentine soils occur in patches along the Pacific States
Few plants can survive these soils’ heavy metal toxicity
Many Allium species demonstrate an ability to grow on serpentine, some with tolerance and others endemic to serpentine outcrops
This soil type endemism seems to drive speciation in Allium - could be one of the factors contributing to the greater diversity of Allium in California and the West compared to other part of Northern America
© Project SOUND http://freygardens.com/?attachment_id=636
http://www.calalive.org/content/serpentine
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Our local Red-skinned onion offers some
interesting clues
Adaptation to serpentine soils is ongoing, as evidenced by species that can survive on both serpentine and non-serpentine soils
Allium haematochiton exhibits a different flower morphology when growing on serpentine. Further work will be necessary to determine if local adaptation in this species has occurred on this specialized substrate.
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Purdy’s onion: similar to other CA onions
Size: 1-2 ft tall
1 ft wide
Growth form: Perennial from true bulb
Erect habit
Dies back to bulb after flowering
Foliage: Pale green
Leaves few; linear or cylindrical
©1999 John Game
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements
Soils: Texture: well-drained
pH: ?? any local
Light: Full sun to part-shade
Water: Winter: plenty of water; N
CA plant
Summer: dries out as plants flower
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: inorganic or no mulch
©2011 Vernon Smith © Project SOUND
Garden uses for
native onions
Excellent candidates for containers
Do fine on slopes
With their natural allies: native grasses, wildflowers and bulbs
©2011 Vernon Smith
5/2/2015
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Careful field observation and notes were
essential to Eastwood’s work
© Project SOUND
One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the
California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)
*Allium cratericola – Cascade onion
Serpentine, volcanic, and granitic soil; 300--1800 m
Populations from S. CA are 2-leaved; those from the north are either 1- or 2-leaved or sometimes a mixture of both forms
© Project SOUND
©2012 Barry Rice
Field observations give clues to
cultivation: The key to cultivation
is that the medium must be well
drained with some organic matter.
It likes being in full sun. Winter
water is necessary, but a dry
summer dormancy is extremely
important
*Allium hickmanii - Hickman’s onion
Rare endemic of the Monterey Peninsula and Arroyo de la Cruz.
Of conservation concern © Project SOUND
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101363
Some things never change: still
threatened by urbanization,
grazing, non-native plants,
trampling, road construction,
and military activities
©1999 John Game
Even from her earliest days, Eastman was collecting &
documenting unusual native plants
© Project SOUND
That’s one of the things that made the California Academy of Sciences unique
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Importance of the CA Academy: 1900
The Academy published: Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences
Department of Botany was the center of botanical activity in California from its inception until the early 1900’s.
The Academy’s herbarium was the largest and most important in western North America.
An inventory (mid-1890s) - 74,767 total specimens.
Considering Eastwood’s activities it is reasonable to suppose that by 1906 the herbarium contained at least 100,000 specimens.
© Project SOUND
Important interactions with
academic, horticultural and
other scientific disciplines
One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the
California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)
April 18, 1906 – 5:12 a.m. : disaster struck
© Project SOUND
http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/bq/hb6v19p2bq/files/hb6v19p2bq-FID4.jpg
Eastwood acts Eastwood dressed and ran to the Academy building on Market Street; struggle to gain access
The herbarium was located on the sixth floor of the badly damaged building, and an adjacent paint plant had erupted in flames.
Eastwood & her assistant (Robert Porter), literally alone, retrieved as many specimens as possible.
In all, 1,497 plant specimens (the important type specimens) rescued.
Her own personal collection, which Eastwood began assembling in her teens, was lost along with most of the Academy’s library, records & specimens.
© Project SOUND
http://www.terrastories.com/bearings/cal-academy-sciences
The rescue: in her own words
© Project SOUND
"[N]obody seemed to be complaining or sorrowful. The sound of trunks being dragged along I can never forget. This seemed the only groan the city made… ."
As for the Academy itself, "I did not feel the loss to be mine," she wrote, "but it is a great loss to the scientific world and an irreparable loss to California. My own destroyed work I do not lament, for it was a joy to me while I did it, and I can still have the same joy in starting it again… .“
Letter to Science; cited in Carol Green Wilson's Alice
Eastwood's Wonderland: The Adventures of a Botanist
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Preparing for the future:
1906-1912
Before the Academy constructed a new building, Alice Eastwood traveled and studied throughout Europe and the United States.
Studied in leading herbaria including the Gray Herbarium (Harvard), the New York Botanical Garden, the British Museum, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.
Established friendships and increased her knowledge
In 1912, with completion of the new Academy facilities at Golden Gate Park, Eastwood was offered a job.
She returned as Curator of the Botany Department in 1912.
© Project SOUND
http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/Grayarc.htm
Gray Herbarium, Harvard
Re-establishing the herbarium: 1912-1942
Eastwood dedicated herself to rebuilding the collection.
Her expeditions were numerous, including collecting trips to Alaska, Arizona, Baja California, British Columbia, Utah, and all throughout California.
