Unit 1 Introductionx

8/14/2019 Unit 1 Introductionx

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Introduction to AlternativeIntroduction to AlternativeEnergiesEnergies

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After completing this unit you will

Have an awareness of our current, and

projected energy usage Know the various sources of energy today,

their life ex ectanc and effect on our

environment Know common terms and units used to

describe and measure energy usage

Be able to determine your current energyusage

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How much energy

do we use andwhat is our

utilization

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4000 B.C. The use of animals for transportation and

pumping of water, solar energy used for

drying grains and building materials, energy

used rose to 800 watts per person

As technology increases, the advent ofwindmills, water wheels, sailing ships and

others; the energy consumption continues to

increase

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13th century In Europe, the trend continues to 2000 watts

(2 kilowatts) per person due to agriculture,

fireplaces generating heat in homes, and the

manufacture of ceramics and bricks

19 century The increase in energy usage was consistent and

relatively slow until the 19th century

The industrial revolution and the machines of this

time period created a dramatic acceleration in

the rate of the energy utilization6


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Modern day Along with the

increase in

technology, the

increase in energy

continues

exponentially

through the 20thcentury and into

the 21st

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The Population Explosion

The energy utilization rate is based per capita,

in other words per person

The population is also increasing, and at an

, .the last few decades

If this rate remains constant, we would have

a population of 7 billion in 2010 and 11billion in 2050

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Couple this populationincrease with the

exponential increase in

energy utilization percapita (per person) and

concern for the amount of

energy that will be used

as we enter the next fewdecades and the next

century

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If these trends remain The energy utilization will increase from 7.6

Terawatts* (TW) currently, to 122 TW in 2050

* Terawatts or one trillion watts

This is a factor of 16 times over the next few

decades The prefixes and their unitsKilo (k) = 1000

Mega (M) = 1,000,000

Giga (G) = 1,000,000,000Tera (T) = 1,000,000,000,000

Peta (P) = 1,000,000,000,000,000

Exa (E) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,00011


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This diagram shows how dramaticthe increase in energy usage has

been starting at the 20th century

and looking ahead to the 21st

century

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Where does all this

energy come from,

how long will it

it affect our

environment

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Energy Sources Our energy resources can be broken into two

main categories, renewable and non-renewable

Renewable ener sources would include

biomass, hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar,and other

Non-renewable includes the fossil fuels of

petroleum, natural gas, coal, and propanealong with the minerals for nuclear

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Today, the majority of the energy we use comes

from non-renewable resources

(source: www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/formsofenergy.html) 15


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Energy Usage in the U.S.

The United States uses around 20% of the

worlds energy, primarily to generate electricity

The largest usage is

Industry at 33% Followed by

transportation at 28%

21% for residential,primarily heating

18% for commercial

Commercial18%Residential

21%

Industry

33%

Transportation

28%

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Energy and Utility

The majority of our energy, in general, is

generated from the combustion of differentfossil fuels such as wood, coal, natural gas,

.

By comparing the cost of the material to the

amount of energy produced, we get the cost

for a unit (Gigajoule, GJ) of energy. For example, wood is $3.20/GJ.

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Again, wood is $3.20/GJ Gasoline, that we use in our automobile, at

approximately $4.00 a gallon, is over $30/GJ.

What this shows is that we are willing to pay a

premium for the ease of use orutility.

The gasoline has a higher utility, it is moreconvenient to use. It is more convenient to fill

and carry gasoline in your vehicle than a cord

of wood.

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The utilityof different fuel sources is differentdepending on the type of work

Coal has a high utility for generators used to

produce electricity Coal has a low utility in an automobile as it would

internal combustion engine

Cost is also relevant to regulations by the

economy and government as noted by the

cost of a barrel of oil

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The Ecology Question

Because the fossil fuels, for the time being,

are present and easiest (least expensive) toacquire, they will continue to be utilized

,

more difficult to get, as we must mine deeper

and further from the Earths surface to get

these, making remaining fossil fuelsprogressively increase in cost

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Also, in the United States, it is not politicallycorrect to use our reservestherefore, we are

dependent on other countries for oil and

other fuels All of these are issues that need to be

,

and future is the environmental issues from

using the fossil fuels

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When the fossil fuels are burned, heat is usedas energy, but the remaining is an undesirable

gas, carbon dioxide that is emitted

Carbon dioxide is damaging to the ozone

The atmospheric concentration has increased

Againwhen you look at how energy

utilization is increasing exponentially and

85% of the energy comes from fossil fuels,this should be an urgent issue

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There are different methods of disposing theCO2 which are currently being used in several

countries due to regulation

The natural process to dispose of carbondioxide is the biological process of

,

Although

Consider the population growth

As the population increases, the land whereplants and trees grow is being reduced

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What are the

common terms

and units used to

measure energy

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Energy and UnitsThere are different forms of energy

Mechanical energy, with units of foot-pounds(ft-lbs) orJoules (J)

Heat energy, noted by calories or BTUs whichstands for British Thermal Units

Electrical energy, with units ofwatts andkilowatt-hours (kWh)

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When we look at our electric bill, we noticethat the units of measure is Kilowatt-hour

(kWh) which is electrical energy

We use this electrical energy by transformingit into other forms of energy such as heat,

, ,

joules for powering machines or appliances

* The units we will primarily use in this courseare watts and Kilowatt-hours

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A Kilowatt-hour(kWh) is the amount ofenergy that results from the use of one

kilowatt of power for a period of one hour.

