United States History 1865 - 1920. Reconstruction 1863 to 1877

United States History

1865 - 1920

Reconstruction

1863 to 1877

End of Slavery

• About 4 million people• 40 acres and a mule,

work systems & sharecropping

• Freedman’s Bureau

http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/political/images/Harpers1st_vote.jpg

Southern Response

• KKK

• Black Codes

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section4/section4_blackcodes.html

Presidential Reconstruction

• Lincoln’s Plan• Begins 1863 with

Louisiana• 10 Percent Plan• Black Suffrage• Tennessee• Arkansas• Wade Davis Bill• Iron Clad Oath

Lincoln’s Assassination

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/scsmhtml/scsmimg.html

Andrew Johnson

• Vetoes• Freedman’s Bureau

renewal• Civil Rights Act of

1865

Election of 1866

http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/AndysTrip.htm

Congressional Reconstruction

• 1867 – 1877• Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens &

Charles Sumner• Politics of renewal of

Freedman’s Bureau• Civil Rights Act• Reconstruction Act of

1867

Impeachment

• Tenure of Office Act

• Command of the Military Act

http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/EffectOfTheVote.htm

Constitutional Changes

• 13th Amendment– http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/amend13.htm

• 14th Amendment– http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/amend14.htm

• 15th Amendment– http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/amend15.htm

Election of 1868

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section4/section4_17.html

Grant Administration

• Enforcements Acts, 1870 & 1871

• Prohibited states from discriminating against voters based on race

• Federal government could supersede state government

• Grant sent federal troops into SC

Panic of 1873

• Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley, & 1872

• “Grantism”• Greenback Question

"Colored Rule in Reconstructed State" Thomas Nast cartoon from Harper's Weekly 1874. Out of copyright

"And Not This Man?" Thomas Nast cartoon from Harper's Weekly 1865. Out of copyright.

Changing Attitudes

“Negro Rule”

• Black majorities of voters in South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida

• Scallywags

• Carpetbaggers

• Black Institutions

• Education

Election of 1876

• Economic Panic

• Corruption of Grant Administration

• Hayes v. Tilden

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/e_election.html

http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000df.htm

Compromise of 1877http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?

Month=January&Date=27

“Home Rule”

• Ku Klux Klan• Knights of the White

Caellia• Red Shirts• White Leagues

Cult of the Lost Cause

“In Memory of Our Southern Heroes.”

The “Redeemers”

• Conservatives

• Bourbons

• Merchants, Industrialists, railroad developers, financiers

• Former planters

• Corruption

Henry Grady & The New South

http://douglassarchives.org/grad_a12.htm

Jim Crow

• Poll Taxes• Literacy Test• All-White Primaries

www.sims.berkeley.edu/.../ s01/paint167.html

Industrialization

• New South Ideology: low wages, outside investors, small government

• Textile Milles• Birmingham & Steel• James B. Duke and

Tobacco

xroads.virginia.edu/.../ BuffaloBill/home.html

The Far West

Indian Wars

• Sioux Wars, 1865-67• “Indian Territory”

Established, 1867• Sioux Uprising, 1876• Battle of Little Big Horn,

1876• Geronimo Surrenders,

1886• Ghost Dance & Battle of

Wounded Knee, 1890

Dawes Act

• Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

• Eliminate tribal ownership of land

• Adult land owners were given citizenship but not land title for 25 years

Buffalo

Vaqueros/Cowboys

“Territory Rings”

Mining

• Rushes• Colorado Gold Rush,

1859• Pike’s Peak Gold

Rush• Black Hills, 1874

Union Pacific Railroad

Chinese

• California Passes “foreign miners” tax, 1852

• Chinese workers strike Union Pacific, 1866

• California Workingmen’s Party, 1878

• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 (made permanent in 1902

Cattle Kingdom

The Great Plains

• Great American Desert (water)

• Business & Agriculture

• Subsidies for RR• Worldwide

overproductions

Industrialization

Sources

• Labor supply

• Technological innovation

• Organizational innovation

• Entrepreneurs

• Government

• Domestic market

Technology

• Cyrus Field, transatlantic cable

• Alexander Graham Bell, telephone (AT&T)

• Christopher Sholes, typewriter

• James Ritty, cash register

Electricity & Edison

• Menlo Park• Edison Electric Tower

at the World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893

Oil

• Wildcatters• Western

Pennsylvania

Henry Ford

“Scientific Management”

• “Taylorism”

Railroads

Corporations

• Vertical integration

• Horizontal integration

Standard Oil

• Pools

• Trusts

• J. D. Rockefeller

Carnegie Steel

• Iron in Western Ohio and Pennsylvania

• Mesabi Range

• Bessemer & Kelly

“Morganization”

• U. S. Steel

• General Electric

“Survival of the Fittest”

• Social Darwinism & laissez-faire

• “The public be damned.” William Vanderbilt

• “Mr. Speaker, I move we adjourn unless the Pennsylvania Railroad has more business to conduct.”

