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Unit 1 – Unit 1 – Introduction to Introduction to Invasive Alien Invasive Alien
Species – Species – Overview of the Overview of the
ProblemProblem - -Randy G. WestbrooksRandy G. Westbrooks
Rebecca M. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven ManningSteven Manning
Global Invasive Species Global Invasive Species ProgrammeProgramme
Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town, South Africa
Unit ObjectivesUnit Objectives Understand and describe the nature of the IAS Understand and describe the nature of the IAS
problemproblem List some of the major characteristics of IASList some of the major characteristics of IAS Discuss a few of the world’s worst IASDiscuss a few of the world’s worst IAS Discuss the basic ecological, economic and public Discuss the basic ecological, economic and public
health impacts of IAShealth impacts of IAS Describe the process of biological invasionsDescribe the process of biological invasions Give examples of intentional and unintentional Give examples of intentional and unintentional
introductionsintroductions List major pathways and vectors of primary and List major pathways and vectors of primary and
secondary spreadsecondary spread Explain difficulties with predicting invasiveness of Explain difficulties with predicting invasiveness of
organismsorganisms Discuss some of the factors that are enhancing the Discuss some of the factors that are enhancing the
global spread of IAS global spread of IAS
Session Outline and Session Outline and AgendaAgenda
1100-1125. Session 1. 1100-1125. Session 1. Introduction to Invasive Alien Introduction to Invasive Alien Species.Species.
1125-1145. Session 2. 1125-1145. Session 2. Human Facilitated Spread of Plants Human Facilitated Spread of Plants and Animals – “Who’s Using Who?”and Animals – “Who’s Using Who?”
1145 – 1200. Lab Exercise.1145 – 1200. Lab Exercise.
1200 – 1300.1200 – 1300. Lunch.Lunch.
1300-1330. Session 3. 1300-1330. Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness – Predicting Invasiveness – Forewarned Is Forearmed!Forewarned Is Forearmed!
1330-1400. Session 4. 1330-1400. Session 4. Factors Enhancing the Spread of Factors Enhancing the Spread of IAS.IAS.
1400-1445. Lab Exercises.1400-1445. Lab Exercises. 1445-1450.1445-1450. Review of Major Concepts in Unit 1.Review of Major Concepts in Unit 1.
1450-1500.1450-1500. Break.Break.
Session 1. Introduction to Session 1. Introduction to IAS.IAS.
1.1. Overview of the Problem.1.1. Overview of the Problem. Crop PestsCrop Pests – Historic Struggle – Historic Struggle
Between Man and Nature Between Man and Nature Invasive Alien Species (IAS)Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
– Plants/Animals Outside their – Plants/Animals Outside their Native Range – Due to Trade Native Range – Due to Trade and Travel and Travel Ecological ImpactsEcological Impacts – Hydrology, – Hydrology,
Sediments, Soil & Water Sediments, Soil & Water Chemistry, Disruption of Fire Chemistry, Disruption of Fire CyclesCycles
Economic and Social LossesEconomic and Social Losses - - $300+ Billion Globally, Deplete $300+ Billion Globally, Deplete Water Supplies, Famine/Disease, Water Supplies, Famine/Disease, Grazing Lands, Noise PollutionGrazing Lands, Noise Pollution
Ports of EntryPorts of Entry – First Line of – First Line of Defense Against IASDefense Against IAS
1.1.2. IAS - Ecosystems out of 1.1.2. IAS - Ecosystems out of BalanceBalance
Origin of IASOrigin of IAS Remove Top Remove Top
PredatorsPredators Insert New Insert New
Exotic Species Exotic Species Without Co-Without Co-Evolved Evolved Predators and Predators and ParasitesParasites
Simple Food Simple Food ChainChain
Food Food WebWeb
Eastern Gray Eastern Gray SquirrelSquirrel
BeavBeaverer
1.1.3. Evolution in Isolation – 1.1.3. Evolution in Isolation – Recreation of a Virtual PangaeaRecreation of a Virtual Pangaea
Super-continentsSuper-continents Columbia 1.5 Billion Yr BPColumbia 1.5 Billion Yr BP Rodinia 700 Million BPRodinia 700 Million BP Pangaea 180 Million Yr Pangaea 180 Million Yr
BPBP Evolution in IsolationEvolution in Isolation
Ecological ExplosionEcological Explosion 8,600 Birds (4X #)8,600 Birds (4X #)
Global Spread of IASGlobal Spread of IAS Recreating a Virtual Recreating a Virtual
PangaeaPangaea HomogeoceneHomogeocene
PangaPangaeaea
1.2. Characteristics of 1.2. Characteristics of IAS.IAS. Abundant in Natural RangeAbundant in Natural Range
History of Invasiveness Outside Natural RangeHistory of Invasiveness Outside Natural Range Wide Distribution in Different HabitatsWide Distribution in Different Habitats
Fast Growth, Early MaturityFast Growth, Early Maturity High Reproduction; Seed DormancyHigh Reproduction; Seed Dormancy AllelopathyAllelopathy
Prickles, Spines, ThornsPrickles, Spines, Thorns ParasitismParasitism Same Size/Shape as Crop SeedsSame Size/Shape as Crop Seeds
Ability to Go without Food/WaterAbility to Go without Food/Water Roots/Rhizomes with Large StorageRoots/Rhizomes with Large Storage Efficient Means of SpreadEfficient Means of Spread
Close Association with HumansClose Association with Humans
Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) – the perfect weed.
