Unit 1 – Unit 1 – Introduction to Introduction to Invasive Alien Invasive Alien

Species – Species – Overview of the Overview of the

ProblemProblem - -Randy G. WestbrooksRandy G. Westbrooks

Rebecca M. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven ManningSteven Manning

Global Invasive Species Global Invasive Species ProgrammeProgramme

Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town, South Africa

Unit ObjectivesUnit Objectives Understand and describe the nature of the IAS Understand and describe the nature of the IAS

problemproblem List some of the major characteristics of IASList some of the major characteristics of IAS Discuss a few of the world’s worst IASDiscuss a few of the world’s worst IAS Discuss the basic ecological, economic and public Discuss the basic ecological, economic and public

health impacts of IAShealth impacts of IAS Describe the process of biological invasionsDescribe the process of biological invasions Give examples of intentional and unintentional Give examples of intentional and unintentional

introductionsintroductions List major pathways and vectors of primary and List major pathways and vectors of primary and

secondary spreadsecondary spread Explain difficulties with predicting invasiveness of Explain difficulties with predicting invasiveness of

organismsorganisms Discuss some of the factors that are enhancing the Discuss some of the factors that are enhancing the

global spread of IAS global spread of IAS

Session Outline and Session Outline and AgendaAgenda

1100-1125. Session 1. 1100-1125. Session 1. Introduction to Invasive Alien Introduction to Invasive Alien Species.Species.

1125-1145. Session 2. 1125-1145. Session 2. Human Facilitated Spread of Plants Human Facilitated Spread of Plants and Animals – “Who’s Using Who?”and Animals – “Who’s Using Who?”

1145 – 1200. Lab Exercise.1145 – 1200. Lab Exercise.

1200 – 1300.1200 – 1300. Lunch.Lunch.

1300-1330. Session 3. 1300-1330. Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness – Predicting Invasiveness – Forewarned Is Forearmed!Forewarned Is Forearmed!

1330-1400. Session 4. 1330-1400. Session 4. Factors Enhancing the Spread of Factors Enhancing the Spread of IAS.IAS.

1400-1445. Lab Exercises.1400-1445. Lab Exercises. 1445-1450.1445-1450. Review of Major Concepts in Unit 1.Review of Major Concepts in Unit 1.

1450-1500.1450-1500. Break.Break.

Session 1. Introduction to Session 1. Introduction to IAS.IAS.

1.1. Overview of the Problem.1.1. Overview of the Problem. Crop PestsCrop Pests – Historic Struggle – Historic Struggle

Between Man and Nature Between Man and Nature Invasive Alien Species (IAS)Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

– Plants/Animals Outside their – Plants/Animals Outside their Native Range – Due to Trade Native Range – Due to Trade and Travel and Travel Ecological ImpactsEcological Impacts – Hydrology, – Hydrology,

Sediments, Soil & Water Sediments, Soil & Water Chemistry, Disruption of Fire Chemistry, Disruption of Fire CyclesCycles

Economic and Social LossesEconomic and Social Losses - - $300+ Billion Globally, Deplete $300+ Billion Globally, Deplete Water Supplies, Famine/Disease, Water Supplies, Famine/Disease, Grazing Lands, Noise PollutionGrazing Lands, Noise Pollution

Ports of EntryPorts of Entry – First Line of – First Line of Defense Against IASDefense Against IAS

1.1.2. IAS - Ecosystems out of 1.1.2. IAS - Ecosystems out of BalanceBalance

Origin of IASOrigin of IAS Remove Top Remove Top

PredatorsPredators Insert New Insert New

Exotic Species Exotic Species Without Co-Without Co-Evolved Evolved Predators and Predators and ParasitesParasites

Simple Food Simple Food ChainChain

Food Food WebWeb

Eastern Gray Eastern Gray SquirrelSquirrel

BeavBeaverer

1.1.3. Evolution in Isolation – 1.1.3. Evolution in Isolation – Recreation of a Virtual PangaeaRecreation of a Virtual Pangaea

Super-continentsSuper-continents Columbia 1.5 Billion Yr BPColumbia 1.5 Billion Yr BP Rodinia 700 Million BPRodinia 700 Million BP Pangaea 180 Million Yr Pangaea 180 Million Yr

BPBP Evolution in IsolationEvolution in Isolation

Ecological ExplosionEcological Explosion 8,600 Birds (4X #)8,600 Birds (4X #)

