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Pediatric Procedural Sedation Jana Stockwell, MD, FAAP Children’s Sedation Services Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Emory University School of Medicine. Why Not Sedate?. “I’m gonna be so fast they won’t even feel it.” “They’re just crying because they’re being held down.” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pediatric Procedural
Sedation
Jana Stockwell, MD, FAAPChildren’s Sedation Services
Children’s Healthcare of AtlantaEmory University School of Medicine
Why Not Sedate?
• “I’m gonna be so fast they won’t even feel it.”
• “They’re just crying because they’re being held down.”
• “Children don’t feel pain”• “Children don’t remember pain”
Why Sedate?
• Efficacy• Satisfaction• Quality of study• Do unto others…
– Same injury, adults sedated more
4
Goals
• Guard safety & welfare of child• Minimize physical discomfort & pain• Control anxiety, maximize potential
for amnesia• Control behavior & movement to
complete procedure• Return patient to state safe for
discharge
5
CHOA @ Egleston Program
• CCM & ED physicians• Dedicated radiology & H/O sedation
nurses• 4 locations• 2-3 docs/day• >3,000 sedations/year
Overview
• Definitions• Choose wisely
– Pick your patient– Pick your drugs– Pick your “no’s”– Pick your battles
• On the horizon
Definitions
• 1992 AAP (Peds 1992;898:110)
– Conscious Sedation– Deep Sedation
• 1998 ACEP (Ann Emer Med 1998;31:663)
– Procedural Analgesia & Sedation• 2006 AAP & AAPD (Peds 2006;118:2587-2602)
– Minimal = anxiolysis– Moderate = conscious– Deep– General anesthesia
Joint Commission 2000
• Level 1: Minimal– Respond normally to
verbal commands– Cognitive function
and coordination impaired
Joint Commission 2000
• Level 2: Moderate sedation / analgesia– Respond to verbal or
gentle tactile stimuli– No intervention to
maintain airway– Adequate
spontaneous ventilation
Joint Commission 2000
• Level 3: Deep sedation / analgesia– Respond purposefully following repeated
or painful stimulation– Ability to maintain ventilatory function may
be impaired
Never Never Land
• Level ~3.5 Dissociative Sedation– Cataleptic state– Maintain
protective reflexes
– Retain spontaneous respirations
Joint Commission 2000
• Level 4: Anesthesia– Not arousable, even with painful stimuli– Independent ventilatory function often
impaired
13
Remember, it’s a…
Providers
• “Licensed independent practitioner”• Know drugs and antidotes• Ability to monitor• Capable of rescue• Re-assess immediately before sedation• Immediately available• Not doing the procedure
(Appropriate) Patients
• Painful Procedures– Bone marrow Bx, BMA– Wound debridement– Renal Bx– Abscess I&D– Fracture reduction– Cardioversion
• Movement an issue– Suture difficult area– Radiographic images– Auditory brain response– LP– Casting
Inappropriate Patients
• Airway issues– Small, tight jaw– Airway obstruction
• Respiratory issues• “Super quick”
– Lacerations to be fixed with Dermabond
Primum non nocerePrimum non nocere
Down’s Syndrome•Macroglossia•Small mouth •Small trachea•Atlanto-axial instability
Airway concerns
Airway concerns
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Pierre-Robin Sequence
19
Other concerns
• Pneumonia, asthma, BPD, tracheomalacia, OSA, tachypnea
• CCHD, CHF, hypotension• Central apnea, seizures• GERD, hepatic disease• Renal disease, dehydration, abnormal
electrolytes• Sepsis
Patient Assessment
• American Society Anesthesiology (ASA) class
• Allergies• NPO status• Health evaluation
21
ASA classes
• ASA 1: Healthy• ASA 2: Controlled dz of 1 system;
<1 yo & healthy• ASA 3: 1 major system, poorly
controlled• ASA 4: ≥1 severe dz, end-stage,
constant threat to life• ASA 5: Moribund, imminent death
22
Allergies
• Medications allergies– Previous anesthesia events?