1.3. Characteristics of Invaded 1.3. Characteristics of Invaded Habitats.Habitats.
Ecological Similarities Ecological Similarities Between Origin and Between Origin and Receiving EcosystemsReceiving Ecosystems
Lack of Co-evolved Lack of Co-evolved Predators and Predators and ParasitesParasites
Other IAS already Other IAS already EstablishedEstablished
High Degree of High Degree of DisturbanceDisturbance
Secondary Pathways Secondary Pathways and Vectors for and Vectors for Further SpreadFurther Spread
A. Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia. B. Florida Everglades, United States.
A
B
1.4. Overview of IAS Taxa 1.4. Overview of IAS Taxa Groups.Groups.
Invasive Plants, Insects,
Diseases, Aquatic
Nuisance Species, and
Injurious Wildlife.
1.4.1. Invasive Plants.1.4.1. Invasive Plants.
250,000 Plants in the 250,000 Plants in the WorldWorld
22,000 Invasive Plants22,000 Invasive Plants DefinitionsDefinitions
Invasive Plant = WeedInvasive Plant = Weed Noxious Weed = Regulated Noxious Weed = Regulated
WeedWeed Melaleuca and Pond Melaleuca and Pond
Apple – Tale of Two Apple – Tale of Two Weeds in North America Weeds in North America and Australiaand Australia
MelaleMelaleucauca
Pond Pond AppleApple
1.4.2. Insects.1.4.2. Insects. 30 Million Insect 30 Million Insect
SpeciesSpecies 500,000 Species of 500,000 Species of
BeetlesBeetles Desert LocustDesert Locust
Africa, Middle East, AsiaAfrica, Middle East, Asia Swarms – Swarms –
1,200 km21,200 km2 96 Billion Individuals96 Billion Individuals 240,000 Metric Tons240,000 Metric Tons
LossesLosses Morocco – 1954 ($50 Morocco – 1954 ($50
Million in 6 Weeks)Million in 6 Weeks) Ethiopia – 1958 (167,000 Ethiopia – 1958 (167,000
Tons of Grain – Feed 1 Tons of Grain – Feed 1 Million People for a Year Million People for a Year Mauritania, July, Mauritania, July,
19941994
1.4.3. Aquatic Nuisance 1.4.3. Aquatic Nuisance Species.Species.
ANS FactoidsANS Factoids 21 Billion Gallons 21 Billion Gallons
Ballast Water Per Ballast Water Per Year - (USA)Year - (USA)
3,000 ANS Moving 3,000 ANS Moving in Ballast Water in Ballast Water Around the WorldAround the World
ANS TaxaANS Taxa Aquatic Weeds Aquatic Weeds
(Water Hyacinth)(Water Hyacinth) Aquatic Aquatic
Invertebrates (Zebra Invertebrates (Zebra Mussel)Mussel)
Aquatic Vertebrates Aquatic Vertebrates (Nile Perch)(Nile Perch)
1.44. Injurious Wildlife1.44. Injurious Wildlife
Terrestrial VertebratesTerrestrial Vertebrates Intentionally Intentionally
EstablishedEstablished Game AnimalsGame Animals Domestic AnimalsDomestic Animals
IW ExamplesIW Examples NutriaNutria Eastern Gray SquirrelEastern Gray Squirrel Australian Brushtail Australian Brushtail