Many of the expeditions were financed personally by Eastwood
By 1942, the collection numbered over 300,000 plant specimens, nearly three times the number destroyed in 1906 earthquake and fire
© Project SOUND
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4n39s1p5/
Building up the herbarium from scratch
Eastwood herself contributed "thousands of sheets to the Academy's herbarium, personally accounting for its growth in size and representation of western flora".
© Project SOUND
By keeping the first set of each collection for the Academy and exchanging the duplicates with other institutions Eastwood was able to build the collection
Example: 3113 specimens
to Harvard Herbarium
http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/qk/kt8c6040qk/files/kt8c6040qk-FID215.jpg
Warner Hot Springs, San Diego County, 1913
The concept of the ecological niche
Many definitions – concept has evolved over time
Definition: Place or function of an organism within its ecosystem
Definition: that set of environmental factors (both abiotic and biotic) which permits populations to persist.
A niche is a very specific segment of ecospace occupied by a single species
© Project SOUND http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/ecology/Lecture/LecComEcol/LecComEcolCom
p/LecCommEcolComp.html
5/2/2015
11
Unusual conditions = unusual niches
California has a number of unique habitats:
Deserts
High and low elevations
Seaside conditions
Rain forests
Unique soil types
Etc.
© Project SOUND
Much of Eastwood’s personal collecting would focus on the
unique plants that evolved under unusual conditions and
constraints
The need to document/collect species before they
disappeared was always in Eastwood’s mind
Alice Eastwood focused her collecting on:
Areas that were unique
Areas that had not been fully studied
Areas that were in danger of disappearing
© Project SOUND
http://www.sitesatlas.com/Flash/USCan/static/CAFF.htm
Unfortunately, many of the
interesting species she studied are
not currently available to the home
gardener – for a variety of reasons
© Project SOUND
*Bolander’s lily – Lilium bolanderi
©2008 Gary A. Monroe
Klamath Range & SW Oregon
UNCOMMON. Serpentine soil in chaparral, conifer forest, generally with Xerophyllum 150–1600 m
Difficult to grow
© Project SOUND
*Bolander’s lily – Lilium bolanderi
http://www.efloras.org/f
lorataxon.aspx?flora_id
=1&taxon_id=2421017
27
http://www.jonsgardenblog.com/uploads/2/2/5/6/22563064/3759431_orig.jpg ©2008 Keir Morse
5/2/2015
12
© Project SOUND
*Coast lily – Lilium maritimum
©2013 Vernon Smith
From below San Francisco to about Westport in Mendocino County, within a few miles of the ocean.
Coastal prairies, N. coastal scrub, sundew (Drosera spp.) bogs, gaps in closed-cone pine forests < 150 m
Luther Burbank 1888 catalog: a “wild species of lily” (Lilium maritimum) described as “California bog lily, dwarf, reddish orange, spotted.”
© Project SOUND
*Coast lily – Lilium maritimum
©2012 Aaron Arthur ©2008 Halleh Paymard
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&t
axon_id=242101736
© Project SOUND
Coast lily: in many ways a typical lily
Size: 2-4 ft tall
1-3 ft wide
Growth form: Perennial from a bulb
Dies back to bulb after booming
Upright habit
Foliage: Larger leaves mainly in basal
rosette
Whorls of lance-shaped leaves on flower stalk
Bulb: rhizomatous; irregular, 1-3 inches
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lilium_maritimum#/media
/File:Lilium_maritimum_(lit).jpg © Project SOUND
Flowers: small, bright, showy
Blooms: late spring/early summer – May-July
Flowers: Small for lily – 1-2 inches
Typical trumpet shape, but tepals roll back
Red or red-orange with maroon blotches circling the throat
Seeds:
©2006 Steven Thorsted
©2012 Aaron Arthur
http://flowersreview.blogspot.com/2012/01/lilium-maritimum-flower.html
5/2/2015
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Growing native lilies from seed
Requires patience, good drainage, disease and weed control and common sense
4-5 month cold/moist treatment for most western lily seeds; plant when just beginning to germinate
Need light, airy potting mix which retains moisture but allows good drainage – potting soil + perlite
Keep moist but not too wet
Be patient – may take a while to see any growth
© Project SOUND
©2010 Zoya Akulova
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained, sandy
soils are best
pH: slightly acidic (5.5-7.5)
Light: dappled sun; part-shade
Water: Winter: needs plenty of water
– tolerates flooding
Summer: taper off after blooming; takes some summer water
Fertilizer: likes a thin organic mulch – pine needle mulch is great
Other: remove foliage when it withers after flowering/seed-set
©2012 Aaron Arthur
© Project SOUND
Woodsy wild lily
Good choice for shady containers – can give it the right conditions
Dampish, shady areas of the garden – under tall trees
Mix with other N. coast grasses, bulbs, wildflowers
©2008 Halleh Paymard
©2014 John Doyen
©2008 Halleh Paymard
Gardening with native lilies in S. California
May be easy or quite difficult depending on requirements
Many native lilies available only as seed
Many are good candidates for containers
Often require:
Excellent drainage
Moist soils, even into summer (when many bloom)
A little richer soil than our native soils provide
Some shade in S. CA
© Project SOUND
http://www.chanticleergarden.org/6_24.html
http://www.thelilygarden.com/pages_lilies
/oriental_2.html
5/2/2015
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Eastwood’s botanical interests were
broad and general
Her over 300 published
works include:
technical botanical treatises
floristic studies
horticultural notes
ethnobotanical reports
historical accounts of botanical exploration
book reviews
popular articles for a lay audience.