Global Spread of IASGlobal Spread of IAS Recreating a Virtual Recreating a Virtual

PangaeaPangaea HomogeoceneHomogeocene

PangaPangaeaea

1.2. Characteristics of 1.2. Characteristics of IAS.IAS. Abundant in Natural RangeAbundant in Natural Range

History of Invasiveness Outside Natural RangeHistory of Invasiveness Outside Natural Range Wide Distribution in Different HabitatsWide Distribution in Different Habitats

Fast Growth, Early MaturityFast Growth, Early Maturity High Reproduction; Seed DormancyHigh Reproduction; Seed Dormancy AllelopathyAllelopathy

Prickles, Spines, ThornsPrickles, Spines, Thorns ParasitismParasitism Same Size/Shape as Crop SeedsSame Size/Shape as Crop Seeds

Ability to Go without Food/WaterAbility to Go without Food/Water Roots/Rhizomes with Large StorageRoots/Rhizomes with Large Storage Efficient Means of SpreadEfficient Means of Spread

Close Association with HumansClose Association with Humans

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) – the perfect weed.

1.3. Characteristics of Invaded 1.3. Characteristics of Invaded Habitats.Habitats.

Ecological Similarities Ecological Similarities Between Origin and Between Origin and Receiving EcosystemsReceiving Ecosystems

Lack of Co-evolved Lack of Co-evolved Predators and Predators and ParasitesParasites

Other IAS already Other IAS already EstablishedEstablished

High Degree of High Degree of DisturbanceDisturbance

Secondary Pathways Secondary Pathways and Vectors for and Vectors for Further SpreadFurther Spread

A. Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia. B. Florida Everglades, United States.

A

B

1.4. Overview of IAS Taxa 1.4. Overview of IAS Taxa Groups.Groups.

Invasive Plants, Insects,

Diseases, Aquatic

Nuisance Species, and

Injurious Wildlife.

1.4.1. Invasive Plants.1.4.1. Invasive Plants.

250,000 Plants in the 250,000 Plants in the WorldWorld

22,000 Invasive Plants22,000 Invasive Plants DefinitionsDefinitions

Invasive Plant = WeedInvasive Plant = Weed Noxious Weed = Regulated Noxious Weed = Regulated

WeedWeed Melaleuca and Pond Melaleuca and Pond

Apple – Tale of Two Apple – Tale of Two Weeds in North America Weeds in North America and Australiaand Australia

MelaleMelaleucauca

Pond Pond AppleApple

1.4.2. Insects.1.4.2. Insects. 30 Million Insect 30 Million Insect

SpeciesSpecies 500,000 Species of 500,000 Species of

BeetlesBeetles Desert LocustDesert Locust

Africa, Middle East, AsiaAfrica, Middle East, Asia Swarms – Swarms –

1,200 km21,200 km2 96 Billion Individuals96 Billion Individuals 240,000 Metric Tons240,000 Metric Tons

LossesLosses Morocco – 1954 ($50 Morocco – 1954 ($50

Million in 6 Weeks)Million in 6 Weeks) Ethiopia – 1958 (167,000 Ethiopia – 1958 (167,000

Tons of Grain – Feed 1 Tons of Grain – Feed 1 Million People for a Year Million People for a Year Mauritania, July, Mauritania, July,

19941994

1.4.3. Aquatic Nuisance 1.4.3. Aquatic Nuisance Species.Species.

ANS FactoidsANS Factoids 21 Billion Gallons 21 Billion Gallons

Ballast Water Per Ballast Water Per Year - (USA)Year - (USA)

3,000 ANS Moving 3,000 ANS Moving in Ballast Water in Ballast Water Around the WorldAround the World

ANS TaxaANS Taxa Aquatic Weeds Aquatic Weeds

(Water Hyacinth)(Water Hyacinth) Aquatic Aquatic

Invertebrates (Zebra Invertebrates (Zebra Mussel)Mussel)

Aquatic Vertebrates Aquatic Vertebrates (Nile Perch)(Nile Perch)

1.44. Injurious Wildlife1.44. Injurious Wildlife

Terrestrial VertebratesTerrestrial Vertebrates Intentionally Intentionally

EstablishedEstablished Game AnimalsGame Animals Domestic AnimalsDomestic Animals

IW ExamplesIW Examples NutriaNutria Eastern Gray SquirrelEastern Gray Squirrel Australian Brushtail Australian Brushtail