PossumPossum
1.5.1. Ecological Impacts of 1.5.1. Ecological Impacts of IAS.IAS.
Threaten Endangered Threaten Endangered SpeciesSpecies
Crowd out NativesCrowd out Natives Compete with Natives for Compete with Natives for
Resources, Space, LightResources, Space, Light Disrupt Trophic Level Disrupt Trophic Level
RelationshipsRelationships Increase Disturbance Increase Disturbance
Regimes that Natives are Regimes that Natives are not Adapted to (e.g., not Adapted to (e.g., Wildfires)Wildfires)
Hybridize with NativesHybridize with Natives Cause Habitat LossCause Habitat Loss
Fynbos – South Fynbos – South AfricaAfrica
Argentine Argentine AntAnt
Old World Climbing Fern Old World Climbing Fern in Floridain FloridaCheatgrass in the Cheatgrass in the
American WestAmerican WestMallard Mallard DuckDuck
1.52. Economic Effects of 1.52. Economic Effects of IAS.IAS.
USA:USA: $150 Billion$150 Billion India:India: US$117 BillionUS$117 Billion South Africa:South Africa: US$17.5 US$17.5
BillionBillion United Kingdom:United Kingdom: US$12 BillionUS$12 Billion Australia:Australia: AUS$10 BillionAUS$10 Billion New Zealand:New Zealand: US$10 BillionUS$10 Billion Africa (Aquatic Weed Control):Africa (Aquatic Weed Control): $US60 $US60
MillionMillion
1.5.2.2. Economic Impacts 1.5.2.2. Economic Impacts of IAS.of IAS.
Direct LossesDirect Losses Crop Losses (India – 20% Crop Losses (India – 20%
Per Year)Per Year) Loss of ExportsLoss of Exports
Karnal Bunt of WheatKarnal Bunt of Wheat Loss of Pasture Loss of Pasture
ProductivityProductivity CogongrassCogongrass
Loss of FisheriesLoss of Fisheries Nile PerchNile Perch
Indirect LossesIndirect Losses Flooding (Water Flooding (Water
Hyacinth)Hyacinth) Landslides (Miconia)Landslides (Miconia) Damage to Dams (Nutria)Damage to Dams (Nutria) Increased Wildfires Increased Wildfires
(Cheatgrass)(Cheatgrass) Loss of Tourism (Spotted Loss of Tourism (Spotted
Knapweed)Knapweed)
1.53. Public Health 1.53. Public Health Impacts.Impacts.
DiseasesDiseases 1999 - West Nile Virus 1999 - West Nile Virus
- USA- USA 9,862 People Infected9,862 People Infected 264 People Died264 People Died
2003 SARS in China2003 SARS in China $17 Billion Tourism $17 Billion Tourism
LossesLosses Stings - Allergic Stings - Allergic
ReactionsReactions Imported Red Fire AntImported Red Fire Ant Africanized Honey BeeAfricanized Honey Bee
Session 2. Spread of Plants Session 2. Spread of Plants and Animals – and Animals – Who’s Using Who?Who’s Using Who?
Reversion of Reversion of Cultivars to Cultivars to Wild FormsWild Forms OlivesOlives Granny Granny
Smith AppleSmith Apple
1.6. Process of Invasion.1.6. Process of Invasion.
Primary Primary IntroductionIntroduction
EstablishmentEstablishment Monterey Pine in Monterey Pine in
NZ, AUSNZ, AUS Secondary Secondary
SpreadSpread Vehicles, Trains, Vehicles, Trains,
Trailers, AnimalsTrailers, Animals
1.6.2. The IAS Lag Phase.1.6.2. The IAS Lag Phase.Melaleuca in the Florida Everglades.Melaleuca in the Florida Everglades.
