Subhi A.R Samhan

Director of Research and Development Department

Palestinian Water Authority

Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie in Partnership with Ministry of Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie in Partnership with Ministry of

Agriculture and Palestinian Water Authority

Water Crisis and Agricultural Development in Palestine

21-22/5/2012 at Tulkarem, Kadoorie / Martyr / Yaser Arafat Theatre

1. The Palestinian wastewater treatment sector is manifested by

inadequate management due to insufficient infrastructure and

low water quality.

2. The effluent reuse are not limited to nonconventional water

resources, but it is used as infiltrate to the groundwater to the

receiving water bodies mainly at the wadis.

3. The treatment of wastewater has been neglected in West

bank during the Israeli occupation, and little investment has

been made in the field of wastewater treatment since the Oslo

Accords. There are 5 existing central wastewater treatment

plants (WWTPs), 13 existing collective wastewater treatment

systems (PWA, 2012).

Continue….

4. The challenges behind this unsustainable wastewater

sector are the lack of institutional coordination by

multiple stakeholder and lack of coordination

5. In West Bank, 30% of the population is connected to

wastewater , whereas the rest of the population

depends on cesspits, open ditches (Rashed, 2008).depends on cesspits, open ditches (Rashed, 2008).

6. For rural population, only 36 localities out of 510 in

West Bank are connected partially to sewage, whilst

other communities discharge their wastewater into

cesspits (ARIJ, 2007).

Continue….

7. The impact of untreated wastewater is disposed by

257 Israeli colonies in WB region and affecting the

Palestinian villages and agricultural land.

8. The West Bank population generates 72 million m3,

which implies an amount of supplied water of 100

million m3/year (PWA, 2012).million m3/year (PWA, 2012).

9. The effluent of 52% public sewage networks flows

untreated into open areas, while the effluent of 6%

of the sewage treated or pre-treated in wastewater

treatment plants (Rashed, 2008).

Wastewater should be collected,

treated and reused where treated and reused where

feasible and the design of

WWTs should be modular and

community-based.

1. Co-operation and coordination must be established with all relevant

stakeholders.

2. Flexible reuse plans should be developed to enable the reuse and storage.

3. Establishment of the planning tools (Regulations, Standards, Guidelines,

etc.) for reuse and recharge.

4. Discharge to the surface water may be considered as an interim action, if

reuse is not feasible.

5. For better water quality and reuse efficiency, consider (i) mixing of treated

effluent with urban and surface runoff, (ii) artificial recharge of groundwater

with treated effluent wherever possible, and (iii) establish surface storage of

treated effluent with or without harvested runoff.

6. Allow private sector and/or public to manage or share the management of

wastewater reuse projects.

The main five types used as wastewater treatment plants

were:-

1. Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP).

2. Wastewater Storage and Treatment Reservoirs.2. Wastewater Storage and Treatment Reservoirs.

3. Constructed Wetlands (CW).

4. Activated Sludge (Oxidation Ditches, Contact

Stabilization Pond).

5. Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors (UASB)

Treatment Type Village District

Anaerobic Pond- Facultative-Polishing Pond Tarqumiea Hebron

Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Artas Bethlehem

Sequencing Batch Reactors Jericho Casino Jericho

Septic Tank-Anaerobic Filter Aqba School Jenin

Low Rate Trickling Filter Al Samu’a School Hebron

Contact Stabilization Pond Beir Zeit Uni Ramallah

UASB-Septic Tank Beir Zeit Uni Ramallah

Collective Gray Wastewater- Aerobic Filter Beit Diko Jerusalem

Duckweed and Algae based ponds Beir Zeit Uni Ramallah

Locality Wastewater Treatment Technology Operational YearDesign Flow

(m3/day)

Actual Flow

(m3/day)Status of PWWT

KharasUpflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) -

Horizontal Flow ConstructedWetlands2003 120 100

Not Functioning

(since March 2010)

Nuba 2002 120 200 Malfunctioning

BaniZeidUpflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) -

Vertical Flow ConstructedWetlands2004 100 20

Functioning well with

moderate efficiency

DeirSamit Septic Tank - Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter 2001 13.5 na (Overloaded) Malfunctioning

HajjaSedimentation Tank – Horizontal Flow Constructed

Wetlands2004 30 - 40 40

Functioning well with

moderate efficiency

Sarra ConstructedWetlands 2004 na naNot Functioning (since

2006)

Biddya Septic Tank – Horizontal Flow ConstructedWetlands 2007 11.2 na (Overloaded)Malfunctioning with low

Biddya Septic Tank – Horizontal Flow ConstructedWetlands 2007 11.2 na (Overloaded)Malfunctioning with low

efficiency

ZeitaSeptic Tank – Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter –

Aerobic Trickling Filter – Polishing Sand Filter2008 14 30-35

Functioning well with

moderate efficiency

SirSeptic Tank – Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter –

Aerobic Trickling Filter – Polishing Sand Filter2008 2006 14 15

'AttilSeptic Tank – Anaerobic Upflow Gravel Filter –

Aerobic Trickling Filter – Polishing Sand Filter2006 14 na (Overloaded)

Malfunctioning with low

efficiency

Zeita Septic Tank – ConstructedWetland 2004 na naMalfunctioning with low

efficiency

'EinSiniya

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor – Activated Sludge

Process – Multimedia Granule Filtration – Ultraviolet

Disinfection

2007 10 naNot Functioning

(since the mid of 2009)