PossumPossum

1.5.1. Ecological Impacts of 1.5.1. Ecological Impacts of IAS.IAS.

Threaten Endangered Threaten Endangered SpeciesSpecies

Crowd out NativesCrowd out Natives Compete with Natives for Compete with Natives for

Resources, Space, LightResources, Space, Light Disrupt Trophic Level Disrupt Trophic Level

RelationshipsRelationships Increase Disturbance Increase Disturbance

Regimes that Natives are Regimes that Natives are not Adapted to (e.g., not Adapted to (e.g., Wildfires)Wildfires)

Hybridize with NativesHybridize with Natives Cause Habitat LossCause Habitat Loss

Fynbos – South Fynbos – South AfricaAfrica

Argentine Argentine AntAnt

Old World Climbing Fern Old World Climbing Fern in Floridain FloridaCheatgrass in the Cheatgrass in the

American WestAmerican WestMallard Mallard DuckDuck

1.52. Economic Effects of 1.52. Economic Effects of IAS.IAS.

USA:USA: $150 Billion$150 Billion India:India: US$117 BillionUS$117 Billion South Africa:South Africa: US$17.5 US$17.5

BillionBillion United Kingdom:United Kingdom: US$12 BillionUS$12 Billion Australia:Australia: AUS$10 BillionAUS$10 Billion New Zealand:New Zealand: US$10 BillionUS$10 Billion Africa (Aquatic Weed Control):Africa (Aquatic Weed Control): $US60 $US60

MillionMillion

1.5.2.2. Economic Impacts 1.5.2.2. Economic Impacts of IAS.of IAS.

Direct LossesDirect Losses Crop Losses (India – 20% Crop Losses (India – 20%

Per Year)Per Year) Loss of ExportsLoss of Exports

Karnal Bunt of WheatKarnal Bunt of Wheat Loss of Pasture Loss of Pasture

ProductivityProductivity CogongrassCogongrass

Loss of FisheriesLoss of Fisheries Nile PerchNile Perch

Indirect LossesIndirect Losses Flooding (Water Flooding (Water

Hyacinth)Hyacinth) Landslides (Miconia)Landslides (Miconia) Damage to Dams (Nutria)Damage to Dams (Nutria) Increased Wildfires Increased Wildfires

(Cheatgrass)(Cheatgrass) Loss of Tourism (Spotted Loss of Tourism (Spotted

Knapweed)Knapweed)

1.53. Public Health 1.53. Public Health Impacts.Impacts.

DiseasesDiseases 1999 - West Nile Virus 1999 - West Nile Virus

- USA- USA 9,862 People Infected9,862 People Infected 264 People Died264 People Died

2003 SARS in China2003 SARS in China $17 Billion Tourism $17 Billion Tourism

LossesLosses Stings - Allergic Stings - Allergic

ReactionsReactions Imported Red Fire AntImported Red Fire Ant Africanized Honey BeeAfricanized Honey Bee

Session 2. Spread of Plants Session 2. Spread of Plants and Animals – and Animals – Who’s Using Who?Who’s Using Who?

Reversion of Reversion of Cultivars to Cultivars to Wild FormsWild Forms OlivesOlives Granny Granny

Smith AppleSmith Apple

1.6. Process of Invasion.1.6. Process of Invasion.

Primary Primary IntroductionIntroduction

EstablishmentEstablishment Monterey Pine in Monterey Pine in

NZ, AUSNZ, AUS Secondary Secondary

SpreadSpread Vehicles, Trains, Vehicles, Trains,

Trailers, AnimalsTrailers, Animals

1.6.2. The IAS Lag Phase.1.6.2. The IAS Lag Phase.Melaleuca in the Florida Everglades.Melaleuca in the Florida Everglades.