• Food allergies (egg, soy)• Tape, skin prep, etc
NPO duration & adverse events
• Agrawal (2003) – 1,014 sedations– 8.1% in fasted, 6.9% unfasted
• Roback (2004) – 2,085 sedations– No correlation by fasting time
• Treston - 334 echos <6 mos (ketamine)– Fewer events if fasted <3 hours
• Ingebo (1997)– 285 gastroscopies– No correlation of gastric volumes by times
NPO Status
“…because the absolute risk of aspiration during procedural sedation is not yet known, guidelines for fasting periods before elective sedation should generally follow those used for elective general anesthesia.”
Pediatrics 2006;118:2587Pediatrics 2006;118:2587
25
NPO status (ASA)
• Solids, formula - 6 hours• Clear liquids - 2 hours• Breast milk - 4 hours• Can take sip with meds
Preparation
• Informed consent• Health evaluation
– ROS– History (sedations?)– Medications (including herbals)– Weight– VS, sat– Exam (airway, lungs, CV state, LOC)
Preparation
• Additional person• “SOAPME”
– Suction– Oxygen– Airways (BVM, oral, LMA,
ETT)– Pharmacy (meds)– Monitors– Equipment (defibrillator,
airway supplies, etc)
Reversal Agents
• Naloxone– Competitively binds all 3 opiate receptors– IV, IM, SC, SL, ETT– 0.1 mg/kg
• Flumazenil– Can terminate paradoxical reactions– 0.02 mg/kg– Lowers seizure threshold
29
Documentation & Monitoring
• Time out • Time-based record: Q5 minutes• SPO2 & ETCO2
• HR• BP• LOC• O2 given• Medications• Interventions
Recovery and Discharge
• Continuous HR & sats until alert• 1 person dedicated to patient• Aldrete post-anesthetic score• Post-sedation evaluation
– Baseline cardiopulmonary status (VS)– Drinking– Level of consciousness– Locomotion / sitting
• Written & verbal instructions
Git ‘er done
• Hypnotics• Sedatives• Ketamine• Etomidate• Propofol• Nitrous oxide
Midazolam (Versed)
• Anxiolysis• Dose-
– 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, onset min– 0.5-1 mg/kg PO, onset 20-30 min– 0.3-0.4 mg/kg IN, onset 5-15 min
• Amnesia 92% - 98%• Paradoxical reactions
• 1.4% emergence / atypical reaction• onset at 14 min• relieved with flumazenil
34
Hypnotics
• Chloral hydrate• Pentobarbital• Methohexital• Etomidate
Chloral hydrate
• “Mickey Finn”• 50-80 mg/kg PO• Onset approximately 15 minutes• Duration 1-2 hours• Total max dose of 120 mg/kg or 1 g
total for infants and 2 g total for children
Chloral hydrate
• Amnesia?• Gas• Hyperactivity• Deaths after discharge• Carcinogen
Barbiturates
• Depress RAS• No analgesia• May be hyperesthetic• Amnesia
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
• 1-3 mg/kg IV, up to total of 6 mg/kg• Sleep onset 1-2 minutes• Duration 30-60 minutes• Hypoxia, hypotension• May give IM 4-6 mg/kg• Rage reaction – 1.6%
Methohexital (Brevital)
• 1-3 mg/kg IV– Not painful– Additional doses at 0.5 mg/kg– Drip 3 mg/kg/hr
• Sleep onset 1-2 min• Duration 10-20 min
– IM, PR ~90 minutes• 25 mg/kg PR• 5-10 mg/kg IM
Methohexital
• IV– Myoclonus 10%– Hiccups 10%
• Rectal– 95% success– 6% apnea / desaturation – 3% hiccups
Pediatrics 2000;105(5):1110-4Pediatrics 2000;105(5):1110-4
Etomidate
• Ultrashort-acting non-barbiturate imidazole hypnotic
• 0.2-0.3 mg/kg (<10 yrs), 0.2-0.6 >10 yrs
• Give over 30-60 sec• Onset 30 sec• Duration 5-10 min• Negligible hemodynamic effects• Amnesia 80%
Etomidate
• Myoclonus up to 30%• Pain at injection site• No analgesia• Adrenal suppression