NahhalinExtended Aeration Process – Chlorine Disinfection

and Sand Filtration

Extended Aeration

Process2007 50 50

Governorate

Name of

Wastewater

Treatment plant

Wastewater

Treatment

Technology

Operational

Year

Design Flow

for Dry

Weather

(m3/day)

Actual

Flow

(m3/day)

Population

served (person)Status of WWTP

Ramallah & Al-

Bireh

Al-Bireh

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

Extended Aeration

Process2000 5,750 5,000 46,000

Operating well

with high

efficiency

Ramallah & Al-

Bireh

Ramallah

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

Extended Aeration

Process

1975 and

rehabilitated in

2002/2003

NA 2,200 22,000

Not operating well

(overloaded) and

does not meet the

requirements for

effluent dischargeeffluent discharge

Tulkarm

Tulkarm

Wastewater Pre-

Treatment Plant

Primary

Treatment

(Stabilization

Ponds)

1972 and

rehabilitated in

2004

NA 7,120 73,270

Operating well

with high

efficiency

JeninJenin Wastewater

Treatment PlantAerated Lagoons

Operation is

expected to start

in October 2010

9,250 9,000 40,000Under

rehabilitation

Nablus

West Nablus

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

Activated Sludge

Process

Operation is

expected to start

by the end of

2012

1st design

phase (year

2020):

13,509

2010):

7,500

(2020):

14,000

110,000

The construction

is expected to start

in August 2010

GovernoratePopulation

Capita

Connect to

Sewage

network %

Sewage

Production

M3 / day

Treatment

AvailabilityFinal Destination

Northern 290, 000 80% 23,000Available Partially

Treatment

100% Infiltration

basins East & North of

Gaza Strip

Gaza 550, 000 90% 60,000

Available 80%

Partially Treatment &100% to sea ( 50,.000

partially 10,000 Raw)20% Raw

partially 10,000 Raw)

Middle 220, 000 55% 10, 000 Not Available100% Wadi Gaza and

to the Sea 10,000 Raw

Khan Younis 280, 000 40% 9,000Available Partially

Treatment

100% to sea (30.000

cesspit)

Rafah 185, 000 65% 10,.000Available partially

Treatment

100% to sea 10.000

partially

Total 1,525,.000 41 Mcm / yr 38 Mcm /y To sea

North Gaza Gaza Khan Younis

(Temporary)

KH(Long

term)

BOD 20 20 40 20

TSS 20 30 40 10

TN 15 25 10

Groundwater artificial rechargeDisposal to sea (500 m

away from shoreline)Parameter

٤٠٦٠BOD5

١٥٠٢٠٠COD

١٥٠٠-TDS

٥٠٦٠TSS

٩-٩٦-٦pH

١٥٢٥NO3

١٠١٠T.K.N

١٥٥PO4 (P)

٦٠٠-Cl

١٠٠٠١٠٠٠SO4

٢٣٠-Na

١٥٠-Mg

٤٠٠-Ca

٩-SAR

١٥Al

٠.٠٥٠.٠٥Ar

٠.٢٠.٢Cu

٢٢Fe

٠.٢٠.٢Mn

٠.٢٠.٢Ni

٠.١٠.١Pb

٠.٠٢٠.٠٢Se

٠.٠١٠.٠١Cd

٥٥Zn

٠.١٠.١CN

٠.٠٥٠.٥Cr

٠.٠٠١٠.٠٠١Hg

٠.٠٥١Co

١٢B

١٠٠٠٥٠٠٠٠Faecal Coliform FU/100ml)

NilNilPathogens

NilNilAmoeba & Gardia (Cyst/L)

< 1< 1Nematodes (Eggs/L)

Transboundry wastewater:

The wastewater that crosses the green line is treated

in Israeli treatment plants and reused for

irrigation purposes. The cost of this treatment is

normally charged to the Palestinian Water

Authority. In 2010 the costs deducted by Israel

amount to approximately 200 million Israeli amount to approximately 200 million Israeli

Shekels (NIS) of Palestinian Tax Revenues for

Wastewater Treatment (EWASH Advocacy Task

Force, 2010)

Q1

(m3/day)

Q2

(m3/day)

Q3

(m3/day)

Q4

(m3/day)

Q5

(m3/day)

Q6

(m3/day

)

Q avg.

(m3/day)

Date(15-16)/

06/2010

(20-21)/

07/2010

(5-6)/

10/2010

(9-10)/

11/2010

(2-1)/

01/2011

(1-2)/

02/2011

Avg.

Value

Wadi Al-

Zuhur٣٠٣١ ٣٣٣٤ ٢٧٤١ 2720 3170 2799 ٢٩٩٩

Wadi Al -

Moqatta٢٠٣٩ ٢٣٨٤ ٢٣٠٦ 2688 3840 4320 ٢٩٢٩

Wadi Beit Jala 3274 ٣١٣٦ ٢٧٧٣ 2600 2880 3456 ٣٠١٩

Wadi AL-٦٦٧٠ ٦٦٨٧ ٦٢٠٣ 5728 5184 5760 ٦٠٣٨

Treating and reusing of the wastewater from the targeted

streams will increase the volume of agricultural water by 12%.

Samen٦٦٧٠ ٦٦٨٧ ٦٢٠٣ 5728 5184 5760 ٦٠٣٨

Ramallah

WWTP١٨٠٥ ٢١٣٤ ٢٢٥٣ ١٧٠٠ ٢١٦٠ ٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٩

Wadi AL-

Zomar 13642 13054 13893 12104 14005 15436 13689

Total 30683

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PROJECT SWMED BI/2.1/548 – ENPI CBC Med

PROGRAMME