© Project SOUND http://www.mtgothictomes.com/colorado_page_3.htm
Eastwood wrote in a clear style,
understandable to a diverse audiance
“It is not easy to place the boundary between trees and shrubs, especially in California where some species are either trees or shrubs. In general a tree differs from a shrub in having a distinct trunk not less than fifteen feet high. Where the species is only rarely a tree and generally a shrub, it has not been included, so that many species of Ceanothus, many of the manzanitas, the sumachs and many others have been omitted.”
A. Eastwood – A Handbook of
the Trees of California
© Project SOUND
Modest despite her accomplishments
“Throughout the work the aim has always been brevity and clearness – the desire to help rather than to shine.”
A. Eastwood – A Handbook of the Trees of California
© Project SOUND
http://www.alibris.com/A-Handbook-of-the-Trees-
of-California-Alice-Eastwood/book/18536043
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Linn_Jepson
Willis Linn Jepson
‘Forceful, energetic, and outgoing, Alice Eastwood not only provided professional botanists with critical specimens but also stimulated fuchsia fanciers to grow novelties, instructed travelers in the best methods of plant collecting, and helped to arouse the public to save native species, from the endemic lowly salt marsh sanicle to the giant redwoods’
B. Sicherman: Notable American Women: The Modern Period
1980; Harvard Press © Project SOUND
5/2/2015
15
‘To popularize botany she maintained changing exhibits of freshly gathered flowers in the Academy’s foyer. She was the ‘gardener’s botanist’ to west coast horticulturalists [including Kate Sessions of San Diego].
Recognition and honors came from garden clubs as well as from the Seventh International Botanical Conference in Stockholm in 1950, which elected her honorary president.’
B. Sicherman: Notable American
Women: The Modern Period. 1980; Harvard Press
© Project SOUND
Eastwood’s passion was plants – and
introducing CA natives to the public Bringing interesting
plants to the public
Immediately outside of the new herbarium, she helped develop Golden Gate Park into a horticultural wonderland, where today some 8,000 species from nearly all regions of the planet are cultivated, mostly out-of-doors, on land that was previously sand dunes.
To help ensure the success of the diverse plantings in Golden Gate Park, she taught classes in the evening for the Park’s gardeners.
© Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park
Alice Eastwood did have her favorites
Although she published articles on mushrooms, ferns, gymnosperms, monocots and dicots, she worked extensively with manzanitas (Arctostaphylos), lupines (Lupinus), Indian paint brushes (Castilleja), and numerous plants occurring on Mt. Tamalpais in Marin County
She was also interested in fuchsias
© Project SOUND http://www.fuchsiasinthecity.com/about-fuchsias/dictionary/files/the-fuchsia-book-
afs.jpg
Taxonomy & Systematics: grouping & naming
Taxonomy: science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants
Three goals:
Identification : identifying an unknown plant by comparison with previously collected
Classification: placing known plants into groups or categories to show some relationship.
Description : formal description of a new species, usually in the form of a scientific paper
Systematics: the science of relationships between plants and their evolution, especially at the higher levels
Classical (morphological) systematics – based on similarities in plant physical characteristics (how plant looks; chemical similarities; etc.)
Molecular systematics – based on similarities in genetic material
© Project SOUND
The two are highly interrelated – both aim to better understand and
reflect the true relationships between different plants
5/2/2015
16
© Project SOUND
What is a species?
Some definitions of species
Biological Species Concept - they cannot interbreed & produce viable offspring; interbreeding studies
Morphospecies Concept - they are different morphologically and do not come in contact for interbreeding
Genetic Species Concept – still working on this – how similar must they be to constitute a species?
Practical definition - Practically, biologists define species as populations of organisms that have a high level of genetic similarity.
The field of taxonomy is changing with our increasingly sophisticated tools
Lyonothamnus floribundus
ssp. aspleniifolius
Lyonothamnus floribundus
ssp. floribundus
Classic taxonomy: difficult decisions
based on morphology, range
What constitutes a separate species?
© Project SOUND
https://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/sets/72157624452564246/
The case of the ‘Kotolo milkweed’
Eastwood argues for species status
based on range and morphology
© Project SOUND
Eastwood showed great sensitivity in
proposing names
© Project SOUND
5/2/2015
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The final verdict on ‘Kotolo milkweed’?
© Project SOUND
Indian Milkweed - Asclepias eriocarpa
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_eriocarpa
Milkweeds
Milkweeds are found in many areas of CA
In S. CA, Indian Milkweed found primarily in Santa Monica & San Gabriel Mountains.
