What is chemical digestion? Changing big nutrient molecules into their smaller building blocks...

What is chemical digestion?What is chemical digestion? Changing big nutrient molecules into their smaller building blocks

REQUIRES ENZYMES Example: Proteins broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are different substances.

Changing big nutrient molecules into their smaller building blocks

REQUIRES ENZYMES Example: Proteins broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are different substances.

Where does chemical digestion occur and name the enzyme found in each location

Where does chemical digestion occur and name the enzyme found in each location

Mouth- salivary amylase Stomach - pepsin Small intestine- amylase, lipase, protease

Mouth- salivary amylase Stomach - pepsin Small intestine- amylase, lipase, protease

What is mechanical digestion?What is mechanical digestion?

Food is broken into smaller pieces by teeth or churning

Big protein molecules broken down into smaller protein molecules

Big fat molecules broken down into smaller fat molecules

Food is broken into smaller pieces by teeth or churning

Big protein molecules broken down into smaller protein molecules

Big fat molecules broken down into smaller fat molecules

Where does mechanical digestion take place?Where does mechanical digestion take place?

Mouth stomach

Mouth stomach

What types of organisms do cell

respiration?

What types of organisms do cell

respiration?All Living things- grass, trees, birds, dogs, cats, gorillas, monkeys, bugs,

etc etc.

All Living things- grass, trees, birds, dogs, cats, gorillas, monkeys, bugs,

etc etc.

Give an example of a catalyst

Give an example of a catalyst

Any enzyme!Catalysts are things that

speed up reactions

Any enzyme!Catalysts are things that

speed up reactions

In this sentence what does catalyze mean?

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

In this sentence what does catalyze mean?

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

Speed upSpeed up

What is the equation for a catalyzed

reaction?

What is the equation for a catalyzed

reaction?

Enzyme + substrate --> enzyme + product

*** the substrate is what is broken down into product

(example: H202 broken into H20 and O2

Enzyme + substrate --> enzyme + product

*** the substrate is what is broken down into product

(example: H202 broken into H20 and O2

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Can enzymes ever be used up?

Can enzymes ever be used up?

NO. Enzymes are never used up and are not changed from

reactions.

NO. Enzymes are never used up and are not changed from

reactions.

How many substrates can an enzyme work on?How many substrates

can an enzyme work on?

ONE! Enzymes are specific, they only attach to one

substrate. Just like a key only goes with one lock.

ONE! Enzymes are specific, they only attach to one

substrate. Just like a key only goes with one lock.

What had a faster reaction- raw or

cooked liver? Why?

What had a faster reaction- raw or

cooked liver? Why?

Raw liver. Liver has enzymes in it. Cooked liver means the liver was in heat. Heat causes enzymes to

denature which means they lose their shape. Enzymes must have an exact shape

(like a key) to work

Raw liver. Liver has enzymes in it. Cooked liver means the liver was in heat. Heat causes enzymes to

denature which means they lose their shape. Enzymes must have an exact shape

(like a key) to work

What conditions have an impact on how well

enzymes work?

What conditions have an impact on how well

enzymes work?

pH (acidity and basic) and temperature. Enzymes like to be in a certain range.

If enzymes are in environments that are too hot, too cold, too acidic or too basic they won’t

work as well and might not work at all

pH (acidity and basic) and temperature. Enzymes like to be in a certain range.

If enzymes are in environments that are too hot, too cold, too acidic or too basic they won’t

work as well and might not work at all

In the lab, what items had catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) in them?

In the lab, what items had catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) in them?

Catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) is an enzyme. All enzymes

are found in living things. So they would be found in: raw liver and cooked liver

Catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) is an enzyme. All enzymes

are found in living things. So they would be found in: raw liver and cooked liver

Hydrogen peroxide is made by reactions in our body and is dangerous to our cells. It must be broken down by the enzyme hydrogen peroxidase

Hydrogen peroxide is made by reactions in our body and is dangerous to our cells. It must be broken down by the enzyme hydrogen peroxidase

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://cccmkc.edu/hk/~kei~kph/Enzyme/catalase

.htm

http://cccmkc.edu/hk/~kei~kph/Enzyme/catalase

.htm

What order does food travel through the digestive tract

beginning with the mouth?

