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12-8-20
Unit 4:Space Exploration
20 Classes
Chapter 11
We continue to learn a lot about the solar system by using space exploration
Section 11.1The Sun and Its Effect on Earth
First thing's first!!
KEY WORDS
Page 390
The Sun All life on Earth is dependent
on solar energy in the form of radiation. Ex: plants need it for food
Most of the Sun is made up of hydrogen. Hydrogen fuses together to create helium plus a tremendous amount of energy (heat, light etc). This is called a thermonuclear reaction.
Solar radiation: energy emitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation
- The tremendous radiated energy keeps Earth warms enough to support life.
- However, too much UV light and there are consequences
The Sun
Sun Spots: dark patches on the Sun’s surface that are slightly cooler, about 3500°C, than surrounding areas.
The number of sunspots on the Sun may affect Earth’s climate, although it is still being debated
There are records that show a lack of sunspots during much of the 17th century, when Europe experienced a mini ice age.
The Sun
The Sun
Solar Flares: Extremely violent eruptions of gas from the Sun’s surface (corona) occurs. These eruptions can last for a few hours and heat gases to 11 000 000°C.
The gas is spewed out in every direction.
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The Sun
•When these high energy particles rush past Earth they create an effect called solar wind.
•Earth’s magnetic field deflects most of this dangerous solar wind
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The Sun•Some of it enters at the North and South pole,
collide with gases in the atmosphere and create
the auroras (northern and southern lights)
•The solar wind can disrupt
Earth’s magnetic field,
disabling satellites and
even knocking out
power transmission
line on Earth.
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Features of the Sun
Page 392 – Figure 11.3Sketch and label your own version of this diagram.
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Read pages 390-394
Questions: Page 394, #1-5
Book lab for next couple classes!
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Section 11.2Characteristics of the Celestial Bodies
of the Solar System
PlanetsPlanet: a body that must orbit one or more stars, be large enough that its own gravity holds it in a spherical shape, and be the only body occupying the orbital path
Terrestrial Planets: inner, rocky planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Jovian Planets: outer, gaseous planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Terrestrial and Jovian PlanetsCriteria Terrestrial Planets Jovian Planets
Size Small (All Earth size or smaller)
Large (4 to 11 times larger than Earth)
Motion Slow spinning, small orbits
Faster spinning, large orbits
Composition Solid and rocky Gaseous
Distance from Sun Closer Further away
Temperature Warmer, but temperatures vary
Colder, but temperatures vary
Density Greater Lesser
Planets… Closer to the sun, the temperature is warmer and the
composition is solid and rocky
Further from the sun, the temperatures are lower and the composition is gaseous.
Order of the planets: My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars , Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Dwarf Planets
Dwarf Planet is a celestial body orbiting the Sun that is generally smaller than a planet but massive enough for its own gravity to give it a round shape.
They do not have enoughmass and gravity to cleartheir orbits of smaller debris left over from theformation of the solar system.
Ex. Pluto, Eris and Ceres
Research Question Why was Pluto demoted to Dwarf planet in 2006?
Toilet Paper Solar System!!
We are going to determine how far apart the plants are using toilet paper squares….
But first, we must
design each of the planets! Research what your planet
looks like and makeas accurate as possible!
1 tissue = 10,000,000everyone bring in a roll of 2 rolls of toilet paper tomorrow!
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Celestial ObjectNumber of Sheets from
Sun# of Tissues from previous object
Sun 0.0 0.0
Mercury 3.6 3.6
Venus 6.7 3.1
Earth 9.3 2.6
Mars 14.1 4.8
Jupiter 48.4 34.3
Saturn 88.7 40.3
Uranus 178.6 90
Neptune 280.0 101.0
Pluto (avg. orbit) 366.4 86.4
Asteroids Asteroids are smaller bodies that are believed to be
leftover remains of the formation of the solar system
Most orbit the sun very similar to planets
The main location for asteroids is in a band between Mars and Jupiter
Some asteroids have irregular orbits due to gravitational attraction of the planets and collisions.