Sites are typically
Dry at least part of summer; good winter/spring water
Sunny
Barren soil (bare areas in chaparral/Oak woodlands; streambeds; alluvial areas)
Narrow-leaf Milkweed
Indian Milkweed
Milkweeds: widespread & easy
For butterfly/pollinator gardens
For showy white-pink flowers in summer
Along paths and walkways
In mid-beds – would look nice with brighter pinks and purple flowers
5/2/2015
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Eastwood was a talented taxonomist
Proposed over 600 species, subspecies & varieties from CA, OR and the Rockies
Overall, ~30% acceptance rate (even today)
That’s pretty amazing!
© Project SOUND
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt9n39s2r7/
© Project SOUND
Plant Systematics: the interrelationship
between ‘natural’ taxonomy, evolution and
phylogeny
http://www.anbg.gov.au/asbs/newsletter/book-review-74a-a.gif
http://www.alonnissos.org/page9/files/taxonomy%20tree.jpg
How to define a species – still an issue
While best known for her work with N. CA species,
Eastwood named several local species
Astragalus tener var. titi (Eastw.) Barneby
Brodiaea jolonensis Eastw.
Ceanothus megacarpus var. insularis (Eastw.) Munz - island ceanothus
Cercocarpus traskiae Eastw. - Catalina Island mountain-mahogany
Ribes indecorum Eastw. – Whiteflower currant
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
White-flowered Currant - Ribes indecorum
Correctly identified as separate species: Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., ser. 3. 2: 243, plate 23, fig. 3a, b. 1902
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Eastwood’s connection to S. CA reflected
her curatorial & personal interests
Developed friendships with local botanists/ hortculturalists
Blanche Trask (1865-1916) – many of her herbarium specimens among those lost in 1906
Leroy Abrams (1874-1956 ) - Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity
Kate Sessions (1857-1940) – nursery woman – designed Balboa Park
Lester Rountree (1879 -1979)
Many others
Eastwood spent six days on Santa Catalina Island July 20-25, 1917; specimens are located in the California Academy of Sciences.
© Project SOUND
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/archon/?p=digi
tallibrary/digitalcontent&id=466
Botanizing on the Channel Islands
“…Miss Eastwood, on behalf of the Academy, very completely botanized Santa Cruz and Catalina islands. On all her exploring trips over these islands, she was accompanied by Mrs. Miller, herself an enthusiastic botanist, and when the two ladies left the sailing party to return home by rail from San Diego a short time ago, they took with then a comprehensive exhibit of the flora of the islands mentioned…”
© Project SOUND
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bath_House_and_hotels_in_
Avalon,_on_Santa_Catalina_Island,_after_1908_(CHS-838).jpg
Even then, the Channel Island species
were thought to be unique – and in
need of protection!
“There are two species of Lyonothamnus, one on Santa Catalina Island and the other on San Clemente Island – beautiful and peculiar trees belonging to the Rose family. On Santa Catalina there is also a mountain mahogany (named in honor of its discoverer, Mrs. Blanche Trask) more lovely than any of its relatives in any other part of the world. It is found only in a few cañons so remote that until lately they had never been seen.”
-A. Eastwood – A Handbook of
the Trees of California
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Catalina Island Mountain Mahogony – Cercocarpus traskiae
http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ProfileImage.asp?FN=872b
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“That any one should have found a new tree on an island that so many botanists have visited is surprising; but it is due to the great enthusiasm, the wonderful power of exploration, and the intense love for Santa Catalina Island and its flowers which Mrs. Trask possesses. It is with pleasure that I give her name to this tree."
The quote is from 1898 for the discovery of Trask Mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae) on Catalina Island.
© Project SOUND
Catalina Island Mountain Mahogony – Cercocarpus traskiae
http://pics.davesgarden.com/pics/2009/03/13/palmbob/1c3474.jpg © Project SOUND
Catalina Mountain Mahogany -
Size: 10-15 ft tall
8-12+ ft wide
Growth form: Large evergreen shrub or
small tree
Branches erect to spreading
Long-lived
Foliage: Leaves leathery, shiny above
and wooly beneath
Very prominent lateral veins beneath – very different from Island Mountain Mahogany C. betuloides
© 1993 Dean Wm. Taylor
http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ProfileImage.asp?FN=872b
© Project SOUND
Threats to endemic Channel Island plant species
Large introduced herbivores have historically altered the flora and the landscape of Santa Catalina, San Clemente & other Channel Islands.
Goats, pigs, bison, and deer were noted at the time of listing of C. traskiae as a threatened species. The small size of the current C. traskiae population is attributed to the historical presence of goats, deer, and pigs
Invasive non-native plants pose perhaps a greater threat now – increase fire threat
Threat of hybridization – ‘genetic assimilation’
Threat of limited genetic diversity – sometimes a small population becomes too inbred to be able to survive
© Project SOUND
What makes a species susceptible to
genetic assimilation?
