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Introduction to AlternativeIntroduction to AlternativeEnergiesEnergies
--
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After completing this unit you will
Have an awareness of our current, and
projected energy usage Know the various sources of energy today,
their life ex ectanc and effect on our
environment Know common terms and units used to
describe and measure energy usage
Be able to determine your current energyusage
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How much energy
do we use andwhat is our
utilization
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4000 B.C. The use of animals for transportation and
pumping of water, solar energy used for
drying grains and building materials, energy
used rose to 800 watts per person
As technology increases, the advent ofwindmills, water wheels, sailing ships and
others; the energy consumption continues to
increase
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13th century In Europe, the trend continues to 2000 watts
(2 kilowatts) per person due to agriculture,
fireplaces generating heat in homes, and the
manufacture of ceramics and bricks
19 century The increase in energy usage was consistent and
relatively slow until the 19th century
The industrial revolution and the machines of this
time period created a dramatic acceleration in
the rate of the energy utilization6
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Modern day Along with the
increase in
technology, the
increase in energy
continues
exponentially
through the 20thcentury and into
the 21st
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The Population Explosion
The energy utilization rate is based per capita,
in other words per person
The population is also increasing, and at an
, .the last few decades
If this rate remains constant, we would have
a population of 7 billion in 2010 and 11billion in 2050
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Couple this populationincrease with the
exponential increase in
energy utilization percapita (per person) and
concern for the amount of
energy that will be used
as we enter the next fewdecades and the next
century
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If these trends remain The energy utilization will increase from 7.6
Terawatts* (TW) currently, to 122 TW in 2050
* Terawatts or one trillion watts
This is a factor of 16 times over the next few
decades The prefixes and their unitsKilo (k) = 1000
Mega (M) = 1,000,000
Giga (G) = 1,000,000,000Tera (T) = 1,000,000,000,000
Peta (P) = 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exa (E) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,00011
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This diagram shows how dramaticthe increase in energy usage has
been starting at the 20th century
and looking ahead to the 21st
century
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Where does all this
energy come from,
how long will it
it affect our
environment
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Energy Sources Our energy resources can be broken into two
main categories, renewable and non-renewable
Renewable ener sources would include
biomass, hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar,and other
Non-renewable includes the fossil fuels of
petroleum, natural gas, coal, and propanealong with the minerals for nuclear
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Today, the majority of the energy we use comes
from non-renewable resources
(source: www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/formsofenergy.html) 15
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Energy Usage in the U.S.
The United States uses around 20% of the
worlds energy, primarily to generate electricity
The largest usage is
Industry at 33% Followed by
transportation at 28%
21% for residential,primarily heating
18% for commercial
Commercial18%Residential
21%
Industry
33%
Transportation
28%
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Energy and Utility
The majority of our energy, in general, is
generated from the combustion of differentfossil fuels such as wood, coal, natural gas,
.
By comparing the cost of the material to the
amount of energy produced, we get the cost
for a unit (Gigajoule, GJ) of energy. For example, wood is $3.20/GJ.
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Again, wood is $3.20/GJ Gasoline, that we use in our automobile, at
approximately $4.00 a gallon, is over $30/GJ.
What this shows is that we are willing to pay a
premium for the ease of use orutility.
The gasoline has a higher utility, it is moreconvenient to use. It is more convenient to fill
and carry gasoline in your vehicle than a cord
of wood.
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The utilityof different fuel sources is differentdepending on the type of work
Coal has a high utility for generators used to
produce electricity Coal has a low utility in an automobile as it would
internal combustion engine
Cost is also relevant to regulations by the
economy and government as noted by the
cost of a barrel of oil
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The Ecology Question
Because the fossil fuels, for the time being,
are present and easiest (least expensive) toacquire, they will continue to be utilized
,
more difficult to get, as we must mine deeper
and further from the Earths surface to get
these, making remaining fossil fuelsprogressively increase in cost
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Also, in the United States, it is not politicallycorrect to use our reservestherefore, we are
dependent on other countries for oil and
other fuels All of these are issues that need to be
,
and future is the environmental issues from
using the fossil fuels
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When the fossil fuels are burned, heat is usedas energy, but the remaining is an undesirable
gas, carbon dioxide that is emitted
Carbon dioxide is damaging to the ozone
The atmospheric concentration has increased
Againwhen you look at how energy
utilization is increasing exponentially and
85% of the energy comes from fossil fuels,this should be an urgent issue
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There are different methods of disposing theCO2 which are currently being used in several
countries due to regulation
The natural process to dispose of carbondioxide is the biological process of
,
Although
Consider the population growth
As the population increases, the land whereplants and trees grow is being reduced
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What are the
common terms
and units used to
measure energy
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Energy and UnitsThere are different forms of energy
Mechanical energy, with units of foot-pounds(ft-lbs) orJoules (J)
Heat energy, noted by calories or BTUs whichstands for British Thermal Units
Electrical energy, with units ofwatts andkilowatt-hours (kWh)
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When we look at our electric bill, we noticethat the units of measure is Kilowatt-hour
(kWh) which is electrical energy
We use this electrical energy by transformingit into other forms of energy such as heat,
, ,
joules for powering machines or appliances
* The units we will primarily use in this courseare watts and Kilowatt-hours
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A Kilowatt-hour(kWh) is the amount ofenergy that results from the use of one
kilowatt of power for a period of one hour.