Florida EvergladesFlorida Everglades River of Grass, Tree IslandsRiver of Grass, Tree Islands 80 Miles wide, 1/3 M Deep80 Miles wide, 1/3 M Deep
1906 – Introduced from 1906 – Introduced from AUSAUS
1936 - Aerial Seeding with 1936 - Aerial Seeding with MelaleucaMelaleuca
1970s – Rapid Spread 1970s – Rapid Spread throughout the Gladesthroughout the Glades
1990s – 200,000 ha 1990s – 200,000 ha InfestedInfested
1.7. Intentional 1.7. Intentional Introductions.Introductions.
1.7.1. Introductions that become 1.7.1. Introductions that become Invasive.Invasive. Agricultural CropsAgricultural Crops
Tall Fescue - PasturesTall Fescue - Pastures Forestry SpeciesForestry Species
Leucaena - AfricaLeucaena - Africa Erosion ControlErosion Control
Kudzu - USAKudzu - USA Aid TradeAid Trade
Cordia - VanuatuCordia - Vanuatu Ornamental PlantsOrnamental Plants
Siam Weed - AfricaSiam Weed - Africa GermplasmGermplasm
Disease Infected Disease Infected WheatWheat
1.7. Intentional 1.7. Intentional Introductions.Introductions.
1.7.1. Introductions that become 1.7.1. Introductions that become Invasive.Invasive. Game AnimalsGame Animals
Sika Deer - USASika Deer - USA Mammals as Food Mammals as Food
Source on IslandsSource on Islands Feral Pigs, GoatsFeral Pigs, Goats
Biocontrol AgentsBiocontrol Agents Cane Toad - AUSCane Toad - AUS
Fishery ReleasesFishery Releases Nile Perch – Lake Nile Perch – Lake
Victoria, AfricaVictoria, Africa Pets Released in Pets Released in
WildWild Burmese Python - USABurmese Python - USA
Aquaculture Aquaculture EscapesEscapes LA Crayfish - AfricaLA Crayfish - Africa
1.7.1.2. Unauthorized 1.7.1.2. Unauthorized Intentional Introductions Intentional Introductions
(Smuggling).(Smuggling).
Chinese Water Chinese Water SpinachSpinach((Ipomoea Ipomoea aquaticaaquatica))
1.8. Unintentional 1.8. Unintentional Introductions.Introductions.
Adaptations for SpreadAdaptations for Spread Plants – Burs Plants – Burs
(Cocklebur), Seed Sails, (Cocklebur), Seed Sails, Floating SeedsFloating Seeds
Animals – Dog TickAnimals – Dog Tick StowawaysStowaways
Khapra BeetleKhapra Beetle HitchhikersHitchhikers
SnailsSnails Contaminants (Co-Contaminants (Co-
mingled)mingled) Weed Seed in Crop Weed Seed in Crop
Seed Seed
Khapra beetle
Jointed Goatgrass in Wheat
1.8. Unintentional 1.8. Unintentional Introductions. Contd.Introductions. Contd.
Hitchhikers on Nursery Hitchhikers on Nursery PlantsPlants Pink Hibiscus MealybugPink Hibiscus Mealybug
Hitchhikers on Cut Hitchhikers on Cut FlowersFlowers Leaf MinersLeaf Miners
Soil PestsSoil Pests Clemora smithiClemora smithi (Sugarcane (Sugarcane
White Grub) Transferred White Grub) Transferred from Barbados to Mauritius from Barbados to Mauritius in Sugarcanein Sugarcane
Planes, Trains, Vehicles, Planes, Trains, Vehicles, EquipmentEquipment Giant African SnailGiant African Snail
MailMail Crazy Yellow AntCrazy Yellow Ant
Ballast Soil and Water Ballast Soil and Water Chinese Mitten CrabChinese Mitten Crab
Hull Fouling OrganismsHull Fouling Organisms Marine DebrisMarine Debris
Case Study: Yellow Crazy Ants on Christmas Case Study: Yellow Crazy Ants on Christmas IslandIsland
1930 – Introduced to 1930 – Introduced to Christmas Island*Christmas Island*
1990s – Population Exploded1990s – Population Exploded Forms Multi-Queen Super Forms Multi-Queen Super
ColoniesColonies Up to 700 ha in SizeUp to 700 ha in Size
Overwhelms and Kills Native Overwhelms and Kills Native SpeciesSpecies Red Land Crabs Red Land Crabs
1995-2002 - 10-20 Million Killed1995-2002 - 10-20 Million Killed Robber Crabs, Native ReptilesRobber Crabs, Native Reptiles Native InvertebratesNative Invertebrates
Control – Toxic Bait – 99% Control – Toxic Bait – 99% EffectiveEffective Fipronil in Fish Meal (0.6 gm/ha)Fipronil in Fish Meal (0.6 gm/ha)