Small number of individuals compared to other local species
Ability to hybridize with local species – and close geographic proximity to those
Low genetic diversity – may limit reproduction within the species
Low geographic diversity/lack of space – common problem for Channel Island species
Invasion by species with hybridization potential
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© Project SOUND
The problem of
hybridization on islands
Cercocarpus traskiae has hybridized locally with C. betuloides var. blancheae, which also occurs on the island.
The hybrids have been characterized morphologically as well as by enzyme (allozyme) and DNA differences.
Morphological assessments of hybridization have not always agreed with the genetic results
Bottom line: only six genetically “pure” Cercocarpus traskiae trees in existance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cercocarpustraskiae.JPG
http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplan
ts/islandmountainmahogany.html
Island populations don’t always occur on
physical islands
© Project SOUND http://hosho.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/~tsuyu/top/dct/island.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_croceus
Lupinus croceus Eastw., endemic to
the northernmost mountains of
California
Eastwood’s contribution to genus Lupinus
70 citations – 32 new species [1/4 currently still accepted]
Currently accepted Lupinus angustiflorus Eastw. - narrowflower lupine
Lupinus antoninus Eastw. – Anthony Peak lupine
Lupinus caudatus ssp. cutleri (Eastw.) L.W. Hess & D.B. Dunn - Cutler's spurred lupine
Lupinus croceus Eastw. – Mt. Eddy lupine
Lupinus dalesiae Eastw. – Quincy lupine
Lupinus duranii Eastw. - Mono Lake lupine
Lupinus kuschei Eastw. – Yukon lupine [AK species]
Lupinus nipomensis Eastw. – Nipomo Mesa lupine
Lupinus sublanatus Eastw. – Mono lupine
Lupinus tracyi Eastw. – Tracy’s lupine
© Project SOUND
*Lupinus antoninus – Anthony Peak lupine
Most herbaria specimens from Eastwood, John Thomas Howell, in early 1940’s
Threats
Narrow range: known from just four sites in the Inner North Coast Ranges of California.
Hybridization with Lupinus albifrons var. collinus.
© Project SOUND http://eol.org/data_objects/20029071
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There is currently enormous interest in
documenting species’ ranges
© Project SOUND
IUCN Red Data Book
Classifies organisms based on their threat of extinction
Classification based on Potential range
Current actual range
Historical decline in numbers
Habitat fragmentation
The relationship between population numbers and risk of extinction is well documented for many species. Why use range?
Because the data is more available
© Project SOUND
http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/images/covers/Gl
obal/1978_RDB_Plants.jpg
Why worry about geographic range?
Species vulnerability
Limited geographic populations are particularly vulnerable to:
Human encroachment
Disease & predation
Climate change/variability
Limited geographic populations are also vulnerable to genetic factors
Reproductive ‘fitness’
Enough genetic variability to insure survival under changing conditions
Hybridization/’gene swamping’
© Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_croceus
Range dynamics: what we know
For at least some species, range size increases rapidly just after speciation; after that, slow decrease in range size
Lag phase; rapid increase in range size; slow decrease
In general, species with larger range appear less vulnerable to extinction
Data are difficult to come by (paleontology) and may be biased
In part due to fact that species with wider range also have greater numbers
Great variability
Just because a species has a ‘large’ range doesn’t guarantee it won’t become extinct (particularly through human actions – direct or indirect)
© Project SOUND
5/2/2015
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Eastwood understood the conservation
implications of her work
We must carefully document California’s biotic resources (as completely as possible)
We must work to conserve habitat in situ
Other possibilities not envisioned by Eastwood:
Save germplasm (seed/DNA banks)
Grow plants in alternative sites (natural; gardens)
© Project SOUND
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt9n39s2r7/
Eastwood was an avid conservationist.
She succeeded in getting most of Mount Tamalpais declared a state park.
She also helped form the “Save the Redwoods” League.
Worked to save a redwood grove in Humboldt County (which was named Alice Eastwood Memorial Grove).
© Project SOUND
http://islapedia.com/index.php?title=EASTWOOD,_Alice
*Eastwood’s manzanita - Arctostaphylos
glandulosa ssp. glandulosa
© Project SOUND
©2004 Doreen L. Smith
Genus Arctostaphylos – the Manzanitas
26 proposed species; 16 still currently accepted
Accepted species: Arctostaphylos auriculata Eastw. - Mount Diablo manzanita
Arctostaphylos australis Eastw. – Australian m.
Arctostaphylos bakeri Eastw. – Baker’s m.
Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. – Hoary m.
Arctostaphylos confertiflora Eastw. - Santa Rosa Island m.
Arctostaphylos crustacea Eastw. – Brittleleaf m.
Arctostaphylos franciscana Eastw. - San Francisco m.
Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. – Eastwood’s m.
Arctostaphylos imbricata Eastw. - San Bruno Mountain m.
Arctostaphylos montana Eastw. - Mt. Tamalpais m.
Arctostaphylos obispoensis Eastw. – Bishop manzanita
Arctostaphylos pallida Eastw. – Alameda m.
© Project SOUND
5/2/2015
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Genus Arctostaphylos – the Manzanitas
Accepted species (cont.): Arctostaphylos pechoensis (Abrams) Dudley ex Eastw. –
Pacheco manzanita
Arctostaphylos regismontana Eastw. – King’s Mountain m.