Florida EvergladesFlorida Everglades River of Grass, Tree IslandsRiver of Grass, Tree Islands 80 Miles wide, 1/3 M Deep80 Miles wide, 1/3 M Deep

1906 – Introduced from 1906 – Introduced from AUSAUS

1936 - Aerial Seeding with 1936 - Aerial Seeding with MelaleucaMelaleuca

1970s – Rapid Spread 1970s – Rapid Spread throughout the Gladesthroughout the Glades

1990s – 200,000 ha 1990s – 200,000 ha InfestedInfested

1.7. Intentional 1.7. Intentional Introductions.Introductions.

1.7.1. Introductions that become 1.7.1. Introductions that become Invasive.Invasive. Agricultural CropsAgricultural Crops

Tall Fescue - PasturesTall Fescue - Pastures Forestry SpeciesForestry Species

Leucaena - AfricaLeucaena - Africa Erosion ControlErosion Control

Kudzu - USAKudzu - USA Aid TradeAid Trade

Cordia - VanuatuCordia - Vanuatu Ornamental PlantsOrnamental Plants

Siam Weed - AfricaSiam Weed - Africa GermplasmGermplasm

Disease Infected Disease Infected WheatWheat

1.7. Intentional 1.7. Intentional Introductions.Introductions.

1.7.1. Introductions that become 1.7.1. Introductions that become Invasive.Invasive. Game AnimalsGame Animals

Sika Deer - USASika Deer - USA Mammals as Food Mammals as Food

Source on IslandsSource on Islands Feral Pigs, GoatsFeral Pigs, Goats

Biocontrol AgentsBiocontrol Agents Cane Toad - AUSCane Toad - AUS

Fishery ReleasesFishery Releases Nile Perch – Lake Nile Perch – Lake

Victoria, AfricaVictoria, Africa Pets Released in Pets Released in

WildWild Burmese Python - USABurmese Python - USA

Aquaculture Aquaculture EscapesEscapes LA Crayfish - AfricaLA Crayfish - Africa

1.7.1.2. Unauthorized 1.7.1.2. Unauthorized Intentional Introductions Intentional Introductions

(Smuggling).(Smuggling).

Chinese Water Chinese Water SpinachSpinach((Ipomoea Ipomoea aquaticaaquatica))

1.8. Unintentional 1.8. Unintentional Introductions.Introductions.

Adaptations for SpreadAdaptations for Spread Plants – Burs Plants – Burs

(Cocklebur), Seed Sails, (Cocklebur), Seed Sails, Floating SeedsFloating Seeds

Animals – Dog TickAnimals – Dog Tick StowawaysStowaways

Khapra BeetleKhapra Beetle HitchhikersHitchhikers

SnailsSnails Contaminants (Co-Contaminants (Co-

mingled)mingled) Weed Seed in Crop Weed Seed in Crop

Seed Seed

Khapra beetle

Jointed Goatgrass in Wheat

1.8. Unintentional 1.8. Unintentional Introductions. Contd.Introductions. Contd.

Hitchhikers on Nursery Hitchhikers on Nursery PlantsPlants Pink Hibiscus MealybugPink Hibiscus Mealybug

Hitchhikers on Cut Hitchhikers on Cut FlowersFlowers Leaf MinersLeaf Miners

Soil PestsSoil Pests Clemora smithiClemora smithi (Sugarcane (Sugarcane

White Grub) Transferred White Grub) Transferred from Barbados to Mauritius from Barbados to Mauritius in Sugarcanein Sugarcane

Planes, Trains, Vehicles, Planes, Trains, Vehicles, EquipmentEquipment Giant African SnailGiant African Snail

MailMail Crazy Yellow AntCrazy Yellow Ant

Ballast Soil and Water Ballast Soil and Water Chinese Mitten CrabChinese Mitten Crab

Hull Fouling OrganismsHull Fouling Organisms Marine DebrisMarine Debris

Case Study: Yellow Crazy Ants on Christmas Case Study: Yellow Crazy Ants on Christmas IslandIsland

1930 – Introduced to 1930 – Introduced to Christmas Island*Christmas Island*

1990s – Population Exploded1990s – Population Exploded Forms Multi-Queen Super Forms Multi-Queen Super

ColoniesColonies Up to 700 ha in SizeUp to 700 ha in Size

Overwhelms and Kills Native Overwhelms and Kills Native SpeciesSpecies Red Land Crabs Red Land Crabs

1995-2002 - 10-20 Million Killed1995-2002 - 10-20 Million Killed Robber Crabs, Native ReptilesRobber Crabs, Native Reptiles Native InvertebratesNative Invertebrates

Control – Toxic Bait – 99% Control – Toxic Bait – 99% EffectiveEffective Fipronil in Fish Meal (0.6 gm/ha)Fipronil in Fish Meal (0.6 gm/ha)

