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French Indochina WarFrench Indochina War
France controlled France controlled “Indochina”“Indochina”– 1800-WWII1800-WWII
Plantation colonyPlantation colony– Rice, rubberRice, rubber
Peasant unrest, Peasant unrest, uprisingsuprisings
French crushFrench crush– Free speech, jailFree speech, jail
Indochinese Communist Indochinese Communist PartyParty
Founded 1930Founded 1930 Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh Ran away from Ran away from
Vietnam to USSR Vietnam to USSR and Chinaand China– French want deadFrench want dead
Returns 1941Returns 1941 Form VietminhForm Vietminh
– Pro-IndependencePro-Independence
Events of WWII/post-WWIIEvents of WWII/post-WWII
Japanese control VietnamJapanese control Vietnam Forced to leave in 1945Forced to leave in 1945 Minh declares independence in HanoiMinh declares independence in Hanoi French send troops in 1946, take French send troops in 1946, take
control of southern half--warcontrol of southern half--war Truman sends $15 mill. In 1950 for Truman sends $15 mill. In 1950 for
French effortFrench effort 1950-1954-$2.6 billion1950-1954-$2.6 billion
Eisenhower continues Eisenhower continues support of Frenchsupport of French
Domino TheoryDomino Theory May ’54 Dien Bien PhuMay ’54 Dien Bien Phu
– Vietnimh beat FrenchVietnimh beat French France surrenders, France surrenders,
begins to pull outbegins to pull out May-July ’54-Peace treaty May-July ’54-Peace treaty
in Genevain Geneva Geneva AccordsGeneva Accords
– Divide according to 17Divide according to 17thth parallelparallel
– 1956 election to unify 1956 election to unify countrycountry
ProblemsProblems Minh brutal, but Minh brutal, but
gives peasants land. gives peasants land. National hero for National hero for
beating Japanese beating Japanese and Frenchand French
U.S. supplies U.S. supplies military and military and economic aid to S. economic aid to S. VietnamVietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Dinh Diem opposes elections opposes elections 19561956
Eisenhower promises aid to Diem if Eisenhower promises aid to Diem if reforms gov’treforms gov’t
S. Vietnamese corruption, anti-S. Vietnamese corruption, anti-BuddhistBuddhist
1957- opposition group, Viet-cong 1957- opposition group, Viet-cong formsforms– Assassinates thousands of Vietnamese Assassinates thousands of Vietnamese
officialsofficials National Liberation FrontNational Liberation Front
– Support of Ho Chi MinhSupport of Ho Chi Minh U.S. “sink or swim with Ngo Dinh U.S. “sink or swim with Ngo Dinh
Diem”Diem”
Kennedy and DiemKennedy and Diem
Sends military advisors to train S. Sends military advisors to train S. Vietnamese troopsVietnamese troops
1963- 16,000 American soldiers in 1963- 16,000 American soldiers in VietnamVietnam
Diem starts moving peasants for Diem starts moving peasants for their protection, more upsetstheir protection, more upsets
Attacks on BuddhismAttacks on Buddhism Buddhist ProtestBuddhist Protest
CoupCoup
Nov 1, 1963Nov 1, 1963 Coup on DiemCoup on Diem
– ExecutedExecuted Leads to instability in gov’tLeads to instability in gov’t North Vietnamese push harder for North Vietnamese push harder for
Communist unificationCommunist unification
EscalationEscalation
Kennedy planning on withdrawing?Kennedy planning on withdrawing? Johnson afraid of looking “soft on Johnson afraid of looking “soft on
communism”communism”
Tonkin GulfTonkin Gulf Aug 2, 1964Aug 2, 1964 North Vietnamese North Vietnamese
fired on USS Maddoxfired on USS Maddox Aug 4, N. Aug 4, N.
Vietnamese fire two Vietnamese fire two torpedoestorpedoes
Johnson orders Johnson orders Bombing raids and Bombing raids and asks Congress for asks Congress for helphelp
Aug 7, Tonkin Gulf Aug 7, Tonkin Gulf ResolutionResolution– Military powers to Military powers to
JohnsonJohnson
The ProblemThe Problem
Maddox was a spy boatMaddox was a spy boat The two torpedoes never happenedThe two torpedoes never happened Maddox fired on VietnameseMaddox fired on Vietnamese Johnson had Tonkin resolution Johnson had Tonkin resolution
prepared for monthsprepared for months
WarWar
By end 1965- By end 1965- 180,000 U.S. 180,000 U.S. troops in Vietnamtroops in Vietnam
General General WestmorelandWestmoreland
Little confidence in Little confidence in S. Vietnamese S. Vietnamese ArmyArmy
1967- 500,000 U.S. 1967- 500,000 U.S. troopstroops
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