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WONG TO YEUNG LEOWONG KA WANG KELVIN
LAI CHUNG YIN ROY
How to play games?
Are these game?
Paper-scissor-stoneChinese chessPenalty kickVoting Government deciding if it should give tax
rebate
All are games !
More about game
PlayerSSSS- at least two people- their choice will affect each other
Strategies- action that players can choose
Payoff- ranking of the outcome by each players
Example
Paper-scissor-stone game
Number of players = 2Strategies: paper, scissor, stonePayoff: 1 for winning ( happy =])∵
0 for draw -1 for losing ( unhappy =[ )∵
Classification of game
Sequential game- players take turn to playe.g. playing Chinese chess
Simultaneous game- players play at the same timee.g. paper-scissor-stone
How to solve sequential game?
Solve: Determine the strategy each players will choose
Principle: Look forward, reason backward. Backward reasoning
Example 1 (Divide-and-choose)
Situation:A mother buys a cake for her son and
daughter, who love cakes so much !Rule :the daughter cuts the cake first, then the son
chooses the part he wants to have.
Example 1 (Divide-and-choose)
Assume the daughter has two strategies: 1, cut it into half2, cut it into one-fourth and three-fourth
The son has two strategies:1, choose the larger one2, choose the smaller one
Example 1 (Divide-and-choose)
Example 1 (Divide-and-choose)
Solution:Daughter: cut in a halfSon: large or small ( just the same)
Example 2 (sailing competition)
Situation: Team A is leading Team B in a sailing competition
Rule: Team B chooses an action in the hope to surpass Team A, then Team A responds
Example 2 (sailing competition)
Team B has two strategies: 1, go left2, go right
Them A has two strategies:1, follow Team B2, Not follow Team B
Example 2 (sailing competition)
Example 2 (sailing competition)
Solution:Team B: go rightTeam A: follows B
Example 3 (grading scheme)
Situation:In MATH 162, students have the chance to
give marks to other students, which will affect the course grade.
Rule:Prof. Li chooses the grading scheme first.
Students then choose whether they will intentionally give low marks.
Example 3 (grading scheme)
Prof. Li has two strategies: 1. grading by curve2. absolute grading
Student has two strategies:1. always give low marks2. give marks sincerely
Example 3 (grading scheme)
Example 3 (grading scheme)
Solution: Prof. Li: absolute grading
Student: give marks sincerely
We get the right scheme!
Let’s play a game!
I have a 10 dollars notesThe first player proposes a method on how to
divide it. e.g. 1, I get all 10 dollars, you get nothing
I give you all 10 dollars, I get nothing
Let’s play a game!
The second player can choose whether to accept or not.- If he accepts, we will divide the 10 dollars note as proposed by first player.- If he turns down, none of them get anything.
Let’s play a game!
On a paper, write down:1, if you are player 1, what will you propose.
2, if you are player 2, the minimum amount that you need to get in order to accept player 1‘s offer
Let’s play a game!
What should be the solution?
Famous game: Ultimatum game
For interested students….
Homework
1, Solve the divide-and-choose game when the daughter can choose to divide in any proportion she likes. You can consider the two strategies to be: divide equally and divide unequally
2, Solve the Ultimatum game. You can consider the strategies of player 1 to be: player 1 get all, player 1 get $9.9 and player 1 get less than $9.9
Homework (Extra)
Andy, Ben, Charles are in a one-round three-way duel.
They take turn shoot at each other or fire up in the air. They never miss a shoot.
Andy start first, followed by Ben and Charles.They want to be the sole survivor and never
want to die.Show that Andy will fire up in the air. [Hint:
backward reasoning makes things complicated this time]
Discussion
1, Do you find game theory interesting?
2, Have you used backward reasoning in daily life?
3, In Ultimatum game, players usually do not play the solution at first. Can you suggest some reasons?
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