*1528 km NW of AUS; Possession of AUS*1528 km NW of AUS; Possession of AUS

1.8.1. Case Study: Serrated 1.8.1. Case Study: Serrated Tussock in the U.S.Tussock in the U.S.

Description:Description: Annual Grass Annual Grass Origin:Origin: Argentina Argentina Threat:Threat: Serious Pasture Weed, Serious Pasture Weed,

Minimal Nutrient ValueMinimal Nutrient Value Areas Affected:Areas Affected: AUS, NZ AUS, NZ 1989 Introduction to USA1989 Introduction to USA

Nine Infested Shipments from ARGNine Infested Shipments from ARG Loophole in FNWA – Seed Loophole in FNWA – Seed

Shipments Exempt from Regulation Shipments Exempt from Regulation under the Lawunder the Law

Federal Judge Ruled Intent of Law Federal Judge Ruled Intent of Law Included Seed ShipmentsIncluded Seed Shipments

ResultsResults Large Amount Re-exported to Large Amount Re-exported to

Canada, JapanCanada, Japan 5,000 kg (11,000 lbs.) Burned in 5,000 kg (11,000 lbs.) Burned in

KentuckyKentucky 6,800 kg (15,000 lbs.) Buried in 6,800 kg (15,000 lbs.) Buried in

Landfill in MissouriLandfill in Missouri Small Amount Hydroseeded onto Small Amount Hydroseeded onto

Stripmine Reclamation Sites in Stripmine Reclamation Sites in KentuckyKentucky

1.9.1. Pathways of 1.9.1. Pathways of Unintentional Spread.Unintentional Spread.

Commercial Commercial ShippingShipping ShipsShips PlanesPlanes TrainsTrains Vehicles – TrucksVehicles – Trucks

People MoversPeople Movers Ships, Planes, Ships, Planes,

Trains, VehiclesTrains, Vehicles PeoplePeople

Beggar-lice on Beggar-lice on TrousersTrousers

1.9.2.2. Unintentional Spread by 1.9.2.2. Unintentional Spread by Cargo and Commodities.Cargo and Commodities.

Cargo – Wide Cargo – Wide Range of Range of Commercial GoodsCommercial Goods Military EquipmentMilitary Equipment

Commodity – Commodity – Homogeneous Homogeneous Substances in Substances in CommerceCommerce Imported FruitImported Fruit Ornamental RocksOrnamental Rocks

Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 1.Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 1.IAS in Participant Countries.IAS in Participant Countries.

1. Name five introduced species in 1. Name five introduced species in your country that are not considered your country that are not considered to be invasive.to be invasive.

2. Name five introduced species in 2. Name five introduced species in

your country that are considered to your country that are considered to be invasive.be invasive.

Lunch!Lunch!Sponsored by:Sponsored by:

Dr. Lynn JacksonDr. Lynn JacksonGlobal Invasive Species Global Invasive Species

ProgrammeProgrammeCapetown, South AfricaCapetown, South Africa

Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.

1.10. Methods of Predicting 1.10. Methods of Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness. Criteria for IAS Prevention Criteria for IAS Prevention

ProgramProgram Know About IAS WorldwideKnow About IAS Worldwide

GISP: GISP: http://www.gisp.org/http://www.gisp.org/

Global Invasive Species Database:Global Invasive Species Database: http://www.issg.org/database/welcohttp://www.issg.org/database/welco

me/me/

Know Which Ones Pose a Threat to Know Which Ones Pose a Threat to Your CountryYour Country

Characteristics of Ideal InvadersCharacteristics of Ideal Invaders

Widespread in Native RangeWidespread in Native Range (Kudzu in China)(Kudzu in China)

History of Invasiveness History of Invasiveness ElsewhereElsewhere (Serrated Tussock in (Serrated Tussock in Australia)Australia)

Adapted in Wide Range of Adapted in Wide Range of Environments and SoilsEnvironments and Soils (Tropical (Tropical Soda Apple)Soda Apple)

Rapid Growth and MaturityRapid Growth and Maturity (Cactus Moth)(Cactus Moth)

Produces Many OffspringProduces Many Offspring (Desert (Desert Locust)Locust)

Rapid ColonizerRapid Colonizer (Giant Salvinia) (Giant Salvinia) Efficient Dispersal MechanismsEfficient Dispersal Mechanisms

(Jointed Goatgrass in Wheat)(Jointed Goatgrass in Wheat) Broad DietBroad Diet (Coqui Frog) (Coqui Frog) Aggressive BehaviorAggressive Behavior (Imported (Imported

Fire Ant)Fire Ant) Close Relationship with HumansClose Relationship with Humans

(Oriental Cockroach)(Oriental Cockroach) Small in SizeSmall in Size (Khapra Beetle) (Khapra Beetle)

Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.