Comets Comets are often referred to a “dirty
snowballs” made up of ice, rock, and gas.
They originate beyond the orbit of Neptune, at the farthest reach of the Sun’s gravitational influence.
Here lies a spherical cloud of small icy fragments of debris called the Oort cloud.
Comets are usually characterized by one or more “tails” due to a loss of dust and ice due to exposure to solar radiation (it starts to melt)
Path of a comet around the Sun
Comets and PeriodicityComets have unique orbits around the sun and
tend to follow a pattern with regards to their passage by the Earth and Sun
Two types of comets: Short and Long Period comets. Short period comets orbit the Sun faster.
Periodicity: How long it takes a comet to orbit the sun
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Research Activity 11-2c: Comet orbits and periodicity
Meteoroids: are pieces of rock floating through space
Meteors: (“shooting stars”) are meteoroids that burn up as they enter Earth’s atmosphere at high speed
Meteorites: meteors that are large enough to survive passing through the atmosphere and they reach Earth’s surface.
Compare and ContrastCriteria Asteroid Meteor Meteorite
Size Sand grains to about 1000 km across
Sand grains Larger than meteor
Composition Pieces of Rock
Pieces of Rock
Pieces of Rock
Location Mainly the Asteroid belt (between Mars and Jupiter)
Earth’s Atmosphere
On Earth
When meteorites hit Earth Impact sites: the place where a relatively small object
(meteorite) has collided with a large object (planet) to produce a fairly circular depression on the surface of the larger object.
Often referred to as an impact crater due to the circular depression that was formed
Impact sites provide evidence of meteor/asteroid impacts on a planet
The size of the depression created is often much larger than the object involved in the collision.
Impact Sites
There is a NEAR earth monitoring system that monitors asteroids, comets etc. WHY?
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Section 11.3The Exploration of Space
Canadian Contributions to Space Research
Canadarm 1: robotic arm used to retrieve and launch many satellites and to give a stable platform for astronauts going about their tasks in space
Canadarm 2: a mobile remote manipulator system designed for the International Space station. Able to do everything Canadarm 1 does but larger and able to move by itself to nearly every part of the station
Canadian Contributions…
Dexterous manipulator of Canadahand: a two armed robot that attaches to the end of Canadarm 2. Performs task that previously required astronauts to work outside the safety of the space station.
Canadian Contributions…
International Space Station: Sixteen countries including Canada are involved in this space based laboratory.
Canadian Astronauts
Canada does not send missions into space but they provide technology and expertise to space exploration.
Astronaut Program in Canada is relatively new compared with USA and Russia.
Canadian Astronauts
Roberta Bondar Chris Hadfield Marc GarneauJulie Payette
Knowledge and Technology
Knowledge of the universe is the result of centuries of observation and data collection using more and more advance d technologies.
It is an ongoing process.
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Unit 1 STSECelestial Navigation
Technologies that have Increased Knowledge
of the Universe Hubble Space Telescope: Placed in Earth’s orbit and
with no air (pollution etc.) to spoil the view, this has given amazing views of far away galaxies and stars in space
Using this they were able to find that the universe is between 13 and 14 billion years old
Light reaching its mirrors has not been distorted by Earth’s atmosphere
Hubble Telescope
Technology that has Increased Knowledge
The Very Large Array Radio Telescope: Made up of 27 antennas that are each 25 m across. The result is the same as one giant radio telescope that is 36 Km wide
Radio telescope reveals characteristics of celestial bodies that could not be studied using optical telescopes like the previous two telescopes
Dust in space makes it difficult to see light from distant stars but this telescope is not affected by dust (uses radio waves). Using this, we get a clearer picture.
Radio Telescope
Technologies … Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope: located on the
42 00 m dormant volcano in Hawaii. Above most of the air, giving a clearer view and providing cloud free skies.
Technologies…
Probes : A space vehicle sent to other celestial bodies.
Used to travel million of kilometers, to analyze distant objects and then send information back to Earth
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Space Probe on Mars
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy: A spectroscope is an optical instrument that acts like a prism to separate light into its basic component colors (a spectral pattern).