*1528 km NW of AUS; Possession of AUS*1528 km NW of AUS; Possession of AUS
1.8.1. Case Study: Serrated 1.8.1. Case Study: Serrated Tussock in the U.S.Tussock in the U.S.
Description:Description: Annual Grass Annual Grass Origin:Origin: Argentina Argentina Threat:Threat: Serious Pasture Weed, Serious Pasture Weed,
Minimal Nutrient ValueMinimal Nutrient Value Areas Affected:Areas Affected: AUS, NZ AUS, NZ 1989 Introduction to USA1989 Introduction to USA
Nine Infested Shipments from ARGNine Infested Shipments from ARG Loophole in FNWA – Seed Loophole in FNWA – Seed
Shipments Exempt from Regulation Shipments Exempt from Regulation under the Lawunder the Law
Federal Judge Ruled Intent of Law Federal Judge Ruled Intent of Law Included Seed ShipmentsIncluded Seed Shipments
ResultsResults Large Amount Re-exported to Large Amount Re-exported to
Canada, JapanCanada, Japan 5,000 kg (11,000 lbs.) Burned in 5,000 kg (11,000 lbs.) Burned in
KentuckyKentucky 6,800 kg (15,000 lbs.) Buried in 6,800 kg (15,000 lbs.) Buried in
Landfill in MissouriLandfill in Missouri Small Amount Hydroseeded onto Small Amount Hydroseeded onto
Stripmine Reclamation Sites in Stripmine Reclamation Sites in KentuckyKentucky
1.9.1. Pathways of 1.9.1. Pathways of Unintentional Spread.Unintentional Spread.
Commercial Commercial ShippingShipping ShipsShips PlanesPlanes TrainsTrains Vehicles – TrucksVehicles – Trucks
People MoversPeople Movers Ships, Planes, Ships, Planes,
Trains, VehiclesTrains, Vehicles PeoplePeople
Beggar-lice on Beggar-lice on TrousersTrousers
1.9.2.2. Unintentional Spread by 1.9.2.2. Unintentional Spread by Cargo and Commodities.Cargo and Commodities.
Cargo – Wide Cargo – Wide Range of Range of Commercial GoodsCommercial Goods Military EquipmentMilitary Equipment
Commodity – Commodity – Homogeneous Homogeneous Substances in Substances in CommerceCommerce Imported FruitImported Fruit Ornamental RocksOrnamental Rocks
Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 1.Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 1.IAS in Participant Countries.IAS in Participant Countries.
1. Name five introduced species in 1. Name five introduced species in your country that are not considered your country that are not considered to be invasive.to be invasive.
2. Name five introduced species in 2. Name five introduced species in
your country that are considered to your country that are considered to be invasive.be invasive.
Lunch!Lunch!Sponsored by:Sponsored by:
Dr. Lynn JacksonDr. Lynn JacksonGlobal Invasive Species Global Invasive Species
ProgrammeProgrammeCapetown, South AfricaCapetown, South Africa
Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.
1.10. Methods of Predicting 1.10. Methods of Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness. Criteria for IAS Prevention Criteria for IAS Prevention
ProgramProgram Know About IAS WorldwideKnow About IAS Worldwide
GISP: GISP: http://www.gisp.org/http://www.gisp.org/
Global Invasive Species Database:Global Invasive Species Database: http://www.issg.org/database/welcohttp://www.issg.org/database/welco
me/me/
Know Which Ones Pose a Threat to Know Which Ones Pose a Threat to Your CountryYour Country
Characteristics of Ideal InvadersCharacteristics of Ideal Invaders
Widespread in Native RangeWidespread in Native Range (Kudzu in China)(Kudzu in China)
History of Invasiveness History of Invasiveness ElsewhereElsewhere (Serrated Tussock in (Serrated Tussock in Australia)Australia)
Adapted in Wide Range of Adapted in Wide Range of Environments and SoilsEnvironments and Soils (Tropical (Tropical Soda Apple)Soda Apple)
Rapid Growth and MaturityRapid Growth and Maturity (Cactus Moth)(Cactus Moth)
Produces Many OffspringProduces Many Offspring (Desert (Desert Locust)Locust)
Rapid ColonizerRapid Colonizer (Giant Salvinia) (Giant Salvinia) Efficient Dispersal MechanismsEfficient Dispersal Mechanisms
(Jointed Goatgrass in Wheat)(Jointed Goatgrass in Wheat) Broad DietBroad Diet (Coqui Frog) (Coqui Frog) Aggressive BehaviorAggressive Behavior (Imported (Imported
Fire Ant)Fire Ant) Close Relationship with HumansClose Relationship with Humans
(Oriental Cockroach)(Oriental Cockroach) Small in SizeSmall in Size (Khapra Beetle) (Khapra Beetle)
Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.