One Kilowatt-hour(kWh) is equal to
3,413 BTUs of heat energy or
859,680 calories of heat energy or
3,600,000 joules of mechanical energy
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Sowhat exactly is a watt? A watt is a
unit ofpower
Power is
DistanceForceWorkPower
workperunit oftime
Work is a
force timesdistance
Time
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Work If you use a 20 Newton force to pull a wagon
10 meters, you have done 200 Newton-metersor 200joules of work
orce ew on
Distance (10 meters) W = F x D
Work = 20 N x 10 m
Work = 200 joules 30
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Force (20 Newton)
Power If you do 200joules of work in five seconds,
you use 40 watts
Distance (10 meters) P = W/t
P = Work/time
P = 200 joules/5 sec
Power = 40 watts31
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Energy Watts measure the rate, or how fast the power
is used When we discuss energy consumption, we
,
The usage over time would be a watt-hour, Wh
or kilowatt-hour, kWh
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How do we
determine our
current energy
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Energy Usage If you had ten 100-watt light bulbs
all turned on at once, you wouldbe using one kilowattof power
=
If these 10 bulbs remained on for
one hour, you would have used
one kilowatt-hour, kWh, ofelectricity
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Per the Energy Information Administrationreport released June 10, 2008
The average cost, nationally, for residential
electricity is 10.2 cents per kWh
Therefore, if the previously mentioned 10
bulbs remained on for five hours, you wouldhave usedfive kWh, of electricity
At a cost of: 5 x 10.2 cents = 51 cents
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Or another example If you use an electric clothes dryer
rated at 5400 watts for approximately
eight hours a week for laundry
5400 watts for eight hours (5400 x 8) is
43,200 watt-hours or 43.2 kilowatt-hours, kWh
At a cost of: 43.2 hrs x $0.102= $4.41
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You can determine the annual operatingcost for an appliance by
Watts
1000
Hours used
per day
Days used
per year
Kilowatt-hours
(kWh) used
Cost per
(kWh)
Kilowatt-hours
(kWh) used
Annual cost to
operate appliance
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For exampleIf you use a 1200 watt window air
conditioner 24 hours a day, for 100
days, you can determine the cost,at the rate of 10.2 cents per kWh
x 24 hrs/day x 100 days = 2880 kWh
2880 kWh x 0.102 = $294
1200 watts
1000
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When selecting new appliances, compare theenergy guides!
Energy guides,
posted on
show theestimated
annual
electrical use
electrical usemultiplied by the
cost of electricity
in your area gives
an estimated
yearly operating
cost
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Measuring your Energy Usage You can monitor your energy
usage by reading your electricmeter or simply reviewing your
Using either method, it is
important to realize the
kilowatt-hours used annuallyfor comparison
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Reading your electric meter The meter dials are read from right to left
When the hand of the dial is between two
numbers, take the lower number
When the hand of the dial is directly on a
number take the lower number, unless the hand of the dial to
the right is on or just past 0,
then take the number that thedial is on
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Reading this meter you have 38,977 kWh
By subtracting the previous reading from yourpresent reading, you can calculate the number
of kilowatt hours used42
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When reviewing your electric bill You will find the current meter
reading, the previous months
reading, and the difference The difference is the kilowatt-
hours you are charged for thatmonth
Your bill will typically give you
a record of monthly usage forthe year
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Financing We have mentioned many forms of energy
other than those of fossil fuels, and we canclearly see that they are there
,
technologically advanced?
The answer is easyMONEY
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Development costs money, investment thatmay or may not yield a return to the
investors
Therefore industry, is not encouraged to investin the development of alternative energy
The financing of this development must come
from governments and other sources
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Much of the current economy is based on thecurrent fossil fuelsfor example,
If gasoline was replaced with another fuel, whatwould happen to all of the existing automobiles,
the gas stations, and all of the logistics used totransport gasoline?
currently use and, therefore, makes us realizethat, it will not stop with the development ofalternative energy sources, but we will also
need developments of industry and society forthe use of these new sources
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Work CitedDa Rosa, A. V. (2005). Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes.
Burlington, MA, USA: Elsevier Inc.
Primary Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2007. (2008, June 23).
Retrieved July 31, 2008, from Energy Information Administration:
. . . _ .
http://ans.engr.wisc.edu/eic/EnergyForm.html
http://ed.fnal.gov/ntep/f98/projects/nrel_energy_2/measurement.html
www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/imag
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