1.10. Characteristics of the Ideal 1.10. Characteristics of the Ideal Invader.Invader.

April 5, 2005 July 13,

2005

Similarities between Similarities between Native Range of IAS and Native Range of IAS and Receiving RegionReceiving Region

IAS Already Established IAS Already Established in the Regionin the Region

Level of Development and Level of Development and DisturbanceDisturbance

Low Biodiversity Due to Low Biodiversity Due to Habitat Loss or Stressors Habitat Loss or Stressors such as Over Grazing, such as Over Grazing, Wildfires, Clear Cutting, Wildfires, Clear Cutting, Water PollutionWater Pollution

Vectors for Secondary Vectors for Secondary SpreadSpread

Isolated Communities Isolated Communities with High % Endemic with High % Endemic SpeciesSpecies

Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.

1.10. Susceptibility of Environments to 1.10. Susceptibility of Environments to Invasion.Invasion.

Regulatory Prevention Pest Risk Regulatory Prevention Pest Risk Assessment SystemsAssessment Systems**.. USDA APHIS Weed Risk Assessment SystemUSDA APHIS Weed Risk Assessment System

Prohibited Listing ApproachProhibited Listing Approach AUS AQIS Weed Risk Assessment System AUS AQIS Weed Risk Assessment System

Permitted Listing Approach - 49 Questions Permitted Listing Approach - 49 Questions Score < 1 (Permitted Entry)Score < 1 (Permitted Entry) Score 1 – 6 (Evaluated Further)Score 1 – 6 (Evaluated Further) Score Score >> 6 (Prohibited Entry) 6 (Prohibited Entry)

Ranking of Established IASRanking of Established IAS NatureServe I-Ranking (400 Species Ranked)NatureServe I-Ranking (400 Species Ranked)

*More in Unit 7.*More in Unit 7.

Session 3. Predicting Session 3. Predicting Invasiveness.Invasiveness.

1.10. IAS Risk Assessment.1.10. IAS Risk Assessment.

Session 4. Factors Enhancing Session 4. Factors Enhancing Spread of IAS.Spread of IAS.

1.11. IAS and Globalization.1.11. IAS and Globalization.

The Global VillageThe Global Village Instant CommunicationsInstant Communications Global Trade, TravelGlobal Trade, Travel

Homogenization of World’s Flora & Homogenization of World’s Flora & FaunaFauna Species Introductions – Social, Species Introductions – Social,

Economic ReasonsEconomic Reasons

The ‘Homogeocene’

Homogenizing the World’s Flora andFauna.........

Our Legacy?

The Great American The Great American ExchangeExchange

Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. BPBP

North AmericanMammals

South AmericanMarsupials

Human Development and Human Development and Habitation - CivilizationHabitation - Civilization Habitat Fragmentation, Habitat Fragmentation, Attract Wildlife, Attract IASAttract Wildlife, Attract IAS Source Areas for Horticultural Source Areas for Horticultural

IASIAS Nutrient Rich Urban Lawns Nutrient Rich Urban Lawns

and Gardens (Chinese and Gardens (Chinese Wisteria)Wisteria)

Higher # IAS Around Higher # IAS Around Population CentersPopulation Centers More People = More IASMore People = More IAS Purple Loosestrife – Campbell Purple Loosestrife – Campbell

Creek, Anchorage, AlaskaCreek, Anchorage, Alaska Roads and HighwaysRoads and Highways

Connecting People – Spreading Connecting People – Spreading IASIAS

Japanese Hops, Connecticut, USAJapanese Hops, Connecticut, USA Johnsongrass, North Carolina, Johnsongrass, North Carolina,

USAUSA

Session 4. Factors Enhancing Session 4. Factors Enhancing Spread of IAS.Spread of IAS.

1.12. IAS and Changing Land Use Patterns.1.12. IAS and Changing Land Use Patterns.

Dar es Salaam, Askari Dar es Salaam, Askari MonumentMonument

1.13. IAS and Global Climate 1.13. IAS and Global Climate Change. Change.

Cause and Effect.Cause and Effect.