1.10. Characteristics of the Ideal 1.10. Characteristics of the Ideal Invader.Invader.
April 5, 2005 July 13,
2005
Similarities between Similarities between Native Range of IAS and Native Range of IAS and Receiving RegionReceiving Region
IAS Already Established IAS Already Established in the Regionin the Region
Level of Development and Level of Development and DisturbanceDisturbance
Low Biodiversity Due to Low Biodiversity Due to Habitat Loss or Stressors Habitat Loss or Stressors such as Over Grazing, such as Over Grazing, Wildfires, Clear Cutting, Wildfires, Clear Cutting, Water PollutionWater Pollution
Vectors for Secondary Vectors for Secondary SpreadSpread
Isolated Communities Isolated Communities with High % Endemic with High % Endemic SpeciesSpecies
Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.
1.10. Susceptibility of Environments to 1.10. Susceptibility of Environments to Invasion.Invasion.
Regulatory Prevention Pest Risk Regulatory Prevention Pest Risk Assessment SystemsAssessment Systems**.. USDA APHIS Weed Risk Assessment SystemUSDA APHIS Weed Risk Assessment System
Prohibited Listing ApproachProhibited Listing Approach AUS AQIS Weed Risk Assessment System AUS AQIS Weed Risk Assessment System
Permitted Listing Approach - 49 Questions Permitted Listing Approach - 49 Questions Score < 1 (Permitted Entry)Score < 1 (Permitted Entry) Score 1 – 6 (Evaluated Further)Score 1 – 6 (Evaluated Further) Score Score >> 6 (Prohibited Entry) 6 (Prohibited Entry)
Ranking of Established IASRanking of Established IAS NatureServe I-Ranking (400 Species Ranked)NatureServe I-Ranking (400 Species Ranked)
*More in Unit 7.*More in Unit 7.
Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.
1.10. IAS Risk Assessment.1.10. IAS Risk Assessment.
Session 4. Factors Enhancing Session 4. Factors Enhancing Spread of IAS.Spread of IAS.
1.11. IAS and Globalization.1.11. IAS and Globalization.
The Global VillageThe Global Village Instant CommunicationsInstant Communications Global Trade, TravelGlobal Trade, Travel
Homogenization of World’s Flora & Homogenization of World’s Flora & FaunaFauna Species Introductions – Social, Species Introductions – Social,
Economic ReasonsEconomic Reasons
The Great American The Great American ExchangeExchange
Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. BPBP
North AmericanMammals
South AmericanMarsupials
Human Development and Human Development and Habitation - CivilizationHabitation - Civilization Habitat Fragmentation, Habitat Fragmentation, Attract Wildlife, Attract IASAttract Wildlife, Attract IAS Source Areas for Horticultural Source Areas for Horticultural
IASIAS Nutrient Rich Urban Lawns Nutrient Rich Urban Lawns
and Gardens (Chinese and Gardens (Chinese Wisteria)Wisteria)
Higher # IAS Around Higher # IAS Around Population CentersPopulation Centers More People = More IASMore People = More IAS Purple Loosestrife – Campbell Purple Loosestrife – Campbell
Creek, Anchorage, AlaskaCreek, Anchorage, Alaska Roads and HighwaysRoads and Highways
Connecting People – Spreading Connecting People – Spreading IASIAS
Japanese Hops, Connecticut, USAJapanese Hops, Connecticut, USA Johnsongrass, North Carolina, Johnsongrass, North Carolina,
USAUSA
Session 4. Factors Enhancing Session 4. Factors Enhancing Spread of IAS.Spread of IAS.
1.12. IAS and Changing Land Use Patterns.1.12. IAS and Changing Land Use Patterns.
Dar es Salaam, Askari Dar es Salaam, Askari MonumentMonument
1.13. IAS and Global Climate 1.13. IAS and Global Climate Change. Change.
Cause and Effect.Cause and Effect.