• “God gave me my money.” John D. Rockefeller

“Gospel of Wealth”

• Andrew Carnegie, 1901

Horatio Alger

Alternatives

• Henry George, Progress and Poverty, single tax

• Edward Belamy, Looking Backward

Labor

• Migration– Rural– Immigrant

• Women and Children• Women = 17% of

industrial workforce in 1900

Unions

• William Sylvis, National Labor Union, 1866

• Molly Maguires

Great Railroad Strike 0f 1877

Knights of Labor

• Uriah Stephens, 1866• All who “toiled”• Excluded lawyers,

bankers, liquor dealers and professional gamblers

• Welcomed women• Terence V. Powderly• Texas & Pacific RR

strike

AFL

• Craft Unions• Samuel Gompers• Bread and butter

unionism

Homestead Strike, 1892

• Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers

• Henry Clay Frick

• Pinkertons & PA National Guard

Pullman Strike, 1894

• George Pullman, workers as “children”

• Corporate Welfare• Eugene V. Debs,

American Railway Union

• President Grover Cleveland

Urbanization

Urban Conditions

Chicago Fire of 1871

San Francisco Earthquake of 1906

Triangle Fire

Boss Politics

• William Tweed• George Washington

Plunkitt• Tammany Hall

Consumer Culture

• Department Stores • Popular Culture• Leisure

Populism

1890s

“What’s the matter with Kansas?”

• William Allen White• Emporia Gazette

• "an old mossback Jacksonian who snorts and howls because there is a bathtub in the State House; we are running that old jay for Governor. We have another shabby, wild-eyed, rattlebrained fanatic who has said openly in a dozen speeches that 'the rights of the user are paramount to the rights of the owner'; we are running him for Chief Justice, so that capital will come tumbling over itself to get into the state . . . . Then, for fear some hint that the state had become respectable might percolate through the civilized portions of the nation, we have decided to send three or four harpies out lecturing, telling the people that Kansas is raising hell and letting the corn go to weed."

Populist’s World View

• Republicanism of the Founders

• Jefferson• Jackson• Lincoln

• laissez-faire capitalism

• social Darwinism • the gospel of wealth

Farmer’s Issues

• Farmers' share of gross domestic product dropped from 28 to 24% from the 1870s to the 1890s.

• Lost status as independent farmers and either became tenants or joined the urban working poor.

• Railroads• Globalization• Currency

The Powers that Be.

Patrons of Husbandry

• Oliver Kelly

• 1867

• Panic of 1873

• Granger Laws

• Supreme Court, 1886

Keeping out of Politics.

Farmers’ Alliance

• Cooperatives

• Sub-Treasury Plan

Politics of Currency

People’s Party

• Omaha Convention, July 4, 1892

• James B. Weaver (Greenback-Labor Party)

• "the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads."

Difficulties of Race and Region

Fusionist

Grover Cleveland

• Panic of 1893 – 97

• Coxey’s Army

• Pullman Strike

Election of 1896

• William McKinley • William Jennings Bryan

Spanish American War

• An American Empire• The New Diplomacy• White Man’s Burden• Cuba and Philippines

Progressivism

Defined

Local & State

• Temperance (WCTU & Anti-Saloon League)

• Robert La Follette – Wisconsin

• Initiative and Referendum

• Galveston, TX 1900

Rose Schneiderman

Jane Addams & Hull House

• Social Housekeeping

• Social work & Social Gospel

Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil

http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM

Teddy Roosevelt

Bully Pulpit

• Trust Busting• Square Deal –

Anthracite Strike• Panama Canal• Roosevelt “corollary”• Russo-Japanese War

mediation• Meat Inspection Act

William Howard Taft

• Payne-Aldrich Tariff• Anti-trust action

against U.S. Steel

Election of 1912

• Role of Primaries• Progressive (Bull

Moose) Party• New Nationalism• New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson

• Princeton• Federal Reserve Act• Clayton Antitrust Act• Intervention in Haiti &

Dominican Republic• U.S. pursues Pancho

Villa in Mexico

World War I

Europe, 1914

• Nationalism• Imperialism• Bismarck and Alliances• Arms Race

Bosnian Crisis of 1908• Assassination in Sarajevo• Falling Dominoes

Trench Warfare

Somme

Flanders: No Man’s Land

New Technologies

1916 Election

• “Too Proud to Fight.”

U. S. Enters War

U. S. Troops with Gas Masks

Bolshevik Revolution

Douglas Fairbanks at Bond Rally

Generating Support

• Alien and Espionage Acts

• Committee on Public Information a.k.a. Creel Committee

Great Migration

Labor

• Gompers and AFL• Haywood and IWW

Women

Versailles

• 14 Points• League of Nations• Wilson’s Mistakes

Red Summer

Red Scare

• A. Mitchell Palmer

Constitution

• 18th Amendment – prohibition

• 19th Amendment – woman suffrage

Equal Rights Amendment

• Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.

• Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

• Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

Election of 1920