Arctostaphylos virgata Eastw. – Bolinas m.
Arctostaphylos viridissima (Eastw.) McMinn – Whitehair m.
© Project SOUND
Alice Eastwood was a pretty good ‘splitter’
Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. -- accepted -- Eastwood's manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. cushingiana (Eastw.) J.E. Keeley, M.C. Vasey & V.T. Parker -- accepted -- Cushing manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. glandulosa Eastw. -- accepted -- Eastwood's manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. howellii (Eastw.) P.V. Wells -- not accepted
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. zacaensis (Eastw.) P.V. Wells -- not accepted -- Zaca's manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. campbelliae (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted
Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. cushingiana (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted
Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. howellii (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted
Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. virgata (Eastw.) Jeps. -- not accepted
Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. zacaensis (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted
© Project SOUND
© Project SOUND
http://www.worldbotanical.com/arctostaphylos.htm
* Del mar Manzanita – Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia
Endemic to the south-central coast of San Diego County south into extreme northwestern Baja California
On coastal sandstone bluffs within the rare and threatened maritime chaparral plant community
Some of the best populations exist and are protected at Torrey Pines State Reserve
© Project SOUND
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3449,3454,3470,3472
http://www.plantscomprehensive.com/sandiegonatives-blog?page=3
* Del mar Manzanita – Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia
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A. glandulosa ssp. mollis – SMM & San Gabriels
© Project SOUND
http://www.researchlearningcenter.com/bloom/species/Arc
tostaphylos_glandulosa_mollis.htm
© Project SOUND
Del mar Manzanita: gray-green to blue-green
Size: 3-6 ft tall; usually 3-5 ft
4-6 ft wide
Growth form: Small to medium sized
evergreen shrub w/ red bark
Rounded, upright to rambling form
Slow growing
Foliage: Gray-green to blue-green
Neat/tidy looking
Roots: re-sprouts from basal burl
© 2007 Charles E. Jones
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-glandulosa-ssp-crassifolia
© Project SOUND
Flowers contrast
beautifully with foliage
Blooms: winter to early spring – may be earlier or later
Flowers: Pale pink
Typical shape of the genus
Sweet scent
http://www.cnpssd.org/plantlistpdfs/arctostaphylosglandulosacras.pdf http://www.cnpssd.org/plantlistpdfs/arctostaphylosglandulosacras.pdf © Project SOUND
Use Del Mar Manzanita
As a tall groundcover
Under pines
As an informal hedge
With its usual associated species Comarostaphylis, Xylococcus, Quercus and Salvia species.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_glandulosa
http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/m-Htm9oK65QX_9Kx7zPcDw
5/2/2015
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Population density extremes: not good
Too many
Too few Decreased mating partners –
may ↓ reproduction
Increased inbreeding
Possible extinction of the
population (Allee effect)
Minimal Viable Population
(MVP) - the smallest population size that can avoid extinction
© Project SOUND
© 2006 Steve Matson
Mount Diablo Manzanita – Arctostaphylos auriculata
© Project SOUND
* Mount Diablo Manzanita – Arctostaphylos auriculata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_auriculata
© Project SOUND
* Mount Diablo Manzanita – Arctostaphylos auriculata
© 2006 Steve Matson
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3449,3454,3456
Endemic to the area surrounding Mount Diablo, in Contra Costa County (e San Francisco Bay Area)
occurs primarily in chamise or manzanita chaparral. It can also be found as an understory shrub in coast live oak woodland, 400'-2000' elevation
© Project SOUND
Mount Diablo Manzanita: beautiful foliage
Size: 3-12 ft tall; usually 4-6 ft
5-10 ft wide
Growth form: Evergreen woody shrub
Erect to mounded
Twigs hairy; older bark red
Foliage: Gray-green; may be very
fuzzy
Rounded, over-lapping leaves clasp the branches
Very unusual and lovely appearance
© 2006 Steve Matson
5/2/2015
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© Project SOUND
Flowers are pink!
Blooms: winter to early spring
Flowers: Usually pink – sometimes
white
Usually hairy
Many flower clusters per plant – plant covered with flowers
Otherwise, fairly typical flowers for the genus
Fruits: small & hairy until mature.
© 2006 Steve Matson © Project SOUND
A. auriculata can take a
little more water Soils:
Texture: well-drained
pH: slightly acidic best
Light: Full sun on coast
Morning sun/dappled shade in hot gardens
Water: Winter: adequate
Summer: best with a little summer water (Zone 1-2 up to 2); rinse off occasionally in summer (be ‘the fog’)
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: organic mulch (including oak and pine needles
© 2006 Steve Matson
© Project SOUND
Mt. Diablo Manzanita for a silvery touch
As a dramatic accent plant in dry shrub beds, along walkways
In a chaparral garden
In a hummingbird garden
Sprawling over a fence or wall
https://picasaweb.google.com/theforestprimeval/PinusCoulteriAndArctostaphylo
sAuriculataBlackDiamondMinePreserve#5512180876178895842
© Project SOUND
What genetic resources should we
conserve (and how)?