Land Use ChangesLand Use Changes (Habitat (Habitat Fragmentation and Destruction)Fragmentation and Destruction)
Build up of Greenhouse GasesBuild up of Greenhouse Gases (Global Warming, Sea Level Rise, (Global Warming, Sea Level Rise, Ecosystem Demise) Ecosystem Demise)
Air & Water PollutionAir & Water Pollution (Threat to (Threat to Environmental/Human HealthEnvironmental/Human Health
Spread of Invasive SpeciesSpread of Invasive Species (Threat (Threat to Biodiversity and Agricultural to Biodiversity and Agricultural Production)Production)
Pleistocene Interglacial Pleistocene Interglacial Periods. Periods.
Natural Climate Change Events in Natural Climate Change Events in North America.North America.
1.8 Million – 11,500 Years Ago.1.8 Million – 11,500 Years Ago. Average Average
TemperatureTemperature 2-32-3oo C Higher C Higher
Plants/Animals Plants/Animals Migrated NorthMigrated North South American Tapirs South American Tapirs
in North Carolinain North Carolina Sweetgum in CanadaSweetgum in Canada Manatees in New Manatees in New
JerseyJersey
Potential Impacts of Potential Impacts of Modern Global Modern Global
WarmingWarming Temperatures Temperatures
4-94-9oo C Higher C Higher Drought, Heat WavesDrought, Heat Waves
Melting GlaciersMelting Glaciers Melting SnowcapsMelting Snowcaps
More Rainfall, Storms, More Rainfall, Storms, Hurricanes Hurricanes Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina
Sea Level RiseSea Level Rise 0.4 - 0.5 m0.4 - 0.5 m
Disturbance and Disturbance and Change…..Change….. Mt. Kilimanjaro stripped of its snowcap
for the first time in 11,000 years.
Potential Impacts of Global Potential Impacts of Global Warming Warming
on Natural Ecosystems.on Natural Ecosystems. Disappearance of Sensitive Habitat Disappearance of Sensitive Habitat
Alpine MeadowsAlpine Meadows Eastern Forests ChangesEastern Forests Changes
Mixed Woodlands and GrasslandsMixed Woodlands and Grasslands Northwestern Forests Lose Key Northwestern Forests Lose Key
Species over DecadesSpecies over Decades Species Species Attempt Attempt to Migrate to Migrate
North…….North…….
Species Migrations In Species Migrations In Response to Global Response to Global
Climate Change.Climate Change. Vegetation Zones Shift Vegetation Zones Shift
300 km Towards the 300 km Towards the PolesPoles
Loblolly Pine Loblolly Pine Distribution Move 300 Distribution Move 300 Miles NorthwardMiles Northward
Impediments to Species Impediments to Species Migration.Migration.
Climate Change Faster Climate Change Faster than Species can Migrate than Species can Migrate (Trees Migrate 20-30 km (Trees Migrate 20-30 km per Century)per Century)
Human Settlements, Human Settlements, Activities, Development, Activities, Development, HighwaysHighways
Invasive Species Move in Invasive Species Move in to Southern Boundary to Southern Boundary Transition ZonesTransition Zones Cogongrass in AlabamaCogongrass in Alabama
Invasive SpeciesInvasive Speciesin a Warmer Worldin a Warmer World
Expand their Range, Expand their Range, Invade New HabitatsInvade New Habitats
Compete with Stressed Compete with Stressed NativesNatives
Create Synergistic Effects Create Synergistic Effects with other Global Changeswith other Global Changes
Chinese Tallow Tree(Triadica sebifera)
Human Induced Global Human Induced Global ChangeChange
Cause and EffectCause and Effect
Elevated CO2
Temperatures Rise
More Precipitation
Drought
More Fires
BurningFossil Fuels
Land UseChanges
HabitatDestruction Air & Water
Pollution
Ecosystem Break Down
InvasiveSpecies
InvasiveSpecies
InvasiveSpecies
InvasiveSpecies
InvasiveSpecies
InvasiveSpecies
Sea Level Rise
Unit 1 – Major Concepts.Unit 1 – Major Concepts. IAS have traits that permit them to IAS have traits that permit them to
outcompete native and beneficial species.outcompete native and beneficial species. IAS often invade areas that are very similar IAS often invade areas that are very similar
to their native range.to their native range. Over 22,000 invasive plants have been Over 22,000 invasive plants have been
documented.documented. Unlike chemical pollutants that breakdown, Unlike chemical pollutants that breakdown,
biological pollutants multiply and spread.biological pollutants multiply and spread. Impact of IAS on Human Health – allergies, Impact of IAS on Human Health – allergies,
infectious diseases, and Stings.infectious diseases, and Stings. Phases of Biological Invasions - Introduction, Phases of Biological Invasions - Introduction,
Establishment, and Spread.Establishment, and Spread. The Lag Phase – a Biological Time Bomb.The Lag Phase – a Biological Time Bomb. The Precautionary Principle - Most effective The Precautionary Principle - Most effective
way to minimize further problems with IAS. way to minimize further problems with IAS.
