Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes, Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis · 2016. 11. 11. · Unit...

Unit 4 Cell Structure, Cell Processes,

Cell Reproduction, and Homeostasis

Mrs. Stahl

AP Biology

How cells first came about!

• http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory

Robert Hooke • 1665

• First to identify cells by observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.

Anton Van Leewenhoek

• 1674

• Described living things and observed them in greater detail

• Discovered bacteria (we didn’t call them that yet) and called them “animalcules” because they resembles little animals moving about.

Matthias Schleiden

• 1838

• Found that plants are made of cells

Theodore Schwann

• 1839 • All living things are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

• 1855

• Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells

Three Major Principles of the Cell Theory

• 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.

• 2.All existing cells come from pre-existing cells

• 3. Cells are the basic unit of life

Cell Size

• Cells are small so that they can diffuse (go from areas high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is met) easily throughout the body = MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

• Rate of diffusion is determined by:

– 1. Amount of surface area available

– 2. Temperature

– 3. Concentration Gradient

– 4. Distance

• As the cell increases in size, the rate of diffusion will also increase. Therefore, smaller cells will move in and out of the cell quicker.

• The larger the cell the more it requires- takes longer for diffusion to occur due to it having to synthesize all of the macromolecules inside of it, transport energy, and regulate metabolic waste.

Why are they so small? Surface Area to Volume Ratio

• Small so that they can maximize surface area on the outside so that nutrients (oxygen) can enter and waste (carbon dioxide) can leave.

• If they are too small the organelles won’t fit. For this reason they could never be infinitely small.

• Surface area-to volume ratio: As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area.

Further Explanation

Cell where chemical reactions take place

(Volume) Substances going in Waste products being released

Draw into your

notes!

• When a cell increases in size the chemical reactions increase, which means more substances need to be taken in so that the reactions can be fueled and more waste products will be released.

• Each cell can only take in so much due to its surface area.

• When a cell increases in size the surface area doesn’t increase the same as its volume.

• When a cell increases in size the ratio of the cells surface : volume ratio decrease.

Example

• Cube 1= 1 cm.

• Cube 2= 3 cm.

• What is the surface area to volume ratio of each?

– Formulas: SA= 6a2 Volume= a3

• For cube 1: SA= 6 X 12 = 6 cm2 , V=13 = 1cm2

– Ratio= 6:1

• Cube 2: SA= 6 X 32 = 54 cm2 , V= 33 = 27 cm2

– Ratio = 2:1

What happened in Cube 2 that the ratio decreased?

What happens when SA : V ratio gets too small?

1. Substances can’t enter fast enough

2. Waste products leave slowly and can accumulate in the cell

3. Cell can’t maintain homeostasis because it is not able to lose heat fast enough

Extra Resources

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuXSEOKNxN8

• http://www.bozemanscience.com/014-environmental-matter-exchange/

How do we see cells?

• Assignment- You are to write a minimum of three, maximum of five, page paper (MLA format), with a minimum of three citations about microscopes and the different kinds. You should include:

– Why we can’t see cells

– Light, Compound, and Electron: Scanning and Transmission

– The uses of stains and why they are beneficial

– Due December 8th and 9th

Four features that ALL cells have

• 1. A nucleus or nucleoid- where DNA is stored

• 2. Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that cushions and protects all of the organelles. Also aids in transporting nutrients such as amino acids, sugars, and proteins. – Cytosol- solution in the cytoplasm that is full of organic

compounds and ions

• 3. Ribosomes- synthesize (make) proteins

• 4. Plasma or Cell Membrane- selectively permeable membrane made up of a phospholipid bilayer which picks and chooses what is allowed into the cell.

Nerve Cells

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/

http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg

White blood cell engulfing a

bacteria cell and spewing

out the remnants

http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130

Inside the chloroplast of a

plant cell

Eyelashes!

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

Bacteria on the tongue

Artery and blood cells

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/

Clump of sperm tails in the

testes

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12812/enlarge

Staphylococcus bacteria in the

trachea

Liver cell

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310232/enlarge

Lung Cells

http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14917208/SQ7335.html

Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells – No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

– DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and circular

– Single celled and chemical reactions aren’t compartmentalized, instead they operate as a single unit

– Cell Wall and cell membrane

– MreB protein which is a homologue of actin= these fibers run perpendicular, giving the bacteria cell a rod shape. When MreB is removed , the cells are spherical

– Evolved 3.5 bya

– Two main domains: Bacteria or Archaea • Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen:

– Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

– Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive

– Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen is present.

Roles of Prokaryotic Cells

• Harvest light via photosynthesis

• Decomposers- break down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients back into the ecosystem

• Some do cause diseases

Fimbriae

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella A typical

rod-shaped

bacterium

(a)

Bacterial chromosome

0.5 µm

A thin section through

the bacterium Bacillus

coagulans (TEM)

(b)

Structure of a Prokaryote

www.biologyjunction.com Flagella Ribosomes

Pili

DNA

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Draw in

notes!

Functions

• Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces • Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement. • Plasmid- small piece of DNA that replicates separately

from the main chromosome. • DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in the

cytoplasm. • Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that surrounds

molecules and organelles in a cell • Cell wall- structural support, protection, prevent

excessive uptake or loss of water • Cell membrane- controls the movement of substances

in and out of the cell.

Peptidoglycan

• Cell wall is composed of it

• Peptidoglycan is a carbohydrate matrix that is cross linked by short polypeptide units

• Antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin, interfere with the cross link and cause the entire structure to fall apart by allowing water to rush in resulting in cell rupture.

• Some disease causing bacteria secrete a jelly-like protective capsule around them which allows them to stick to surfaces (teeth, skin, nails, food) and invade.

Eukaryotic Cells

Websites

Background from www.kidsdiscovery.com