Land Use ChangesLand Use Changes (Habitat (Habitat Fragmentation and Destruction)Fragmentation and Destruction)

Build up of Greenhouse GasesBuild up of Greenhouse Gases (Global Warming, Sea Level Rise, (Global Warming, Sea Level Rise, Ecosystem Demise) Ecosystem Demise)

Air & Water PollutionAir & Water Pollution (Threat to (Threat to Environmental/Human HealthEnvironmental/Human Health

Spread of Invasive SpeciesSpread of Invasive Species (Threat (Threat to Biodiversity and Agricultural to Biodiversity and Agricultural Production)Production)

Pleistocene Interglacial Pleistocene Interglacial Periods. Periods.

Natural Climate Change Events in Natural Climate Change Events in North America.North America.

1.8 Million – 11,500 Years Ago.1.8 Million – 11,500 Years Ago. Average Average

TemperatureTemperature 2-32-3oo C Higher C Higher

Plants/Animals Plants/Animals Migrated NorthMigrated North South American Tapirs South American Tapirs

in North Carolinain North Carolina Sweetgum in CanadaSweetgum in Canada Manatees in New Manatees in New

JerseyJersey

Potential Impacts of Potential Impacts of Modern Global Modern Global

WarmingWarming Temperatures Temperatures

4-94-9oo C Higher C Higher Drought, Heat WavesDrought, Heat Waves

Melting GlaciersMelting Glaciers Melting SnowcapsMelting Snowcaps

More Rainfall, Storms, More Rainfall, Storms, Hurricanes Hurricanes Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina

Sea Level RiseSea Level Rise 0.4 - 0.5 m0.4 - 0.5 m

Disturbance and Disturbance and Change…..Change….. Mt. Kilimanjaro stripped of its snowcap

for the first time in 11,000 years.

Potential Impacts of Global Potential Impacts of Global Warming Warming

on Natural Ecosystems.on Natural Ecosystems. Disappearance of Sensitive Habitat Disappearance of Sensitive Habitat

Alpine MeadowsAlpine Meadows Eastern Forests ChangesEastern Forests Changes

Mixed Woodlands and GrasslandsMixed Woodlands and Grasslands Northwestern Forests Lose Key Northwestern Forests Lose Key

Species over DecadesSpecies over Decades Species Species Attempt Attempt to Migrate to Migrate

North…….North…….

Species Migrations In Species Migrations In Response to Global Response to Global

Climate Change.Climate Change. Vegetation Zones Shift Vegetation Zones Shift

300 km Towards the 300 km Towards the PolesPoles

Loblolly Pine Loblolly Pine Distribution Move 300 Distribution Move 300 Miles NorthwardMiles Northward

Impediments to Species Impediments to Species Migration.Migration.

Climate Change Faster Climate Change Faster than Species can Migrate than Species can Migrate (Trees Migrate 20-30 km (Trees Migrate 20-30 km per Century)per Century)

Human Settlements, Human Settlements, Activities, Development, Activities, Development, HighwaysHighways

Invasive Species Move in Invasive Species Move in to Southern Boundary to Southern Boundary Transition ZonesTransition Zones Cogongrass in AlabamaCogongrass in Alabama

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Speciesin a Warmer Worldin a Warmer World

Expand their Range, Expand their Range, Invade New HabitatsInvade New Habitats

Compete with Stressed Compete with Stressed NativesNatives

Create Synergistic Effects Create Synergistic Effects with other Global Changeswith other Global Changes

Chinese Tallow Tree(Triadica sebifera)

Human Induced Global Human Induced Global ChangeChange

Cause and EffectCause and Effect

Elevated CO2

Temperatures Rise

More Precipitation

Drought

More Fires

BurningFossil Fuels

Land UseChanges

HabitatDestruction Air & Water

Pollution

Ecosystem Break Down

InvasiveSpecies

InvasiveSpecies

InvasiveSpecies

InvasiveSpecies

InvasiveSpecies

InvasiveSpecies

Sea Level Rise

Unit 1 – Major Concepts.Unit 1 – Major Concepts. IAS have traits that permit them to IAS have traits that permit them to

outcompete native and beneficial species.outcompete native and beneficial species. IAS often invade areas that are very similar IAS often invade areas that are very similar

to their native range.to their native range. Over 22,000 invasive plants have been Over 22,000 invasive plants have been

documented.documented. Unlike chemical pollutants that breakdown, Unlike chemical pollutants that breakdown,

biological pollutants multiply and spread.biological pollutants multiply and spread. Impact of IAS on Human Health – allergies, Impact of IAS on Human Health – allergies,

infectious diseases, and Stings.infectious diseases, and Stings. Phases of Biological Invasions - Introduction, Phases of Biological Invasions - Introduction,

Establishment, and Spread.Establishment, and Spread. The Lag Phase – a Biological Time Bomb.The Lag Phase – a Biological Time Bomb. The Precautionary Principle - Most effective The Precautionary Principle - Most effective

way to minimize further problems with IAS. way to minimize further problems with IAS.