Unit 1 – Major Concepts, Unit 1 – Major Concepts, Contd.Contd.
About 1% of all introduced plants will become About 1% of all introduced plants will become invasive. invasive.
About 75% of all invasive plants were intentionally About 75% of all invasive plants were intentionally introduced.introduced.
Pathways of IAS spread -Commercial Shipping, Air, Pathways of IAS spread -Commercial Shipping, Air, Water, and Overland Travel, PeopleWater, and Overland Travel, People
Unintentional Introductions - Cargo and Unintentional Introductions - Cargo and Commodities may become infested Stowaways and Commodities may become infested Stowaways and Contaminants at the point of origin, or somewhere Contaminants at the point of origin, or somewhere along the transport to a new region.along the transport to a new region.
Best Predictor of Invasiveness – A History of Best Predictor of Invasiveness – A History of Invasiveness Elsewhere.Invasiveness Elsewhere.
Factors increasing the spread of IAS - Globalization, Factors increasing the spread of IAS - Globalization, Land Use Changes, and Global Climate Change.Land Use Changes, and Global Climate Change.
Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 2.Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 2.Modeling Exponential Growth of Yellow Modeling Exponential Growth of Yellow
Starthistle.Starthistle.Year Initial Seedbank
Seeds Introduced into Seedbank =
X
Persistent Seedbank(Seeds that will not Germinate Right Away) (96%)
SB = (X)(0.96)
Seedlings(Seeds that Germinateand Become Seedlings)(4%)
S = (X)(0.04)
Adult Plants (Seedlings that will Survive to Maturity)(25%)
A = (S)(0.25)
Next Year’s Seedbank =Persistent Seedbank (SB) + Seeds Produced This Year (SP) =
(A)(1,000)
= SB + SP
0-1100 9696 44 11 10961096
2
10961096 10501050 4646 10.9610.96 10,96010,9603
4
5
6
Unit 1. Exercise 3.Unit 1. Exercise 3.Pathways, Vectors, Introductions.Pathways, Vectors, Introductions.
List major IAS at your port of entry (e.g., Ships, Planes, List major IAS at your port of entry (e.g., Ships, Planes, Vehicles, etc.). Vehicles, etc.).
List major IAS vectors and origins of introduced pests that List major IAS vectors and origins of introduced pests that pass through your port (Types of Commodities, Ballast Water, pass through your port (Types of Commodities, Ballast Water, etc.). etc.).
List one authorized intentionally introduced species that has List one authorized intentionally introduced species that has become invasive in your country. Why/when was it become invasive in your country. Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it having?introduced? What impacts is it having?
List one unauthorized intentionally introduced species List one unauthorized intentionally introduced species (smuggled) that has become invasive in your country. (smuggled) that has become invasive in your country. Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it having?Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it having?
List one unintentionally introduced species (stowaway, List one unintentionally introduced species (stowaway, hitchhiker, or contaminant) that has become established and hitchhiker, or contaminant) that has become established and invasive in your country. How was it introduced (pathway, invasive in your country. How was it introduced (pathway, vector)? When was it introduced? What impacts is it having?vector)? When was it introduced? What impacts is it having?
Unit 1. Exercise 4.Unit 1. Exercise 4.IAS Risk Assessment.IAS Risk Assessment.
List characteristics of successful List characteristics of successful invaders.invaders.
What kind of regulatory pest risk What kind of regulatory pest risk assessment system does your country assessment system does your country use (permitted listing approach, use (permitted listing approach, prohibited listing approach).prohibited listing approach).
Special Thanks:Lynn Jackson and Philip Ivey
Global Invasive Species Programme, Cape Town, South Africa
Janine LloydUSGS BRD, Whiteville, NC Graphics, Lay Out, Design
Les MehrhoffUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
– Editorial Review
White Sands Hotel and ResortJangwani Beach, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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