Based on aesthetic or other potential?
Broadly - because we don’t know all the ‘services’ provided by individual species (medicines; habitat value; etc)
Broadly - because more diversity means more likely that at least species will survive changing conditions – in the near future
Based on species uniquely adapted to certain conditions – we may need those genes sometime
????????
http://www.hazmac.biz/090218/090218Cercocarp
usTraskiae.html
5/2/2015
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© Project SOUND
Management strategies for conserving
rare species: key issue today
Remove species that may hybridize with the desired species
Remove other pressures to reproduction – e.g. herbivores that eat seedlings, other stressors – protect the remaining individuals as source plants
+/- Remove hybrid plants/seedlings
Vegetative propagation to create more individuals
Plant out in appropriate sites: Local area Otherwise appropriate conditions No potential hybridizing species
© Project SOUND
* Glossyleaf Manzanita – Arctostaphylos nummularia
http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Arctostaphylos-nummularia/
North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges, w San Francisco Bay Area (Mount Tamalpais, Santa Cruz Mtns)
Rocky sites, woodland, coniferous forest, < 1500 ft
AKA ‘Fort Bragg Manzanita’
© Project SOUND
* Glossyleaf Manzanita – Arctostaphylos nummularia
http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/mount-tamalpais.html http://www.thevoiceofalliant.com/FunSun.html
© Project SOUND
Glossyleaf Manzanita: variable habit
Size: 2-6 ft tall; usually 2-3 in nature
4-6 ft wide
Growth form: Dense evergreen shrub
Habit varies from low and spreading (rocky, exposed sites), mounded to larger upright shrub (forest sites)
Red bark
Foliage: Leaves rounded, tidy looking
Dark shiny green above; lighter beneath
Roots: no burl – don’t coppice!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctostaphylos_nummularia_1.jpg
© 2006 Steve Matson
5/2/2015
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© Project SOUND
Manzanita flowers
Blooms: In winter; usually Dec-Feb
locally, tho’ may be a few blooms at other times
Flowers: Small, urn-shaped flowers
typical of the genus
Pale pink; sweetly scented
Flower clusters slightly more open and other species
Flowers pollinated by large bees – ‘buzz pollination’
Fruits: Edible ‘apples’ in summer/fall
© 2006 Steve Matson
http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Arctostaphylos-nummularia/ © Project SOUND
Grows under range of
conditions
Soils: Texture: well-drained – sandy or
rocky best
pH: slightly acidic; may want to amend with peat moss
Light: Best with afternoon shade
Good choice for under trees (pines; oaks)
Water: Winter: gets a lot in its native
habitat – supplement if needed
Summer: gets summer rain and fog – Zone 2-3 and wash-downs
Fertilizer: light applications of acid fertilizer
Other: best near the coast
© 2004 Aaron Schusteff
© Project SOUND
Garden uses for Glossyleaf Manzanita
Mounded groundcover under pines and similar tall trees
Along coast, with other species for a north coast themed garden: Allium unifolium, Diplicus aurantiacus, Baccharis pilularis, Pinus attenuata, Fragaria vesca, Satureja douglasii
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
© 2004 Aaron Schusteff
Arctostaphylos nummularia
‘Small Change’
Selected for its small leaves which are bronze when young.
2-3' H x 3-4' W; mounding or spreading
Coast: full sun; Inland: part shade
Well-draining, acidic soils - good choice for planting under pines.
Provide afternoon sun and extra water in inland gardens.
© Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Arctostaphylos_nummularia_'Small_Change'
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Versatile ‘Emerald Carpet’
hybrid is garden friendly
and low
Hybrid between Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and A. nummularia – best traits of both parents
groundcover to very low hedge
© Project SOUND
http://www.pasadena.watersavingplants.com/eplant.php?plantnum=243&return=l8_aK
The quandary of ‘garden cultivars’
The pros Help conserve species/sub-
types in danger from loss of habitat
Spread the resources to multiple geographic areas – perhaps less vulnerable to disease, climate change, etc.
The cons Evolution in the garden/
nursery setting – essentially creating multiple islands
Threat of hybridization [example: Prunus ilicifolia]
© Project SOUND
Note: these same issues are
being grappled with in zoos &
animal sanctuaries
The quandary of plants reproduced
vegetatively
All essentially identical (except for mutations that occur later)
Essentially a mono-culture (not much different from agricultural monocultures)
Vulnerabilities
Threat to local native populations by ‘gene swamping’
© Project SOUND
Why worry about loss of plant biodiversity?
Ethical/moral reasons: we should be good co-species or stewards, especially if we’re the cause of the loss
Aesthetic/historic reasons: They make our surroundings a nice place to live
They are literally our link with the past
Selfish reasons: They are our food (and other useful resources)
They are potential sources of medicines and other useful products yet to be discovered
They perform ecosystem services – some of which we don’t even know about.