– This allows astronomers to view the spectral pattern produced by individual stars.
– Spectral lines stand out across the bands of color in a star’s spectrum
– The dark lines tell you the wavelength of the visible light given off by a star
– Tells about the types of atoms giving off light, and used to determine what the star is made up of
Technologies…
Adaptive Optics
With Earth based telescopes the view can be distorted by the Earth’s atmosphere (so stars appear to twinkle)
Telescopes can now be made with mirrors to overcome this distortion. This design is called adaptive optics
A computer monitors the atmosphere while the telescope is being used and small mechanisms slightly change the shape of the mirror to compensate for this distortion
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Foldable Activity – Page 389
Technologies and Underlying Science
Technology Chemistry Biology Physics Geology Other
Rockets
Space Suits
Satellites
Probes
Rovers
Optical Telescopes
Radio Telescopes
Draw this table.The next six slides will help you fill out this table..
Rocket is a system used for transporting materials and astronauts into space.
Filled with explosive fuels (chemistry)that combine to generate thrust, the force (physics) that pushes against the rocket to get it to move
As fuel is used up, some of the rocket is lost to make it lighter
VIDEO
Technologies and underlying science
used to Explore Space
Space Suits: acts as a smaller space ship, providing oxygen to breathe
Contain a communication system to talk to each other and people on Earth (radio waves, physics) a cooling system and a system to simulate the air pressure on Earth’s Surface (air pressure, physics)
Technologies and underlying science used to Explore Space
Satellites are electronic devices put in orbit around Earth to relay information.
Communications satellites use electromagnetic radiation is used to send information from one place to another (involves physics)
Technologies and underlying science used to Explore Space
Rovers: are small movable probes designed to land on a planet, explore and test the surface and send the information back to Earth by radio waves.
They conduct experiments in geology (determining the make up of rocks) and biology (looking for signs of life)
Technologies and underlying science used to Explore Space
MARS ROVER
Optical telescopes: use the property of light (physics) to get a better picture of the universe.
Hubble space telescope is in Earth’s orbit. This also uses electromagnetic waves from the field of physics to send information back to Earth.
Technologies and underlying science used to Explore Space
Radio Telescopes: Radio signals coming from distant objects are collected and converted to electrical symbols and analyzed.
Technologies and underlying science used to Explore Space
Recap!
You’ve been selected by NASA as an astronaut that will travel to space to
attempt to land on Mars!
Before you go on your mission, NASA wants to make sure you understand the universe. They want you to look at various parts of the universe at home. What
type of telescope could you use to do this?
a. Radio Telescope
b. Modern Telescope
c. Compound Telescope
d. Optical Telescope
They then share some data that they’ve uncovered from the universe via satellite. What type of satellite did
they use to gather this data?
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a. Radio Telescope
b. Modern Telescope
c. Compound Telescope
d. Optical Telescope
It’s the night before you leave and your niece asks you, “How are you getting to space?”
What is your answer?
a. “A rover will take us!”
b. “A rocket will take us!”
c. “A space probe will take us!”
d. “Canadarm will take us!”
The take off went smoothly! Phew!!Your rocket is now in space and you are enroute to Mars! You are amazed with the view!! As you look our the rocket’s window, what device might you see
revolving around Earth?
a. The Moon
b. The Sun
c. Satellites
d. A and C
e. All of the above
Once your land on Mars and begin to explore theplanet, what piece of equipment is essential!
Because it will help you breatheand communicate with the other astronauts during
your adventure?
a. Shuttle Mask
b. Space Suit
c. Shuttle Suit
d. Telecommunicater
As you and your fellow astronauts explore Mars, a fellow astronaut snaps this picture:
He asks you if you can identify the object? You can! What do you tell him it is?
a. Radio Telescope
b. Space Probe
c. Mars Rover
d. Optical Telescope
Science & Technology Chapter 2 Assessment
STSECelestial Navigation
Core LabDesigning a Space Station
Page 422
Follow Handout!!
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REVIEW
Page 397Page 411
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