What order does food travel through the digestive tract

beginning with the mouth?

Mouth then esophagus then stomach then small

intestine then large intestine then rectum then

anus

Mouth then esophagus then stomach then small

intestine then large intestine then rectum then

anus

What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids (fat), protein

Carbohydrates, lipids (fat), protein

Where are the salivary glands located?

Where are the salivary glands located?

MouthMouth

This connects mouth to stomach

This connects mouth to stomach

EsophagusEsophagus

This is the place where most absorption and digestion takes

place

This is the place where most absorption and digestion takes

place

Small intestineSmall intestine

This is under the stomach and makes

enzymes

This is under the stomach and makes

enzymes

pancreaspancreas

The first place where carbs are broken down chemically by enzymes

The first place where carbs are broken down chemically by enzymes

MouthMouth

This is where peristalsis occurs

This is where peristalsis occurs

EsophagusEsophagus

This is where wastes are produced

This is where wastes are produced

Large intestineLarge intestine

Here you can find villi

Here you can find villi

Small intestineSmall intestine

This produces bileThis produces bile

liverliver

Where are carbs broken down by salivary

amylase?

Where are carbs broken down by salivary

amylase?

MouthMouth

Are vitamins and minerals considered

nutrients?

Where are they absorbed?

Are vitamins and minerals considered

nutrients?

Where are they absorbed?

They are not nutrients because they do not have

caloriesThey are absorbed in the

large intestine

They are not nutrients because they do not have

caloriesThey are absorbed in the

large intestine

The places where no digestion occur

The places where no digestion occur

Esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, rectum

Esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, rectum

This is the place where churning occursThis is the place

where churning occurs

StomachStomach

This is where vitamins and minerals are

absorbed

This is where vitamins and minerals are

absorbed

Large intestineLarge intestine

Here you find little fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients

Here you find little fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients

Small intestineSmall intestine

What enzyme breaks carbs down chemically into simple sugars?

What enzyme breaks carbs down chemically into simple sugars?

AmylaseAmylase

Last place where digestion occursLast place where digestion occurs

Small intestineSmall intestine

This is where wastes are stored right

before they exit the body

This is where wastes are stored right

before they exit the body

rectumrectum

In this spot, nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids and simple sugars are small

enough to pass into villi

In this spot, nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids and simple sugars are small

enough to pass into villiSmall intestineSmall intestine

This is where reabsorption of water

occurs

This is where reabsorption of water

occurs

large intestinelarge intestine

This is where any extra water is removed before it exits the

body

This is where any extra water is removed before it exits the

body

large intestinelarge intestine

This is a triple threat- proteins,

lipids and carbs can be broken down chemically here

This is a triple threat- proteins,

lipids and carbs can be broken down chemically here

Small intestineSmall intestine

Pepper, mustard, horseradish, nicotine,

coffee and alcohol irritate this

Pepper, mustard, horseradish, nicotine,

coffee and alcohol irritate this

StomachStomach

What is the flap that covers the opening to

the wind pipe (trachea) when you are

swallowing food?

What is the flap that covers the opening to

the wind pipe (trachea) when you are

swallowing food?EpiglottisEpiglottis

This structure is under the stomach and

is important for making enzymes

This structure is under the stomach and

is important for making enzymes

pancreaspancreas

Here you can only find simple sugars

Here you can only find simple sugars

Mouth (because in mouth ONLY carbs are broken

down into simple sugars by amylase)

Mouth (because in mouth ONLY carbs are broken

down into simple sugars by amylase)

Here you can find amino acids, fatty acids and simple

sugars

Here you can find amino acids, fatty acids and simple

sugarsSmall intestine (because

carbs are broken down into simple sugars by amylase; proteins are broken down

into amino acids by protease and lipids broken down into fatty acids by

lipase)

Small intestine (because carbs are broken down into simple sugars by amylase; proteins are broken down

into amino acids by protease and lipids broken down into fatty acids by

lipase)

The place where waves of muscular

contractions move food

The place where waves of muscular

contractions move food

esophagusesophagus

This structure makes the enzymes protease, amylase and lipase

This structure makes the enzymes protease, amylase and lipase

PancreasPancreas

This is where proteins are broken down into amino acids by the

enzyme pepsin

This is where proteins are broken down into amino acids by the

enzyme pepsinStomach because enzyme

pepsin is made by stomachStomach because enzyme

pepsin is made by stomach

The name for the mushy ball of food that

leaves your mouth and goes down the

esophagus

The name for the mushy ball of food that

leaves your mouth and goes down the

esophagus

bolusbolus

This is the place where ONLY proteins can broken down by

enzymes

This is the place where ONLY proteins can broken down by

enzymes

stomachstomach

Is bile an enzyme? What does it break

down?

Is bile an enzyme? What does it break

down?

NO; it breaks down fats by mechanical digestion. It

takes big lipids (fats) and turns them into smaller pieces of lipid (fat)

NO; it breaks down fats by mechanical digestion. It

takes big lipids (fats) and turns them into smaller pieces of lipid (fat)

This is where carbs are broken down into simple sugars by the enzyme pancreatic

amylase

This is where carbs are broken down into simple sugars by the enzyme pancreatic

amylase

Small intestineSmall intestine

This structure makes 3 enzymes that it

releases into the small intestine

This structure makes 3 enzymes that it

releases into the small intestine

pancreaspancreas

The 2 places where both chemical and

mechanical digestion occur

The 2 places where both chemical and

mechanical digestion occur

Mouth and stomachMouth and stomach

Proteins are broken by pepsin in this

location

Proteins are broken by pepsin in this

location

stomachstomach

How do enzymes cause reactions to go

faster?

How do enzymes cause reactions to go

faster?

They lower the energy needed for the reaction to start (enzymes lower the

activation energy)

They lower the energy needed for the reaction to start (enzymes lower the

activation energy)

This is where lipids are broken down into fatty acids by the

enzyme lipase

This is where lipids are broken down into fatty acids by the

enzyme lipase

Small intestineSmall intestine

Where you can find gastric juice

Where you can find gastric juice

stomachstomach

This is the place where ONLY CHEMICAL digestion occurs

This is the place where ONLY CHEMICAL digestion occurs

Small intestineSmall intestine

What are the 3 biomolecules (nutrients)?

What are the 3 biomolecules (nutrients)?

Proteins, lipids, carbsProteins, lipids, carbs

All digestion finishes in this location

All digestion finishes in this location

Small intestineSmall intestine

Empties bile into the small intestine

Empties bile into the small intestine

Gall BladderGall Bladder

What is the building block of carbs?

(another way of asking that is…what are carbs broken down into by

enzymes?)

What is the building block of carbs?

(another way of asking that is…what are carbs broken down into by

enzymes?)Simple sugarsSimple sugars

What is enzyme specificity?

What is enzyme specificity?

1 enzyme for every substrate

1 enzyme for every substrate

Breaks down proteins in the small intestine

Breaks down proteins in the small intestine

proteaseprotease

Is H202 (hydrogen peroxide) or catalase

the enzyme?

Is H202 (hydrogen peroxide) or catalase

the enzyme?

catalasecatalase

This enzyme is found in mouth and small

intestine

This enzyme is found in mouth and small

intestine

AmylaseAmylase

What letters do enzymes end in?What letters do enzymes end in?

-ase-ase

How are photosynthesis and respiration

related?

How are photosynthesis and respiration

related?

They are opposites. The products of one are the reactants of the other

They are opposites. The products of one are the reactants of the other

What is the building block of lipids?

(another way of asking that is… what are lipids broken down into by enzymes?)

What is the building block of lipids?

(another way of asking that is… what are lipids broken down into by enzymes?)

Fatty acidsFatty acids

What is the building block of proteins?

(another way of asking that is…what are

proteins broken down into by enzymes?)

What is the building block of proteins?

(another way of asking that is…what are

proteins broken down into by enzymes?)

Amino acidsAmino acids

Glucose is an example of which biomolecule

(nutrient)?

Glucose is an example of which biomolecule

(nutrient)?

carbohydratecarbohydrate

What is being irritated if you have

heartburn?

What is being irritated if you have

heartburn?

EsophagusEsophagus

Which does not change from beginning of a reaction to the end- enzyme or substrate?

Which does not change from beginning of a reaction to the end- enzyme or substrate?

enzymeenzyme

Enzyme in the stomachEnzyme in the stomach

pepsinpepsin

Fats are also called……

Fats are also called……

lipidslipids

What types of living things can do

photosynthesis?

What types of living things can do

photosynthesis?

Organisms that have chloroplasts- autotrophs -

trees, grass. Flowers, plants, etc.

Organisms that have chloroplasts- autotrophs -

trees, grass. Flowers, plants, etc.

What does aerobic mean?

What does aerobic mean?

oxygenoxygen

Which 2 steps of respiration are

aerobic?

Which 2 steps of respiration are

aerobic?

Krebs and Electron transport chain (because aerobic means requires

oxygen)

Krebs and Electron transport chain (because aerobic means requires

oxygen)

Which 2 steps of respiration require

oxygen?

Which 2 steps of respiration require

oxygen?

Krebs and electron transport chain

Krebs and electron transport chain

What are the 3 steps of respiration and how much ATP do they make?

What are the 3 steps of respiration and how much ATP do they make?

§ Glycolysis makes 2 ATP 2) kreb s makes 2 and 3) electron transport chain

makes 34 ATP

§ Glycolysis makes 2 ATP 2) kreb s makes 2 and 3) electron transport chain

makes 34 ATP

During anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) what happens?

During anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) what happens?

Instead of the krebs cycle and electron transport

chain, glucose is changed into lactate (lactic

acid)

Instead of the krebs cycle and electron transport

chain, glucose is changed into lactate (lactic

acid)

What cells do photosynthesis? Where

does it happen?

What cells do photosynthesis? Where

does it happen?

Plant cells. In the chloroplasts

Plant cells. In the chloroplasts

What cells do respiration? Where does it take place?

What cells do respiration? Where does it take place?

Animal and plant cells. All living things do

respiration! Mitochondria

Animal and plant cells. All living things do

respiration! Mitochondria

What are the parts of the plant and what is

each used for

What are the parts of the plant and what is

each used for

What are the products of respiration?

What are the products of respiration?

Carbon dioxide, 38 ATP, water

Carbon dioxide, 38 ATP, water

What are 3 things that effects

photosynthesis?

What are 3 things that effects

photosynthesis?

Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light

intensity

Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light

intensity

What is needed (the reactants) for photosynthesis?

What is needed (the reactants) for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide, sun energy, water

Carbon dioxide, sun energy, water

What goes into the mitochondria during cell respiration?

What goes into the mitochondria during cell respiration?

Glucose and oxygenGlucose and oxygen

Which step of respiration produces

the most ATP?

Which step of respiration produces

the most ATP?

Electron transport chainElectron transport chain

How much ATP does each step of respiration

produce?

How much ATP does each step of respiration

produce?

1. Glycolysis gives 2 ATP2. Krebs cycle gives two

3. Electron transport chain gives 34

1. Glycolysis gives 2 ATP2. Krebs cycle gives two

3. Electron transport chain gives 34

What happens in glycolysis?

What happens in glycolysis?

Goes in : Glucose (C-C-C-C-C-C) a 6 carbon molecule

is split into 2. Each new molecule C-C-C is called

pyruvate

Goes in : Glucose (C-C-C-C-C-C) a 6 carbon molecule

is split into 2. Each new molecule C-C-C is called

pyruvate

What is correct order of aerobic (oxygen)

respiration?

What is correct order of aerobic (oxygen)

respiration?Glycolysis, krebs, and electron transport chainGlycolysis, krebs, and electron transport chain

What is anaerobic respiration?

What is anaerobic respiration?

No oxygen available, glycolysis keeps repeating

over and over

No oxygen available, glycolysis keeps repeating

over and over

ATP is produced during which steps of cell

respiration?

ATP is produced during which steps of cell

respiration?Glycolysis, krebs and

electron transportGlycolysis, krebs and

electron transport

Which step(s) of respiration require

chloroplasts?

Which step(s) of respiration require

chloroplasts?None. Chloroplasts is for

photosynthesis. Respiration occurs in

mitochondria

None. Chloroplasts is for photosynthesis.

Respiration occurs in mitochondria