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Eastwood: active and engaged to age 90
© Project SOUND
1942 Elected Honorary member of California Academy of Sciences
1949 Retires as Botany curator
1950 Serves as Honorary President of the VIIth International Botanical Congress in Sweden
1953 Dies in San Francisco
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-
bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=108051991
Long-term association with
John Thomas Howell, who
succeeded her as CAS
Botany curator in 1949
One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the
California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)
Alice Eastwood’s legacy
Credited with building the botanical collection at the California Academy of Sciences
published over 310 scientific articles, several books and edited several important botanical journals of her day.
Seventeen currently recognized species named for her, as well as the genera Eastwoodia and Aliciella.
Campground on Mt Tampais named in her honor of her conservation efforts there.
© Project SOUND
Books by Alice Eastwood
Eastwood's Channel Islands Flora.
A Popular Flora of the Pacific Coast (1897)
A Popular Flora of the Rockey Mountain Region (1900)
A flora of the South Fork of Kings River : from Millwood to the head waters of Bubbs Creek (Sierra Club, 1902)
A Handbook of the Trees of California (1905)
A key to the common families of flowering plants in California, and A guide for the analysis and description of flowering plants. Prepared for and published by the California Botanical Club, California Academy of Sciences. (San Francisco, 1934)
© Project SOUND
Eastwood as journal editor
editor of Zoe - 1893-189? - An ‘alternative outlet’ to the CA Acad. of Science Bulletin – allowed more active debate and criticism
assistant editor for Erythea : A Journal of Botany, West American and General [with Jepson] before the 1906 earthquake
Founded Leaflets of Western Botany (1932–1949), with John Thomas Howell [continued until 1966 under Howell alone]
© Project SOUND
http://www.alibris.com/Leaflets-of-Western-Botany-Alice-
Eastwood/book/18559081
Much of this material is being digitized and is now available
on the internet
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Honors and achievements
A member of the California Academy of Sciences since 1892; unanimously elected an honorary member of the Academy in 1942.
In 1903 she was one of only two of the few women listed in American Men of Science to be denoted, by a star, as being considered to be among the top 25% of professionals in their discipline.
In 1949, in recognition of her achievements, the American Fuchsia Society awarded her with its Medal of Achievement.
Served as Honorary President of the VIIth International Botanical Congress in Sweden
© Project SOUND
Alice Eastwood: her continuing legacy
Better understanding of plants from some remote (and unusual) areas of CA
Shedding light on the continuing controversy of what constitutes a ‘species’
Promoting an appreciation for rare species – and their conservation
Serves as an inspiration for all women – including those whose lives include challenges
An inspiration to those of us proud to be called ‘elders’ – half of her publications after the age of 50!
© Project SOUND
We hope you’ll want to get to know Miss Eastwood better
Eastwood gave a lecture at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History in 1929
As reported in the April Leaflet: “Miss Eastwood is not only an admirable scientist, but a rare human being as well. A simple, kindly woman stood before her audience and told with utter lack of self-consciousness of experiences which not one woman in a thousand would care to undergo.”
© Project SOUND
Resources on Alice Eastman
Alice Eastman Archives (CA Acad. of Sci) - contains her memoirs, diaries, field notes, and correspondence, among other items.
Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800-1900 - Mary R. S. Creese
Ross, Michael E. and Caple, Laurie A. 1997. Flower Watching with Alice Eastwood. Carolrhoda Books, Inc. Minneapolis. - a charming young person's book with many photos of Eastwood
© Project SOUND
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More books/articles about Alice Eastwood
Dakin, Susanna Bryant. 1954. The Perennial Adventure; A Tribute to Alice Eastwood. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Wilson, Carol Green. 1955. Alice Eastwood's Wonderland; the Adventures of A Botanist. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Bonta, Marcia Myers. 1991. Women in the Field; America's Pioneering Women Naturalists. Texas A & M Univ. Press. Includes bios of Kate Brandegee and Alice Eastwood.
Daniel, Thomas F. 2008. One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003) - http://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/history_botany_at_cas_pcas_v59apr08_daniel_pp_215-305lr.pdf
Moore, Patricia Ann. 1996. Cultivating Science in the Field: Alice Eastwood, Ynés Mexia and California Botany, 1890-1940. PhD Dissertation, UCLA; UMI 9640244.
© Project SOUND
Tributes to Alice Eastwood
Abrams, Leroy. "Alice Eastwood--Western Botanist." Pacific Discovery. 2(1):14-17, 1949.
Howell, John Thomas. "Alice Eastwood: 1859-1953." Taxon. 3(4): 98-100, 1953.
Howell, John Thomas. "I Remember, When I Think..." Leaflets of Western Botany. 7: 153-176, 1954.
MacFarland, F. M., with R. C. Miller and John Thomas Howell. "Biographical Sketch of Alice Eastwood." Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series, 25: ix-xiv, bibliography xv-xxiv.
© Project SOUND
Garden Party & Ice cream Social Madrona Native Plant Garden
May 9th – 2:00-4:00
South Bay Water-wise Garden Tour
May 17th
Tickets still available – see website
© Project SOUND
Go out and enjoy Miss Eastman’s
California this month
© Project SOUND
Recommended