One Kilowatt-hour(kWh) is equal to

3,413 BTUs of heat energy or

859,680 calories of heat energy or

3,600,000 joules of mechanical energy

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Sowhat exactly is a watt? A watt is a

unit ofpower

Power is

DistanceForceWorkPower

workperunit oftime

Work is a

force timesdistance

Time

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Work If you use a 20 Newton force to pull a wagon

10 meters, you have done 200 Newton-metersor 200joules of work

orce ew on

Distance (10 meters) W = F x D

Work = 20 N x 10 m

Work = 200 joules 30


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Force (20 Newton)

Power If you do 200joules of work in five seconds,

you use 40 watts

Distance (10 meters) P = W/t

P = Work/time

P = 200 joules/5 sec

Power = 40 watts31


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Energy Watts measure the rate, or how fast the power

is used When we discuss energy consumption, we

,

The usage over time would be a watt-hour, Wh

or kilowatt-hour, kWh

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How do we

determine our

current energy

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Energy Usage If you had ten 100-watt light bulbs

all turned on at once, you wouldbe using one kilowattof power

=

If these 10 bulbs remained on for

one hour, you would have used

one kilowatt-hour, kWh, ofelectricity

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Per the Energy Information Administrationreport released June 10, 2008

The average cost, nationally, for residential

electricity is 10.2 cents per kWh

Therefore, if the previously mentioned 10

bulbs remained on for five hours, you wouldhave usedfive kWh, of electricity

At a cost of: 5 x 10.2 cents = 51 cents

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Or another example If you use an electric clothes dryer

rated at 5400 watts for approximately

eight hours a week for laundry

5400 watts for eight hours (5400 x 8) is

43,200 watt-hours or 43.2 kilowatt-hours, kWh

At a cost of: 43.2 hrs x $0.102= $4.41

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You can determine the annual operatingcost for an appliance by

Watts

1000

Hours used

per day

Days used

per year

Kilowatt-hours

(kWh) used

Cost per

(kWh)

Kilowatt-hours

(kWh) used

Annual cost to

operate appliance

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For exampleIf you use a 1200 watt window air

conditioner 24 hours a day, for 100

days, you can determine the cost,at the rate of 10.2 cents per kWh

x 24 hrs/day x 100 days = 2880 kWh

2880 kWh x 0.102 = $294

1200 watts

1000

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When selecting new appliances, compare theenergy guides!

Energy guides,

posted on

show theestimated

annual

electrical use

electrical usemultiplied by the

cost of electricity

in your area gives

an estimated

yearly operating

cost

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Measuring your Energy Usage You can monitor your energy

usage by reading your electricmeter or simply reviewing your

Using either method, it is

important to realize the

kilowatt-hours used annuallyfor comparison

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Reading your electric meter The meter dials are read from right to left

When the hand of the dial is between two

numbers, take the lower number

When the hand of the dial is directly on a

number take the lower number, unless the hand of the dial to

the right is on or just past 0,

then take the number that thedial is on

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Reading this meter you have 38,977 kWh

By subtracting the previous reading from yourpresent reading, you can calculate the number

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When reviewing your electric bill You will find the current meter

reading, the previous months

reading, and the difference The difference is the kilowatt-

hours you are charged for thatmonth

Your bill will typically give you

a record of monthly usage forthe year

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Financing We have mentioned many forms of energy

other than those of fossil fuels, and we canclearly see that they are there

,

technologically advanced?

The answer is easyMONEY

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Development costs money, investment thatmay or may not yield a return to the

investors

Therefore industry, is not encouraged to investin the development of alternative energy

The financing of this development must come

from governments and other sources

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Much of the current economy is based on thecurrent fossil fuelsfor example,

If gasoline was replaced with another fuel, whatwould happen to all of the existing automobiles,

the gas stations, and all of the logistics used totransport gasoline?

currently use and, therefore, makes us realizethat, it will not stop with the development ofalternative energy sources, but we will also

need developments of industry and society forthe use of these new sources

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Work CitedDa Rosa, A. V. (2005). Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes.

Burlington, MA, USA: Elsevier Inc.

Primary Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2007. (2008, June 23).

Retrieved July 31, 2008, from Energy Information Administration:

. . . _ .

http://ans.engr.wisc.edu/eic/EnergyForm.html

http://ed.fnal.gov/ntep/f98/projects/nrel_energy_2/measurement.html

www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/imag

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Documents

Unit 1 Introductionx