– Blocks the normal stress-induced increase in adrenal cortisol production for 4-8 hours
• Increases EEG activation
Pentobarbital vs. EtomidateAdverse Event Pentobarb
N = 396Etomidate
N = 444Relative Risk (95% CI), p
Any Event* (p=.005) 18 (4.5%) 6 (0.9%) 1.03 (1.01,1.05)
Desaturation 4 0 p=0.03
Inadequate sedation 3 2 NS
Apnea 2 1 NS
Allergy/cough/secretions 4 0 NS
Prolonged sedation 3 1 NS
Stridor 1 0 NS
Emesis 0 1 NS
Too Deep 1 0 NS
“not ideal” 11 1 p<0.003
Recovery time (min) 144 (139,150) 34 (32,36)
Ketamine
• Dissociative state– Related to PCP– Disconnects limbic system– Brainstem RAS not affected
• Analgesia – Sedation – Amnesia• Does not impair laryngeal reflexes• Bronchodilationinotropy, BP, SVR
Ketamine
• 1-2 mg/kg IV, drip 1-2 mg/kg/hr• 3-7 mg/kg IM• Onset 1 min (nystagmus)• Duration 15 min to 1 hour
Ketamine Secretions
– Consider glycopyrrolate (Robinul)
• Vomiting• Emergence 12%• Contraindications
ICP, glaucoma, open globe
– <3 months of age– History of psychosis,
porphyria
Propofol
• Sedative-hypnotic• 1-3 mg/kg bolus over ~2 min• 5 mg/kg/hr• Infants need higher dose• Sedative
– Profound relaxation – Anti-emetic– Antiepileptic properties
Fidget Yawn Out
Propofol
• Alkaline -- STINGS• Contraindicated - egg or soy allergy• Hypotension• Rare bradycardia, acidosis leading
to sudden death• No analgesia• Green urine
Propofol in kids
• Guenther (p. 783)– 291outpatients– Median dose 3.5
mg/kg– 4% jaw thrust– 1% BVM – 1 bradycardia to
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• Bassett (p. 773)– 393 patients– Median dose 2.7
mg/kg– 3% jaw thrust– 8% prolonged BP ↓– 0.8% BVM – 5% hypoxia
Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:783 & 773Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:783 & 773
Nitrous Oxide (NO2)
• Sedative & analgesic• FiO2 0.25-1.0• 50% nitrous maximum• In combo with ANY other sedation or
narcotic = deep sedation• Need scavenger equipment• 10–15% vomiting
52
Dexmedetomidine
• α2-adrenergic receptor agonist– Sedative & analgesic effects
• Non-invasive procedures in 48 kids– 15 after failing CH and/or midazolam
• Dosage:– 0.5-1.0 mcg/kg over 5-10 min– Infusion 0.5-1.0 mcg/kg/hr
• Recovery (w/o other med) 69 ± 34 min• Minimal cardio-respiratory effect
PCCM 2005;6:435-9PCCM 2005;6:435-9
53
Adverse events
• >30,000 ped sedations (26 hospitals)• All providers, non-OR• 50% propofol• Docs: 28% ER, 28% ICU, 19% anesth.• 0 deaths, 1 arrest, 1 aspiration
• Per 10,000 sedations:– 24 apnea– 2 airway consult– 10 intubation
– 27 oral airway– 7 admitted– 64 BVM
Peds 2006;118:1087
Reducing errors
• Fewer than 3 medications• Experience• Double check dosages• Expect adverse events• Ready to rescue!
“Just say no”
• Music• Video• Quiet room• Darken if possible• Parents present
56
Goals – Sedation outside the OR
• Guard safety & welfare of child• Minimize physical discomfort & pain• Control anxiety, maximize potential
for amnesia• Control behavior & movement to
complete procedure• Return patient to state safe for
discharge
57
Meetings
• Pediatric Sedation Outside the Operating Room– Boston– September 15-16, 2007
• 2nd International Multidisciplinary Conference on Pediatric Sedation– Savannah, GA– March, 2008
Society for Pediatric Sedation
Questions?
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