AECT 2010 Presidential Session: Openness, Data, and the Future of Education

Openness, Data and the Future of Education

David Wiley, PhDDepartment of Instructional Psychology & Technology

Brigham Young University

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Openness… In Education?

Open, adj.

Describes educational artifacts

Open Textbooks

Open Educational Resources

Open Courseware

Open, adj.

Teaching materials freely shared with permissions to engage in the “4R” activities

The 4Rs

Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with others

Revise – adapt and improveRemix – combine with others

Communicate 4Rs Permissions

Since this overrides default copyright,you must use a copyright license

Offers easy to use 4R’s licenses

Open Educational Resources

Open Course Ware

Open Course Ware

Open Courses

Open Courses

Open Textbooks

Open Textbooks

Repository Examples

OpenCourseWare Examples

Open Courses Examples

Open Textbook Examples

Organizations

While Nouns Differ…

The operationalizing actions are the same

Open, adj.

Sharing

Why Be Open?

Role of Openness in Education?

A terrible, insidious question

Openness is the only means of doing education.

If There Is No Sharing

There is no education

Successful Teachers

Share most thoroughly with the most students

What’s the Value Proposition?

Who’s Doing the Valuing?

Students, institutions, teachers, society

Affordability

The average college student spends $900 per year on textbooks

Students? Affordability

The average college student spends $900 per year on textbooks

Students? Affordability

The average college student spends $900 per year on textbooks

Affordability

Students, institutions, society

A Brief Pivot to Data

And then back to institutions and society

Each and Every Interaction

Recorded and stored for analysisto improve quality of service / experience

Continuous Improvement Process

(CIP)

If Only We Could Get It…

Education could engage in continuous quality improvement, too!

Even the Grocer!

Almost every industry (1) gathers and (2) uses data more effectively than we do

Data Alone Don’t Enable CIP

You need Openness + Data

A Concrete Example

Why you need BOTHOpenness + Data to CIP

Bloom’s 2 Sigma Challenge

Bloom, 1984

One-to-One Tutoring

And other methods compared to 30 students in the classroom

Average Tutored Student +2sd

In other words, the average student is capable of much more

Tutoring is Expensive

So we teach class instead!

Bloom, 1984

If the research on the 2 sigma problem yields practiced methods (methods that the average teacher or school faculty can learn in a brief period of time and use with little more cost or time than conventional instruction), it would be an educational contribution of the greatest magnitude. (p. 5)

To Tutor Or Not to Tutor?

That is the (false) question

“Intelligent” Tutors

Have different scalability problemsDehumanize learning

“Strategic Tutoring”

What if we could do one-on-one tutoring just-in-time and just-on-topic?

Would Require Lots of Data

Where can we get it all?

Would Require New Model

Institutional commitment

What Kind of Data?

When they logged in, read, and workedHow long they logged in, read, and worked

Pathway information, Item-by-item analytics,

&c.

OHSU Teaching Model

Online curriculum teaches as much as possible,teachers do proactive “strategic tutoring”

Teacher Becomes Tutor

Has the curriculum replaced the teacher?

As broadcast machinery, yes.

Are You Even Allowed to CIP?

Data aren’t sufficient – you need permission

Open Educational Resources

Give OHSU the permissions it needs to engage in continuous improvement

“4R” Permissions

Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with others

Revise – adapt and improveRemix – combine with others

OHSU Charter Requires OER

Founders’ way of “burning the ships”and fully committing to CIP

Conjoint CIP

Student learning and curriculum effectivenessgrow simultaneously

Curriculum Use

Curriculum Redesign

StudentPerformance

Data

Data Describing Curriculum

Performance

Data Supporting Strategic Tutoring

FeedbackLoop

But Tutoring Data are Out-of-Band!

Using customer relationship management(CRM) tools

Visualizing Educational Data

Creating new visualization techniques to support teaching and learning

Openness + Data Are Required

For Continuous Improvement Processes

CIP, Of Course

(Design-based Research)

Must either use open materials,violate its own principles,

or fail to scale

Recruiting

MIT OCW reports: 35% of incoming freshman aware of

OCW reported it influenced their attendance decision

Alumni Outreach

MIT OCW reports: 78% of alumni are aware of OCW

42% of alumni use the site

To Make Money

BYU IS reports 2.5% of all visitors to OCW site become paying customers

Teachers

Transparency increases qualityIncreased interaction and perspectives

Finally, Society

What is the value of openness in education to society?

Finally, Society

What is the value of openness in education to society?

Lifelong Learning Opportunities

Refresh, review, or learn something new informally and for free

Or “upgrade” for tutoring and credits

Public As Patrons

Who funds the creation of educational materials by faculty?

The Trucker Tale

A parable of ingenuity and despair

CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/farleyj/2768941171/

CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/pagedooley/2810314243/

CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/chicagoeye/2710749425/

CC BY

http://www.flickr.com/photos/striatic/2192192956/

CC BY

http://www.flickr.com/photos/booleansplit/2634767088/

CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/flissphil/245158736/

Terms of Distribution

Surrender all rights to the productTruckers keep 100% of all sales

Terms are life + 70 years

CC BY

http://www.flickr.com/photos/glutnix/47989973/

The Moral of the Story

This is a tale about faculty and their research, and proportional effort

• Come up with ideas for research,

• Find grant funding for the research,

• Identify and hire graduate students and other professionals,

• Conduct the research,

• Write up the results of the research in a clear and concise manner, and

• Surrender all rights to the written results of our research to a publisher.

Completely, Utterly Unacceptable

As ridiculous as the Trucker Tale sounds, faculty have it worse

Financial Contribution

How about the proportional financial contribution to research articles?

Public Investment in Research

$105,385 to $119,913 per article(US NIH-funded research)

Publisher Investment in Research

$2750 per article, including administrative and all other costs

Does This Make Sense?

Publishers make approximately 2% of the overall investment

“Volunteers?”

In addition to conducting and writing, you also do the reviewing and editing!

Unbelievable Profits

Elsevier + LexusNexus = $1,500,000,000 in 2008

(Not revenue - profit)

Buy One, Get One

Pizza in Ohio

NIH Policy Now…

FRPAA coming soon

A FRPAA For Educational Materials?

Who knows, but the public probably deserves it

Conclusions

Openness and sharing are required for education

Conclusions

Openness and sharing can be financially sustainable

Conclusions

Openness and data enable CIP and other things we value

An Invitation

Reconsider the stewardship you’ve been given you as an educator

Your Inner Two-year Old

Overcoming the impulse to scream“Mine!”

The More Open You Are

The better education will be for everyone

Thank You!

david.wiley@byu.edu

http://davidwiley.org/