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Openness, Data and the Future of Education
David Wiley, PhDDepartment of Instructional Psychology & Technology
Brigham Young University
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Openness… In Education?
Open, adj.
Describes educational artifacts
Open Textbooks
Open Educational Resources
Open Courseware
Open, adj.
Teaching materials freely shared with permissions to engage in the “4R” activities
The 4Rs
Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with others
Revise – adapt and improveRemix – combine with others
Communicate 4Rs Permissions
Since this overrides default copyright,you must use a copyright license
Offers easy to use 4R’s licenses
Open Educational Resources
Open Course Ware
Open Course Ware
Open Courses
Open Courses
Open Textbooks
Open Textbooks
Repository Examples
OpenCourseWare Examples
Open Courses Examples
Open Textbook Examples
Organizations
While Nouns Differ…
The operationalizing actions are the same
Open, adj.
Sharing
Why Be Open?
Role of Openness in Education?
A terrible, insidious question
Openness is the only means of doing education.
If There Is No Sharing
There is no education
Successful Teachers
Share most thoroughly with the most students
What’s the Value Proposition?
Who’s Doing the Valuing?
Students, institutions, teachers, society
Affordability
The average college student spends $900 per year on textbooks
Students? Affordability
The average college student spends $900 per year on textbooks
Students? Affordability
The average college student spends $900 per year on textbooks
Affordability
Students, institutions, society
A Brief Pivot to Data
And then back to institutions and society
Each and Every Interaction
Recorded and stored for analysisto improve quality of service / experience
Continuous Improvement Process
(CIP)
If Only We Could Get It…
Education could engage in continuous quality improvement, too!
Even the Grocer!
Almost every industry (1) gathers and (2) uses data more effectively than we do
Data Alone Don’t Enable CIP
You need Openness + Data
A Concrete Example
Why you need BOTHOpenness + Data to CIP
Bloom’s 2 Sigma Challenge
Bloom, 1984
One-to-One Tutoring
And other methods compared to 30 students in the classroom
Average Tutored Student +2sd
In other words, the average student is capable of much more
Tutoring is Expensive
So we teach class instead!
Bloom, 1984
If the research on the 2 sigma problem yields practiced methods (methods that the average teacher or school faculty can learn in a brief period of time and use with little more cost or time than conventional instruction), it would be an educational contribution of the greatest magnitude. (p. 5)
To Tutor Or Not to Tutor?
That is the (false) question
“Intelligent” Tutors
Have different scalability problemsDehumanize learning
“Strategic Tutoring”
What if we could do one-on-one tutoring just-in-time and just-on-topic?
Would Require Lots of Data
Where can we get it all?
Would Require New Model
Institutional commitment
What Kind of Data?
When they logged in, read, and workedHow long they logged in, read, and worked
Pathway information, Item-by-item analytics,
&c.
OHSU Teaching Model
Online curriculum teaches as much as possible,teachers do proactive “strategic tutoring”
Teacher Becomes Tutor
Has the curriculum replaced the teacher?
As broadcast machinery, yes.
Are You Even Allowed to CIP?
Data aren’t sufficient – you need permission
Open Educational Resources
Give OHSU the permissions it needs to engage in continuous improvement
“4R” Permissions
Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with others
Revise – adapt and improveRemix – combine with others
OHSU Charter Requires OER
Founders’ way of “burning the ships”and fully committing to CIP
Conjoint CIP
Student learning and curriculum effectivenessgrow simultaneously
Curriculum Use
Curriculum Redesign
StudentPerformance
Data
Data Describing Curriculum
Performance
Data Supporting Strategic Tutoring
FeedbackLoop
But Tutoring Data are Out-of-Band!
Using customer relationship management(CRM) tools
Visualizing Educational Data
Creating new visualization techniques to support teaching and learning
Openness + Data Are Required
For Continuous Improvement Processes
CIP, Of Course
(Design-based Research)
Must either use open materials,violate its own principles,
or fail to scale
Recruiting
MIT OCW reports: 35% of incoming freshman aware of
OCW reported it influenced their attendance decision
Alumni Outreach
MIT OCW reports: 78% of alumni are aware of OCW
42% of alumni use the site
To Make Money
BYU IS reports 2.5% of all visitors to OCW site become paying customers
Teachers
Transparency increases qualityIncreased interaction and perspectives
Finally, Society
What is the value of openness in education to society?
Finally, Society
What is the value of openness in education to society?
Lifelong Learning Opportunities
Refresh, review, or learn something new informally and for free
Or “upgrade” for tutoring and credits
Public As Patrons
Who funds the creation of educational materials by faculty?
The Trucker Tale
A parable of ingenuity and despair
CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/farleyj/2768941171/
CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/pagedooley/2810314243/
CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/chicagoeye/2710749425/
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/striatic/2192192956/
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/booleansplit/2634767088/
CC BYhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/flissphil/245158736/
Terms of Distribution
Surrender all rights to the productTruckers keep 100% of all sales
Terms are life + 70 years
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/glutnix/47989973/
The Moral of the Story
This is a tale about faculty and their research, and proportional effort
• Come up with ideas for research,
• Find grant funding for the research,
• Identify and hire graduate students and other professionals,
• Conduct the research,
• Write up the results of the research in a clear and concise manner, and
• Surrender all rights to the written results of our research to a publisher.
Completely, Utterly Unacceptable
As ridiculous as the Trucker Tale sounds, faculty have it worse
Financial Contribution
How about the proportional financial contribution to research articles?
Public Investment in Research
$105,385 to $119,913 per article(US NIH-funded research)
Publisher Investment in Research
$2750 per article, including administrative and all other costs
Does This Make Sense?
Publishers make approximately 2% of the overall investment
“Volunteers?”
In addition to conducting and writing, you also do the reviewing and editing!
Unbelievable Profits
Elsevier + LexusNexus = $1,500,000,000 in 2008
(Not revenue - profit)
Buy One, Get One
Pizza in Ohio
NIH Policy Now…
FRPAA coming soon
A FRPAA For Educational Materials?
Who knows, but the public probably deserves it
Conclusions
Openness and sharing are required for education
Conclusions
Openness and sharing can be financially sustainable
Conclusions
Openness and data enable CIP and other things we value
An Invitation
Reconsider the stewardship you’ve been given you as an educator
Your Inner Two-year Old
Overcoming the impulse to scream“Mine!”
The More Open You Are
The better education will be for everyone