Unit 1 – Major Concepts, Unit 1 – Major Concepts, Contd.Contd.

About 1% of all introduced plants will become About 1% of all introduced plants will become invasive. invasive.

About 75% of all invasive plants were intentionally About 75% of all invasive plants were intentionally introduced.introduced.

Pathways of IAS spread -Commercial Shipping, Air, Pathways of IAS spread -Commercial Shipping, Air, Water, and Overland Travel, PeopleWater, and Overland Travel, People

Unintentional Introductions - Cargo and Unintentional Introductions - Cargo and Commodities may become infested Stowaways and Commodities may become infested Stowaways and Contaminants at the point of origin, or somewhere Contaminants at the point of origin, or somewhere along the transport to a new region.along the transport to a new region.

Best Predictor of Invasiveness – A History of Best Predictor of Invasiveness – A History of Invasiveness Elsewhere.Invasiveness Elsewhere.

Factors increasing the spread of IAS - Globalization, Factors increasing the spread of IAS - Globalization, Land Use Changes, and Global Climate Change.Land Use Changes, and Global Climate Change.

Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 2.Unit 1 – Lab Exercise 2.Modeling Exponential Growth of Yellow Modeling Exponential Growth of Yellow

Starthistle.Starthistle.Year Initial Seedbank

Seeds Introduced into Seedbank =

X

Persistent Seedbank(Seeds that will not Germinate Right Away) (96%)

SB = (X)(0.96)

Seedlings(Seeds that Germinateand Become Seedlings)(4%)

S = (X)(0.04)

Adult Plants (Seedlings that will Survive to Maturity)(25%)

A = (S)(0.25)

Next Year’s Seedbank =Persistent Seedbank (SB) + Seeds Produced This Year (SP) =

(A)(1,000)

= SB + SP

0-1100 9696 44 11 10961096

2

10961096 10501050 4646 10.9610.96 10,96010,9603

4

5

6

Unit 1. Exercise 3.Unit 1. Exercise 3.Pathways, Vectors, Introductions.Pathways, Vectors, Introductions.

List major IAS at your port of entry (e.g., Ships, Planes, List major IAS at your port of entry (e.g., Ships, Planes, Vehicles, etc.). Vehicles, etc.).

List major IAS vectors and origins of introduced pests that List major IAS vectors and origins of introduced pests that pass through your port (Types of Commodities, Ballast Water, pass through your port (Types of Commodities, Ballast Water, etc.). etc.).

List one authorized intentionally introduced species that has List one authorized intentionally introduced species that has become invasive in your country. Why/when was it become invasive in your country. Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it having?introduced? What impacts is it having?

List one unauthorized intentionally introduced species List one unauthorized intentionally introduced species (smuggled) that has become invasive in your country. (smuggled) that has become invasive in your country. Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it having?Why/when was it introduced? What impacts is it having?

List one unintentionally introduced species (stowaway, List one unintentionally introduced species (stowaway, hitchhiker, or contaminant) that has become established and hitchhiker, or contaminant) that has become established and invasive in your country. How was it introduced (pathway, invasive in your country. How was it introduced (pathway, vector)? When was it introduced? What impacts is it having?vector)? When was it introduced? What impacts is it having?

Unit 1. Exercise 4.Unit 1. Exercise 4.IAS Risk Assessment.IAS Risk Assessment.

List characteristics of successful List characteristics of successful invaders.invaders.

What kind of regulatory pest risk What kind of regulatory pest risk assessment system does your country assessment system does your country use (permitted listing approach, use (permitted listing approach, prohibited listing approach).prohibited listing approach).

Special Thanks:Lynn Jackson and Philip Ivey

Global Invasive Species Programme, Cape Town, South Africa

Janine LloydUSGS BRD, Whiteville, NC Graphics, Lay Out, Design

Les MehrhoffUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT

– Editorial Review

White Sands Hotel and ResortJangwani Beach, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania