View
221
Download
2
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
صبحي سمحان
Citation preview
Subhi A.R Samhan
Director of Research and Development Department
Palestinian Water Authority
Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie in Partnership with Ministry of Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie in Partnership with Ministry of
Agriculture and Palestinian Water Authority
Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine
21-22/5/2012 at Tulkarem, Kadoorie / Martyr / Yaser Arafat Theatre
1. The Palestinian wastewater treatment sector is manifested by
inadequate management due to insufficient infrastructure and
low water quality.
2. The effluent reuse are not limited to nonconventional water
resources, but it is used as infiltrate to the groundwater to the
receiving water bodies mainly at the wadis.
3. The treatment of wastewater has been neglected in West
bank during the Israeli occupation, and little investment has
been made in the field of wastewater treatment since the Oslo
Accords. There are 5 existing central wastewater treatment
plants (WWTPs), 13 existing collective wastewater treatment
systems (PWA, 2012).
Continue….
4. The challenges behind this unsustainable wastewater
sector are the lack of institutional coordination by
multiple stakeholder and lack of coordination
5. In West Bank, 30% of the population is connected to
wastewater , whereas the rest of the population
depends on cesspits, open ditches (Rashed, 2008).depends on cesspits, open ditches (Rashed, 2008).
6. For rural population, only 36 localities out of 510 in
West Bank are connected partially to sewage, whilst
other communities discharge their wastewater into
cesspits (ARIJ, 2007).
Continue….
7. The impact of untreated wastewater is disposed by
257 Israeli colonies in WB region and affecting the
Palestinian villages and agricultural land.
8. The West Bank population generates 72 million m3,
which implies an amount of supplied water of 100
million m3/year (PWA, 2012).million m3/year (PWA, 2012).
9. The effluent of 52% public sewage networks flows
untreated into open areas, while the effluent of 6%
of the sewage treated or pre-treated in wastewater
treatment plants (Rashed, 2008).
Wastewater should be collected,
treated and reused where treated and reused where
feasible and the design of
WWTs should be modular and
community-based.
1. Co-operation and coordination must be established with all relevant
stakeholders.
2. Flexible reuse plans should be developed to enable the reuse and storage.
3. Establishment of the planning tools (Regulations, Standards, Guidelines,
etc.) for reuse and recharge.
4. Discharge to the surface water may be considered as an interim action, if
reuse is not feasible.
5. For better water quality and reuse efficiency, consider (i) mixing of treated
effluent with urban and surface runoff, (ii) artificial recharge of groundwater
with treated effluent wherever possible, and (iii) establish surface storage of
treated effluent with or without harvested runoff.
6. Allow private sector and/or public to manage or share the management of
wastewater reuse projects.
The main five types used as wastewater treatment plants
were:-
1. Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP).
2. Wastewater Storage and Treatment Reservoirs.2. Wastewater Storage and Treatment Reservoirs.
3. Constructed Wetlands (CW).
4. Activated Sludge (Oxidation Ditches, Contact
Stabilization Pond).
5. Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors (UASB)
Treatment Type Village District
Anaerobic Pond- Facultative-Polishing Pond Tarqumiea Hebron
Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Artas Bethlehem
Sequencing Batch Reactors Jericho Casino Jericho
Septic Tank-Anaerobic Filter Aqba School Jenin
Low Rate Trickling Filter Al Samu’a School Hebron
Contact Stabilization Pond Beir Zeit Uni Ramallah
UASB-Septic Tank Beir Zeit Uni Ramallah
Collective Gray Wastewater- Aerobic Filter Beit Diko Jerusalem
Duckweed and Algae based ponds Beir Zeit Uni Ramallah
Locality Wastewater Treatment Technology Operational YearDesign Flow
(m3/day)
Actual Flow
(m3/day)Status of PWWT
KharasUpflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) -
Horizontal Flow ConstructedWetlands2003 120 100
Not Functioning
(since March 2010)
Nuba 2002 120 200 Malfunctioning
BaniZeidUpflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) -
Vertical Flow ConstructedWetlands2004 100 20
Functioning well with
moderate efficiency
DeirSamit Septic Tank - Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter 2001 13.5 na (Overloaded) Malfunctioning
HajjaSedimentation Tank – Horizontal Flow Constructed
Wetlands2004 30 - 40 40
Functioning well with
moderate efficiency
Sarra ConstructedWetlands 2004 na naNot Functioning (since
2006)
Biddya Septic Tank – Horizontal Flow ConstructedWetlands 2007 11.2 na (Overloaded)Malfunctioning with low
Biddya Septic Tank – Horizontal Flow ConstructedWetlands 2007 11.2 na (Overloaded)Malfunctioning with low
efficiency
ZeitaSeptic Tank – Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter –
Aerobic Trickling Filter – Polishing Sand Filter2008 14 30-35
Functioning well with
moderate efficiency
SirSeptic Tank – Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter –
Aerobic Trickling Filter – Polishing Sand Filter2008 2006 14 15
'AttilSeptic Tank – Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter –
Aerobic Trickling Filter – Polishing Sand Filter2006 14 na (Overloaded)
Malfunctioning with low
efficiency
Zeita Septic Tank – ConstructedWetland 2004 na naMalfunctioning with low
efficiency
'EinSiniya
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor – Activated Sludge
Process – Multimedia Granule Filtration – Ultraviolet
Disinfection
2007 10 naNot Functioning
(since the mid of 2009)
NahhalinExtended Aeration Process – Chlorine Disinfection
and Sand Filtration
Extended Aeration
Process2007 50 50
Governorate
Name of
Wastewater
Treatment plant
Wastewater
Treatment
Technology
Operational
Year
Design Flow
for Dry
Weather
(m3/day)
Actual
Flow
(m3/day)
Population
served (person)Status of WWTP
Ramallah & Al-
Bireh
Al-Bireh
Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Extended Aeration
Process2000 5,750 5,000 46,000
Operating well
with high
efficiency
Ramallah & Al-
Bireh
Ramallah
Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Extended Aeration
Process
1975 and
rehabilitated in
2002/2003
NA 2,200 22,000
Not operating well
(overloaded) and
does not meet the
requirements for
effluent dischargeeffluent discharge
Tulkarm
Tulkarm
Wastewater Pre-
Treatment Plant
Primary
Treatment
(Stabilization
Ponds)
1972 and
rehabilitated in
2004
NA 7,120 73,270
Operating well
with high
efficiency
JeninJenin Wastewater
Treatment PlantAerated Lagoons
Operation is
expected to start
in October 2010
9,250 9,000 40,000Under
rehabilitation
Nablus
West Nablus
Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Activated Sludge
Process
Operation is
expected to start
by the end of
2012
1st design
phase (year
2020):
13,509
2010):
7,500
(2020):
14,000
110,000
The construction
is expected to start
in August 2010
GovernoratePopulation
Capita
Connect to
Sewage
network %
Sewage
Production
M3 / day
Treatment
AvailabilityFinal Destination
Northern 290, 000 80% 23,000Available Partially
Treatment
100% Infiltration
basins East & North of
Gaza Strip
Gaza 550, 000 90% 60,000
Available 80%
Partially Treatment &100% to sea ( 50,.000
partially 10,000 Raw)20% Raw
partially 10,000 Raw)
Middle 220, 000 55% 10, 000 Not Available100% Wadi Gaza and
to the Sea 10,000 Raw
Khan Younis 280, 000 40% 9,000Available Partially
Treatment
100% to sea (30.000
cesspit)
Rafah 185, 000 65% 10,.000Available partially
Treatment
100% to sea 10.000
partially
Total 1,525,.000 41 Mcm / yr 38 Mcm /y To sea
North Gaza Gaza Khan Younis
(Temporary)
KH(Long
term)
BOD 20 20 40 20
TSS 20 30 40 10
TN 15 25 10
Groundwater artificial rechargeDisposal to sea (500 m
away from shoreline)Parameter
٤٠٦٠BOD5
١٥٠٢٠٠COD
١٥٠٠-TDS
٥٠٦٠TSS
٩-٩٦-٦pH
١٥٢٥NO3
١٠١٠T.K.N
١٥٥PO4 (P)
٦٠٠-Cl
١٠٠٠١٠٠٠SO4
٢٣٠-Na
١٥٠-Mg
٤٠٠-Ca
٩-SAR
١٥Al
٠.٠٥٠.٠٥Ar
٠.٢٠.٢Cu
٢٢Fe
٠.٢٠.٢Mn
٠.٢٠.٢Ni
٠.١٠.١Pb
٠.٠٢٠.٠٢Se
٠.٠١٠.٠١Cd
٥٥Zn
٠.١٠.١CN
٠.٠٥٠.٥Cr
٠.٠٠١٠.٠٠١Hg
٠.٠٥١Co
١٢B
١٠٠٠٥٠٠٠٠Faecal Coliform FU/100ml)
NilNilPathogens
NilNilAmoeba & Gardia (Cyst/L)
< 1< 1Nematodes (Eggs/L)
Transboundry wastewater:
The wastewater that crosses the green line is treated
in Israeli treatment plants and reused for
irrigation purposes. The cost of this treatment is
normally charged to the Palestinian Water
Authority. In 2010 the costs deducted by Israel
amount to approximately 200 million Israeli amount to approximately 200 million Israeli
Shekels (NIS) of Palestinian Tax Revenues for
Wastewater Treatment (EWASH Advocacy Task
Force, 2010)
Q1
(m3/day)
Q2
(m3/day)
Q3
(m3/day)
Q4
(m3/day)
Q5
(m3/day)
Q6
(m3/day
)
Q avg.
(m3/day)
Date(15-16)/
06/2010
(20-21)/
07/2010
(5-6)/
10/2010
(9-10)/
11/2010
(2-1)/
01/2011
(1-2)/
02/2011
Avg.
Value
Wadi Al-
Zuhur٣٠٣١ ٣٣٣٤ ٢٧٤١ 2720 3170 2799 ٢٩٩٩
Wadi Al -
Moqatta٢٠٣٩ ٢٣٨٤ ٢٣٠٦ 2688 3840 4320 ٢٩٢٩
Wadi Beit Jala 3274 ٣١٣٦ ٢٧٧٣ 2600 2880 3456 ٣٠١٩
Wadi AL-٦٦٧٠ ٦٦٨٧ ٦٢٠٣ 5728 5184 5760 ٦٠٣٨
Treating and reusing of the wastewater from the targeted
streams will increase the volume of agricultural water by 12%.
Samen٦٦٧٠ ٦٦٨٧ ٦٢٠٣ 5728 5184 5760 ٦٠٣٨
Ramallah
WWTP١٨٠٥ ٢١٣٤ ٢٢٥٣ ١٧٠٠ ٢١٦٠ ٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٩
Wadi AL-
Zomar 13642 13054 13893 12104 14005 15436 13689
Total 30683
���ًا���ًا
PROJECT SWMED BI/2.1/548 – ENPI CBC Med
PROGRAMME
Recommended